Christine J. Kranenburg C. Wayne Wright Emily S. Klipp 20160510 first vector digital data U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/F79S1P4S St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F79S1P4S Binary point-cloud data of a portion of the submerged environs of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, were produced from remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Elevation measurements were collected over the area using the second-generation Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL-B), a pulsed laser ranging system mounted onboard an aircraft to measure ground elevation, vegetation canopy, and coastal topography. The system uses high-frequency laser beams directed at the Earth's surface through an opening in the bottom of the aircraft's fuselage. The laser system records the time difference between emission of the laser pulse and the reception of the reflected laser signal in the aircraft. The plane travels over the target area at approximately 60 meters per second at an elevation of approximately 300 meters, resulting in a laser swath of approximately 240 meters with an average point spacing of 0.5-1.6 meters. The EAARL, developed originally by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, measures ground elevation with a vertical resolution of 3 centimeters. A peak sampling rate of 15-30 kilohertz results in an extremely dense spatial elevation dataset. Over 100 kilometers of coastline can be surveyed easily within a 3- to 4-hour mission. When resultant elevation maps for an area are analyzed, they provide a useful tool to make management decisions regarding land development. The purpose of this project was to collect data suitable for deriving the depth calibration function and coefficients of EAARL-B data. To ensure that St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) data management protocols were followed, this survey was assigned a USGS field activity number (FAN), 2014-304-FA. Additional survey and data details are available at http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2014-304-FA Raw lidar data are not in a format that is Nonely usable by resource managers and scientists for scientific analysis. Converting dense lidar elevation data into a readily usable format without loss of essential information requires specialized processing. The USGS's Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) has developed custom software to convert raw lidar data into a GIS-compatible map product to be provided to GIS specialists, managers, and scientists. The primary tool used in the conversion process is Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a multi-tiered processing system developed originally by a USGS-NASA collaborative project. Specialized processing algorithms are used to convert raw waveform lidar data acquired by the EAARL-B to georeferenced spot (x,y,z) returns for "first surface" and "bare earth" topography. The terms first surface and bare earth refer to the digital elevation data of the terrain, but while first-surface data include vegetation, buildings, and other manmade structures, bare-earth data do not. The zero crossing of the second derivative (that is, detection of stationary points) is used to detect the first return, resulting in "first surface" topography, while the trailing edge algorithm (that is, the algorithm searches for the location prior to the last return where direction changes along the trailing edge) is used to detect the range to the last return, or "bare earth" (the first and last returns being the first and last significant measurable portion of the return pulse). First and last returns, in the context of submerged topography data, produce an elevation map of the surface of the water and the seafloor, respectively. Statistical filtering, known as the Random Consensus Filter (RCF), is used to remove false bottom returns and other outliers from the EAARL-B topography data. The filter uses a grid of square cells (buffer) of user-defined size overlaid onto the original point cloud. The user also defines the vertical tolerance (vertical width) based on the topographic complexity and point-sampling density of the data. The maximum allowable elevation range within a cell is established by this vertical tolerance. An iterative process searches for the maximum concentration of points within the vertical tolerance and removes those points outside of the tolerance (Nayegandhi and others, 2009). Please note that these data are not suitable for navigational use, nor for determining absolute elevation measurements. Submerged topography was assigned to Class 29. 20140421 20140422 ground condition Complete None planned -80.1213 -80.0848 25.9821 25.9097 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:2f7b8ea7-32eb-4d68-95ed-da165ffa101f ISO 19115 Topic Category elevation None Airborne Lidar Processing System ALPS Cessna 310 Digital Elevation Model DEM EAARL-B Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar laser hydrography South Florida Testing Facility Global Change Master Science Directory LAND SURFACE > TOPOGRAPHY > TERRAIN ELEVATION OCEAN > BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY > SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > COASTAL ELEVATION OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT DOI/USGS/CMG > COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GCMD Instrument LIDAR > LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING Data Categories for Marine Planning distributions bathymetry and elevation Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords altimetry topographic mapping USGS Thesaurus lidar remote sensing topography digital elevation models Geographic Names Information System Fort Lauderdale Florida Atlantic Ocean None Submerged None 2014 None The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technologies, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 727 502-8182 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Acknowledgment of the USGS, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of this data. Sharing of new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by the USGS staff. Users should be aware that comparisons with other datasets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photointerpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such. Unclassified Unclassified None Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1.4959 Nayegandhi, A., Brock, J.C., and Wright, C.W. 2009 International Journal of Remote Sensing v. 30 no. 4, p. 861-878 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802395227 Wright, C.W., Kranenburg, C.J., Troche, R.J., Mitchell, R.W., and, Nagle, D.B., 2016 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1048 https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161048 Wright, C.W., Kranenburg, C., Battista, T.A., and Parrish, C. 2016 Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue, No. 76, pp. 4–17 https://doi.org/10.2112/SI76-002 The expected accuracy of the measured variables is as follows: attitude within 0.05 degree; 3 centimeters nominal ranging accuracy. Vertical accuracy of bathymetric data is depth-dependent and is assessed relative to International Hydrographic Organization Standards defined in International Hydrographic Bureau, 2008, IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (5th ed.): International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 44, 36 p. [Available at http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf.]. Quality checks are built into the data-processing software. The data coverage area specified for this project was processed without known issues. These point-cloud data may appear sparse or nonexistent, which is a result of automated filtering, removal by manual editing or lack of survey coverage. Raw elevation measurements have been determined to be within 1 meter in horizontal accuracy. The Total Vertical Uncertainty (TVU) of this calibrated data meets the IHO Special Order for depths down to 20 m and exceeds Order 1 down to beyond 33 m. Refer to USGS Open-File Report 2016-1048 for a detailed explanation of the methods used to assess vertical accuracy. Vertical accuracies may vary based on the type of terrain, satellite configuration and the accuracy of the GPS and aircraft-attitude measurements. The data were collected using a Cessna 310 aircraft. The EAARL-B laser scanner collects the data using a green-wavelength (532-nanometer) raster scanning laser, while a digital camera acquires a visual record of the flight. The data are stored on hard drives and archived at the USGS office in St. Petersburg, Florida. The navigational data were processed and then, along with the raw data, were downloaded into ALPS (20140715). Data were converted from units of time to x,y,z points for elevation, which were then filtered, manually edited and quality checked to ensure anomalies and noise were addressed to specification. The input parameters for the RCF were: grid cell size (buffer) = 1000 cm x 1000 cm; vertical tolerance (vertical width) = 100 cm; minimum number of points for consensus = 3; overlap factor = 4. 20150319 Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET The data were depth calibrated in ALPS using a linear model with a slope of 0.98103 and an intercept of -0.000681. 20150319 Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Elevations were converted from ellipsoidal to orthometric heights. 20150319 Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET ALPS exported the NAVD88 submerged topography from .pbd format to a LAS file. LAStools was used to compress the LAS file into a LAZ file. 20160223 Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. 20170104 U.S. Geological Survey Alan O. Allwardt Contractor -- Information Specialist mailing and physical address

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-460-7551 831-427-4748 aallwardt@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20201013 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Point Universal Transverse Mercator 17 0.999600 -81.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 coordinate pair 0.01 0.01 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137.000000 298.25722210100002 North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (Geoid 12A) 0.01 meters Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates This file consists of calibrated submerged topography elevation data available for this survey. Data were processed using ALPS software. Data were quality controlled through the application of the RCF, manual editing in ALPS, and inspection in Global Mapper. Submerged topography was assigned to Class 29. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1078/ U.S. Geological Survey Christine Kranenburg Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET FLA2014_EAARLB_FLL_Calibrated_ST_z17_n88g12A_mosaic.laz Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for None or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. BINARY 1.2 ASPRS LAS https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F79S1P4S/data/FLA2014_EAARLB_FLL_Calibrated_ST_z17_n88g12A_mosaic.zip None Contact U.S. Geological Survey. Vary Contact U.S. Geological Survey for details. 20201013 Christine Kranenburg Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Computer Scientist mailing and physical address

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA 727 502-8129 ckranenburg@usgs.gov M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time