Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 20180510 Title: FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017.shp: Fire Island, NY pre- and post-storm shoreline data from October 2012 to October 2017 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P9ANYQ8G Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ANYQ8G Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Rachel Hehre Henderson Originator: Cheryl J. Hapke Originator: Owen T. Brenner Originator: B.J. Reynolds Publication_Date: 20150430 Title: Hurricane Sandy Beach Response and Recovery at Fire Island, New York: Shoreline and Beach Profile Data, October 2012 to October 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: DS 931 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds931 Description: Abstract: Hurricane Sandy made U.S. landfall, coincident with astronomically high tides, near Atlantic City, New Jersey, on October 29, 2012. The storm, the largest on historical record in the Atlantic basin, affected an extensive area of the east coast of the United States. The highest waves and storm surge were focused along the heavily populated New York and New Jersey coasts. At the height of the storm, a record significant wave height of 9.6 meters (m) was recorded at the wave buoy offshore of Fire Island, New York (fig. 1, inset). During the storm, an overwash channel opened a breach in the location of Old Inlet, in the Otis Pike High Dunes Wilderness area. This breach is now referred to as the Wilderness Breach (fig. 1). Fire Island, New York is the site of a long term coastal morphologic change and processes project conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). One of the objectives of the project was to understand the morphologic evolution of the barrier system on a variety of time scales (days - years - decades - centuries). In response to Hurricane Sandy, this effort continued with the intention of resolving storm impacts, post-storm beach response, and recovery. The day before Hurricane Sandy made landfall (October 28, 2012), a USGS field team conducted differential global positioning system (DGPS) surveys at Fire Island to quantify the pre-storm morphologic state of the beach and dunes. The area was re-surveyed after the storm, as soon as access to the island was possible. In order to fully capture the recovery of the barrier system, the USGS Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Fire Island Study was established to include collection in the weeks, months, and years following the storm. As part of the USGS Hurricane Sandy Supplemental Fire Island Study, the beach is monitored periodically to enable better understanding of post-Hurricane Sandy recovery. The alongshore state of the beach is recorded using a DGPS to collect data around the mean high water (MHW; 0.46 meters, North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [NAVD88]) to derive a shoreline, and the cross-shore response and recovery are measured along a series of 15 profiles. Monitoring continued in the weeks following Hurricane Sandy with additional monthly data collection through April 2013 and repeat surveys every 2-3 months thereafter until October 2014. Bi-annual surveys have been collected through September 2016. Beginning in October 2014 the USGS also began collecting shoreline data at the Wilderness Breach. See below for survey collection dates for all data types. For along shore shoreline data, the MHW shoreline (0.46 m [NAVD88]; Weber and others, 2005) is derived from the field data using an interpolation method that creates a series of equally-spaced cross-shore profiles between the two survey lines that flank the MHW contour. The foreshore slope is assumed to be uniform on each profile. Using this slope and the two surveyed positions on each cross-shore profile, a simple geometric calculation is done to find where each profile line intersects the MHW contour. This shapefile, FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017.shp, consists of Fire Island, NY pre- and post-storm shoreline data collected from October 2012 to October 2017. This dataset contains 25 Mean High Water (MHW) shorelines for Fire Island, NY (A total of 23 full shorelines, where two shorelines were collected over multiple days). Prior to and following Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected to assess the positional changes of the shoreline (MHW - 0.46 m NAVD88) and the upper portion of the beach. In the five years following Sandy, 24 surveys were conducted collecting data along shore-parallel tracks to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore. The alongshore tracks extend from just west of Fire Island Lighthouse to the western flank of the storm-induced breach in the location of Old Inlet, in the Otis Pike High Dunes Wilderness area. Oct 28 2012 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Nov 01 2012 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Nov 04 2012 (Cross-shore data only) Dec 01 2012 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Dec 12 2012 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Jan 10 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Feb 13 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Mar 13 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Apr 09 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Jun 24 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Sep 18 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Dec 03 2013 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Jan 29 2014 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Jun 11 2014 (Cross-shore data only) Sep 09 2014 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Oct 07 2014 (Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Jan 21 2015 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Mar 19 2015 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) May 16 2015 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Sep 28 2015 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Jan 21 2016 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Jan 25 2016 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data) Apr 06 2016 (Cross-shore data only) Apr 11 2016 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Jun 16 2016 (Cross-shore data only) Sep 27 2016 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Jan 24 2017 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) May 23 2017 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Oct 17 2017 (MHW shoreline/Cross-shore data/Breach shoreline) Purpose: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mounted a substantial effort in response to Hurricane Sandy including an assessment of the morphological impacts to the beach and dune system at Fire Island, New York. Field surveys of the beach and dunes collected just prior to and after the U.S. landfall, which occurred on October 29th, 2012, were used to quantify change in several focus areas. The migration of the shoreline through time is assessed by quantifying the net shoreline movement (NSM) over different time periods, using the interpolated MHW shorelines and 50 m spaced transects in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS; Thieler and others, 2009). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121028 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121101 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121102 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121201 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121212 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121213 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130110 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130214 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130313 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130410 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130624 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130919 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20131204 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140130 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140908 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150121 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150516 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150929 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160122 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160126 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160413 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160928 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20170126 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20170525 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20171018 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.228542 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.896291 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.724312 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.627352 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:86bb5be6-df1e-41ce-9873-638960fbad95 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: unconsolidated deposits Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Theme_Keyword: Mean High Water Shoreline Theme_Keyword: Hurricane Sandy Theme_Keyword: October 2012 Theme_Keyword: Accretion Theme_Keyword: Erosion Theme_Keyword: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: DSAS Theme_Keyword: Digital Shoreline Analysis System Theme_Keyword: Baseline Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: Fire Island Lighthouse Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NPS Abbreviations Place_Keyword: Fire Island National Seashore Place_Keyword: FIIS Place_Keyword: National Park Service Place_Keyword: Northeast Region Place_Keyword: New York Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: Fire Island Place_Keyword: Fire Island Light Station Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607; Esri ArcGIS 10.5.0.6491 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C.J. Hapke Originator: E.A. Himmelstoss Originator: M.G. Kratzmann Originator: J.H. List Originator: E.R. Thieler Publication_Date: 2010 Title: National Assessment of Shoreline Change: Historical Shoreline Change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coasts Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2010-1118 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1118/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E.R. Thieler Originator: E.A. Himmelstoss Originator: J.L. Zichichi Originator: A. Ergul Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 4.0 - An ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2008-1278 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Other_Citation_Details: Current version of software at time of use was 4.3 Online_Linkage: https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/DSAS/ Online_Linkage: https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/DSAS/version4/index.html Online_Linkage: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20081278 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: R. A. Morton Originator: T.L. Miller Publication_Date: 2005 Title: National assessment of shoreline change: Part 2 Historical shoreline changes and associated coastal land loss along the U.S. Southeast Atlantic Coast Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2005-1401 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1401/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C.J. Hapke Originator: D. Reid Originator: B.M. Richmond Originator: P. Ruggiero Originator: J. List Publication_Date: 2006 Title: National assessment of shoreline change Part 3: Historical shoreline change and associated coastal land loss along the sandy shorelines of the California coast Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2006-1219 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Other_Citation_Details: none Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1219/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: K.M. Weber Originator: J.H. List Originator: K.L.M. Morgan Publication_Date: 20050101 Title: An Operational Mean High Water Datum for Determination of Shoreline Position from Topographic Lidar Data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2005-1027 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1027/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Cheryl J. Hapke Originator: Owen T. Brenner Originator: B.J. Reynolds Publication_Date: 20170414 Title: Hurricane Sandy beach response and recovery at Fire Island, New York: Shoreline, beach profile data, and beach shoreline data: October 2012 to September 2016 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7G15Z17 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Henderson, R.E., Hapke, C.J., Brenner, O.T., and Reynolds, B.J., 2017, Hurricane Sandy beach response and recovery at Fire Island, New York: Shoreline, beach profile data, and breach shoreline data: October 2012 to September 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https:// doi.org/10.5066/F7G15Z17. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The data provided here is a compilation of shorelines that were derived using USGS-specific field-collection methods over the course of four years following Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012. The table attributes associated with FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017.shp are based on the requirements of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software and have gone through a series of quality assurance procedures. For more information, see https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/DSAS/. Logical_Consistency_Report: Adjacent shoreline segments do not overlap and are not necessarily continuous. Shorelines were quality checked for accuracy. Completeness_Report: This shoreline file is complete and contains all shoreline segments derived from pre- and post-Hurricane Sandy data collection efforts. These data adequately represented the shoreline position at the time of the survey. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: In order to determine the uncertainties associated with individual shorelines, a methodology following Morton and Miller (2005) and Hapke and others, (2006) was used to estimate a positional error value for each shoreline. The shoreline position uncertainty is estimated using a square root of the sum of the squares of multiple terms. Total shoreline positional error is a function of the errors inherent in the source data/data collection, and those errors generated in the creation and identification of the vector shoreline. The two different methods of shoreline generation, "interpolated" and "extracted" are described in the process steps. The uncertainty calculations for Mean High Water (MHW) shoreline generation are as follows: INTERPOLATED MHW SHORELINES: Oct 2012 to Dec 2013 The terms used for the interpolated shorelines derived from October 2012 to December 2013 were: 1) Predicted MHW uncertainty - an estimate of interpolated shoreline position accuracy based on the slope, and distance between track lines (average of 0.8 to 2.5 m); 2) Average measured MHW error - the positional difference between the interpolated MHW shoreline and the location of the MHW elevation on the cross-shore profiles from the same survey date (average offset ranges from 0.9 to 7.5 m); 3) Collection and equipment error - derived from static portions of each survey (average offset ranges from 0.07 to 0.12 m); 4) A term to account for horizontal positional variation found when driving the GPS (horizontal to the Polaris) on a sloped surface (0.01 to 0.02 m). EXTRACTED MHW SHORELINES: Jan 2014 to Oct 2017 For surveys January 2014 to October 2017 the MHW elevation was extracted from a surface generated from field collected data points. The terms used to estimate error for the extracted shorelines were: 1) Average measured MHW - the positional difference between the interpolated MHW shoreline and the location of the MHW elevation on the cross-shore profiles from the same survey date (average offset ranges from 0.8 to 4.5 m) 2) collection and equipment error - derived from static portions of each survey (0.01 to 0.11 m); and 3) uncertainty of the interpolated surface estimated by withholding 10% of the original data points and calculating a root mean square error (RMSE) of the difference between the withheld points and the surface (0.02 to 0.06 m). Uncertainty values for individual shorelines can be found in the shapefile's UNCERT attribute and in the Horizontal Positional Accuracy Explanation of this metadata file. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 3.1 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: Each shoreline was assigned a unique uncertainty based on 1) Predicted MHW uncertainty; 2) Average measured MHW error; 3) Collection error; 4) And finally an estimated error based on slope of the beach. The following are the estimated uncertainties for each date. Values are in meters NAVD88. Interpolated Shoreline Uncertainty (m) Oct 28 2012 (5.1) Nov 01 2012 (1.9) Dec 01 2012 (3.9) Dec 12 2012 (4.6) Jan 10 2013 (7.8) Feb 12 2013 (2.8) Mar 13 2013 (5.0) Apr 09 2013 (4.9) Jun 24 2013 (1.5) Sep 19 2013 (1.2) Dec 03 2013 (2.8) Extracted Shoreline Uncertainty (m) Jan 30 2014 (2.2) Sep 09 2014 (3.2) Jan 21 2015 (1.3) May 16 2015 (1.9) Sep 30 2015 (1.3) Jan 22 2016 (0.8) Jan 26 2016 (3.1) Apr 12 2016 (4.5) Sep 28 2016 (3.6) Jan 26 2017 (4.3) May 25 2017 (5.3) Oct 18 2017 (2.3) Average = 3.3 m Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: B.J. Reynolds Originator: Owen T. Brenner Originator: Cheryl J. Hapke Publication_Date: Unpublished material Title: FIIS DGPS shoreline data Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Other_Citation_Details: In order to examine the dynamics of the shoreline from Hurricane Sandy and monitor the continued response and recovery, surveys of continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected in conjunction with cross-shore profiles. Multiple shore-parallel tracks were driven to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore along the length of the island from Fire Island lighthouse to the western side of the storm-induced inlet breach at Old Inlet. Initial surveys were conducted one day prior to landfall and immediate post-storm surveys were conducted over the three days following Hurricane Sandy. The beaches and dunes were resurveyed monthly from December 2012 through April 2013, and bi-monthly surveys are presently ongoing. The USGS is continuing to monitor the beaches and dunes to evaluate how much of the sand removed by Sandy returns to the beach via natural beach-building processes. Type_of_Source_Media: .csv file Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121028 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121101 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121102 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121201 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121212 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121213 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130110 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130214 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130313 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130410 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130624 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130919 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20131204 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140130 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140908 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150121 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150516 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150929 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160122 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160126 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160413 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20160928 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20170126 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20170525 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20171018 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DGPS DATA DATE Source_Contribution: Tabular DGPS data (collected in ASCII format) was converted to vector digital data and edited using Esri ArcMap v 10.5 to publish shoreline data in a GIS environment. Process_Step: Process_Description: Interpolated MHW Shoreline generation from tabular DGPS Data (October 28, 2012 to December 2013) Continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected to assess the positional changes of the MHW shoreline and the upper portion of the beach. Data were collected along shore-parallel tracks to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore. For each survey date, ASCII point data were imported into Matlab (v R2012a) and processed as follows: For surveys October 28, 2012 through December 2013, the MHW shoreline (0.46 m North American Vertical Datum of 1988 [NAVD88]) is derived from the field data by using an interpolation method that creates a series of equally-spaced cross-shore profiles between the two survey lines that flank the MHW contour. The foreshore slope is assumed to be uniform on each profile. Using this slope and the two surveyed positions on each cross-shore profile, a simple geometric calculation is done to find where each profile line intersects the MHW contour. At this intersection a point is generated, and the series of points making up the MHW shoreline are appended to create a polyline shoreline. The resulting polyline shapefile was named FIIS_shoreline_DATE, where date is the date of the field survey. For example: MHW extracted polyline for October 28, 2012 would be named FIIS_shoreline_2012Oct28.shp Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DGPS DATA DATE Process_Date: 20140130 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: FIIS_Shorlines_DATE Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Amy Farris Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2288 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-547-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: afarris@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Extracted MHW Shoreline generation from tabular DGPS Data (January 2014 to October 2017) Continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected to assess the positional changes of the MHW shoreline and the upper portion of the beach. Data were collected along shore-parallel tracks to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore. For each survey date, ASCII point data were imported into ArcMap as point data. Starting in January of 2014, and applying to all subsequent surveys, a new survey approach was implemented that was designed to improve surface interpolation by collecting a denser network of XYZ (UTMX, UTMY, and elevation) points along the beach face. For these surveys, alongshore transects are collected at the berm crest, low water mark and mid-beach face. In addition, a sinusoidal transect is collected by driving from the water's edge to the top of the berm crest at approximately 45 degrees to the orientation of the shoreline. The XYZ data are used to create an interpolated surface from which the MHW contour is extracted. The resulting polyline shapefile was named FIIS_shoreline_DATE, where date is the date of the field survey. For example: MHW extracted polyline for October 28, 2012 would be named FIIS_shoreline_2012Oct28.shp Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: DGPS DATA DATE Process_Date: 20180315 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: FIIS_Shorlines_DATE Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The shoreline file FIIS_Shorlines_DATE was coded with attribute fields: FID, DATE_, and UNCERT (Uncertainty). These fields are required for the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), which was used to calculate shoreline change rates. Additional fields: Year_, Agency, Proxy, Data_Source, Notes_, Originator_, and SHAPE_Leng were added to comply with the existing historical shoreline shapefile database for Fire Island. Agency refers to the contact organization (ex: USGS, NPS), Proxy is the shoreline proxy used to derive the shoreline (ex: MHW, HWL), Data_Source is the material or source of the shoreline data (ex: lidar, air photos, GPS), Notes_ indicates the extent of the shoreline data along Fire Island, and the Originator_ attribute is the contact organization responsible for the generation of the shoreline. Process_Date: 20180410 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Calculation of shoreline uncertainty: In order to determine the uncertainties associated with individual shorelines, a methodology following Morton and Miller (2005) and Hapke and others, (2006) was used to estimate a positional error value for each shoreline. The shoreline position uncertainty is estimated using a square root of the sum of the squares of multiple terms. Total shoreline positional error is a function of the errors inherent in the source data/data collection, and those errors generated in the creation and identification of the vector shoreline. The two different methods of shoreline generation, "interpolated" and "extracted" are described in the preceding process steps. The uncertainty calculations for Mean High Water (MHW) shoreline generation are as follows: INTERPOLATED MHW SHORELINES: Oct 2012 to Dec 2013 The terms used for the interpolated shorelines derived from October 2012 to December 2013 were: 1) Predicted MHW uncertainty - an estimate of interpolated shoreline position accuracy based on the slope, and distance between track lines (average of 0.8 to 2.5 m); 2) Average measured MHW error - the positional difference between the interpolated MHW shoreline and the location of the MHW elevation on the cross-shore profiles from the same survey date (average offset ranges from 0.9 to 7.5 m); 3) Collection and equipment error - derived from static portions of each survey (average offset ranges from 0.07 to 0.12 m); 4) A term to account for horizontal positional variation found when driving the GPS (horizontal to the Polaris) on a sloped surface (0.01 to 0.02 m). EXTRACTED MHW SHORELINES: Jan 2014 to Sep 2016 For surveys January 2014 to Sept 2016 the MHW elevation was extracted from a surface generated from field collected data points. The terms used to estimate error for the extracted shorelines were: 1) Average measured MHW - the positional difference between the interpolated MHW shoreline and the location of the MHW elevation on the cross-shore profiles from the same survey date (average offset ranges from 0.8 to 4.5 m) 2) Collection and equipment error - derived from static portions of each survey (0.01 to 0.11 m); and 3) Uncertainty of the interpolated surface estimated by withholding 10% of the original data points and calculating a root mean square error (RMSE) of the difference between the withheld points and the surface (0.02 to 0.06 m). Uncertainty values for individual shorelines can be found in the shapefile "UNCERT" attribute and in the Horizontal Positional Accuracy Explanation of this metadata file. Process_Date: 20180401 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: In ArcMap (v.10.5) the calculated uncertainty rates were added to the attribute field "UNCERT" for each shoreline shapefile for use with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS v.4.0) software to perform rate calculations. Process_Date: 20180401 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: All shorelines were appended into one feature class (in a personal geodatabase). ArcToolbox>>Data Management Tools>>General>>Append: select each FIIS_shoreline_DATE polyline shapefile. Features were exported from the geodatabase to shoreline shapefiles for each survey date. Shorelines for the following dates were appended to a single shapefile: Oct 28 2012 Nov 01 2012 Nov 02 2012 Dec 01 2012 Dec 12 2012 Dec 13 2012 Jan 10 2013 Feb 12 2013 Mar 13 2013 Apr 09 2013 Jun 24 2013 Sep 19 2013 Dec 03 2013 Jan 30 2014 Sep 09 2014 Jan 21 2015 May 16 2015 Sep 30 2015 Jan 22 2016 Jan 26 2016 Apr 12 2016 Sep 28 2016 Jan 26 2017 May 25 2017 Oct 18 2017 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: FIIS_Shorlines_DATE Process_Date: 20180410 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727)-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 25 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.6096 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.6096 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017 Entity_Type_Definition: This dataset includes vector shorelines representing an approximation of the MHW shoreline. Data were collected alongshore (just west of the Fire Island Lighthouse to the western flank of the storm-induced breach in the location of Old Inlet, in the Otis Pike High Dunes Wilderness area) to assess positional changes of the shoreline and the upper portion of the beach. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: DATE_ Attribute_Definition: Date assigned to MHW shoreline position; date of original survey as indicated on source material in the format mm/dd/yyyy. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string of length 10. Date expressed as mm/dd/yyyy. Attribute: Attribute_Label: UNCERT Attribute_Definition: Estimate of shoreline position uncertainty. Actual shoreline position is expected to be within the range of this value (plus or minus, meters). See the section on horizontal positional accuracy for more detailed description. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7.8 Attribute: Attribute_Label: YEAR_ Attribute_Definition: Year of shoreline collection. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2012 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2017 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: year Attribute: Attribute_Label: Agency Attribute_Definition: Originator agency of material used to derive shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string of length 20 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Proxy Attribute_Definition: Method used to determine shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MHW - interpolated from bounding alongshore lines or MHW - extracted from surface Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Method used to determine shoreline location determined by available data. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Data_Sourc Attribute_Definition: Source (type) of data used to generate the shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: DGPS Post Sandy Field Data Collection Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Shoreline data collected by USGS with differential GPS survey. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: NOTES_ Attribute_Definition: Notes about each shoreline, including a description of coverage and data gaps alongshore. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string of length 150 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Originator Attribute_Definition: The person or persons responsible for interpreting the tabular field data to the MHW shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string of length 100 Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHAPE_Leng Attribute_Definition: Length of feature, in meters (UTM zone 18N NAD 83), automatically calculated by Esri software in the geodatabase. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 6201.007 Range_Domain_Maximum: 30001.101 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (727) 502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Resource_Description: FIIS_Shorelines_Oct2012_Oct2017.shp Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: SHP Format_Version_Number: 16.04 Format_Specification: Esri polyline shapefile Format_Information_Content: This zip file contains a shapefile of 25 Mean High Water (MHW) shorelines, covering 22 dates for Fire Island, NY. File_Decompression_Technique: Use 7-Zip or WinZip Transfer_Size: 2.73 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9ANYQ8G/data/Shoreline_Data.zip Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida Contact_Person: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre) Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: Contact_Voice_Telephone Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rehenderson@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: 0800-1600 Eastern Time Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time