Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Christine J. Kranenburg Originator: C. Wayne Wright Originator: Emily S. Klipp Publication_Date: 20160510 Title: Uncalibrated EAARL-B Submerged Topography--Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 2014 (GEOID12A) Edition: first Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F79S1P4S Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F79S1P4S Description: Abstract: Binary point-cloud data of a portion of the submerged environs of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, were produced from remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Elevation measurements were collected over the area using the second-generation Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL-B), a pulsed laser ranging system mounted onboard an aircraft to measure ground elevation, vegetation canopy, and coastal topography. The system uses high-frequency laser beams directed at the Earth's surface through an opening in the bottom of the aircraft's fuselage. The laser system records the time difference between emission of the laser pulse and the reception of the reflected laser signal in the aircraft. The plane travels over the target area at approximately 60 meters per second at an elevation of approximately 300 meters, resulting in a laser swath of approximately 240 meters with an average point spacing of 0.5-1.6 meters. The EAARL, developed originally by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, measures ground elevation with a vertical resolution of 3 centimeters. A peak sampling rate of 15-30 kilohertz results in an extremely dense spatial elevation dataset. Over 100 kilometers of coastline can be surveyed easily within a 3- to 4-hour mission. When resultant elevation maps for an area are analyzed, they provide a useful tool to make management decisions regarding land development. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to collect data suitable for deriving the depth calibration function and coefficients of EAARL-B data. To ensure that St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) data management protocols were followed, this survey was assigned a USGS field activity number (FAN), 2014-304-FA. Additional survey and data details are available at http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2014-304-FA Supplemental_Information: Raw lidar data are not in a format that is Nonely usable by resource managers and scientists for scientific analysis. Converting dense lidar elevation data into a readily usable format without loss of essential information requires specialized processing. The USGS's Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) has developed custom software to convert raw lidar data into a GIS-compatible map product to be provided to GIS specialists, managers, and scientists. The primary tool used in the conversion process is Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a multi-tiered processing system developed originally by a USGS-NASA collaborative project. Specialized processing algorithms are used to convert raw waveform lidar data acquired by the EAARL-B to georeferenced spot (x,y,z) returns for "first surface" and "bare earth" topography. The terms first surface and bare earth refer to the digital elevation data of the terrain, but while first-surface data include vegetation, buildings, and other manmade structures, bare-earth data do not. The zero crossing of the second derivative (that is, detection of stationary points) is used to detect the first return, resulting in "first surface" topography, while the trailing edge algorithm (that is, the algorithm searches for the location prior to the last return where direction changes along the trailing edge) is used to detect the range to the last return, or "bare earth" (the first and last returns being the first and last significant measurable portion of the return pulse). First and last returns, in the context of submerged topography data, produce an elevation map of the surface of the water and the seafloor, respectively. Statistical filtering, known as the Random Consensus Filter (RCF), is used to remove false bottom returns and other outliers from the EAARL-B topography data. The filter uses a grid of square cells (buffer) of user-defined size overlaid onto the original point cloud. The user also defines the vertical tolerance (vertical width) based on the topographic complexity and point-sampling density of the data. The maximum allowable elevation range within a cell is established by this vertical tolerance. An iterative process searches for the maximum concentration of points within the vertical tolerance and removes those points outside of the tolerance (Nayegandhi and others, 2009). Please note that these data are not suitable for navigational use, nor for determining absolute elevation measurements. Submerged topography was assigned to Class 29. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140421 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140422 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.1213 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.0848 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.9821 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.9097 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:aa67fd24-06f9-4477-a278-2fd83bded732 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Airborne Lidar Processing System Theme_Keyword: ALPS Theme_Keyword: Cessna 310 Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: DEM Theme_Keyword: EAARL-B Theme_Keyword: Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar Theme_Keyword: laser hydrography Theme_Keyword: South Florida Testing Facility Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Science Directory Theme_Keyword: LAND SURFACE > TOPOGRAPHY > TERRAIN ELEVATION Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY > SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > COASTAL ELEVATION Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT Theme_Keyword: DOI/USGS/CMG > COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: GCMD Instrument Theme_Keyword: LIDAR > LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: bathymetry and elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: altimetry Theme_Keyword: topographic mapping Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: lidar Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: digital elevation models Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Fort Lauderdale Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: Submerged Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: 2014 Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technologies, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 502-8182 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ckranenburg@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Data_Set_Credit: Acknowledgment of the USGS, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected by users of this data. Sharing of new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by the USGS staff. Users should be aware that comparisons with other datasets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photointerpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such. Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: Unclassified Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1.4959 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nayegandhi, A., Brock, J.C., and Wright, C.W. Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Small footprint, waveform-resolving lidar estimation of submerged and subcanopy topography in coastal environments Series_Information: Series_Name: International Journal of Remote Sensing Issue_Identification: v. 30 no. 4, p. 861-878 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802395227 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wright, C.W., Kranenburg, C.J., Troche, R.J., Mitchell, R.W., and, Nagle, D.B., Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Depth calibration of the experimental advanced airborne research lidar, EAARL-B Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2016–1048 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161048 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wright, C.W., Kranenburg, C., Battista, T.A., and Parrish, C. Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Depth calibration and validation of the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar, EAARL-B Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: Special Issue, No. 76, pp. 4–17 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2112/SI76-002 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The expected accuracy of the measured variables is as follows: attitude within 0.05 degree; 3 centimeters nominal ranging accuracy. Vertical accuracy of bathymetric data is depth-dependent and is assessed relative to International Hydrographic Organization Standards defined in International Hydrographic Bureau, 2008, IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (5th ed.): International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 44, 36 p. [Available at http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf.]. Quality checks are built into the data-processing software. Logical_Consistency_Report: The data coverage area specified for this project was processed without known issues. Completeness_Report: These point-cloud data may appear sparse or nonexistent, which is a result of automated filtering, removal by manual editing or lack of survey coverage. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Raw elevation measurements have been determined to be within 1 meter in horizontal accuracy. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: As expected, the Total Vertical Uncertainty (TVU) of this uncalibrated data does not meet the IHO minimum standards for hydrographic surveys for depths greater than 10 m. Refer to USGS Open-File Report 2016-1048 for a detailed explanation of the methods used to assess vertical accuracy. Vertical accuracies may vary based on the type of terrain, satellite configuration and the accuracy of the GPS and aircraft-attitude measurements. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The data were collected using a Cessna 310 aircraft. The EAARL-B laser scanner collects the data using a green-wavelength (532-nanometer) raster scanning laser, while a digital camera acquires a visual record of the flight. The data are stored on hard drives and archived at the USGS office in St. Petersburg, Florida. The navigational data were processed and then, along with the raw data, were downloaded into ALPS (20140715). Data were converted from units of time to x,y,z points for elevation, which were then filtered, manually edited and quality checked to ensure anomalies and noise were addressed to specification. The input parameters for the RCF were: grid cell size (buffer) = 1000 cm x 1000 cm; vertical tolerance (vertical width) = 100 cm; minimum number of points for consensus = 3; overlap factor = 4. Process_Date: 20150319 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ckranenburg@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: Elevations were converted from ellipsoidal to orthometric heights. Process_Date: 20160223 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ckranenburg@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: ALPS exported the NAVD88 submerged topography from .pbd format to a LAS file. LAStools was used to compress the LAS file into a LAZ file. Process_Date: 20160224 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ckranenburg@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. Process_Date: 20170104 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alan O. Allwardt Contact_Position: Contractor -- Information Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7551 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aallwardt@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 17 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -81.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.01 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.01 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.25722210100002 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (Geoid 12A) Altitude_Resolution: 0.01 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This file consists of uncalibrated submerged topography elevation data available for this survey. Data were processed using ALPS software. Data were quality controlled through the application of the RCF, manual editing in ALPS, and inspection in Global Mapper. Submerged topography was assigned to Class 29. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1078/ Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Resource_Description: FLA2014_EAARLB_FLL_Uncalibrated_ST_z17_n88g12A_mosaic.laz Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for None or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: BINARY Format_Version_Number: 1.2 Format_Specification: ASPRS LAS Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F79S1P4S/data/FLA2014_EAARLB_FLL_Uncalibrated_ST_z17_n88g12A_mosaic.zip Fees: None Ordering_Instructions: Contact U.S. Geological Survey. Turnaround: Vary Custom_Order_Process: Contact U.S. Geological Survey for details. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Christine Kranenburg Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Computer Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 502-8129 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ckranenburg@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time