Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Hai Cheng Originator: R. Lawrence Edwards Originator: Erica Ashe Originator: Julie N. Richey Publication_Date: 20210830 Title: Local radiocarbon reservoir age (ΔR) variability from the nearshore and open-ocean environments of the Florida Keys reef tract during the Holocene and associated U-series and radiocarbon data (Marine20 Radiocarbon Calibration Curve) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: Hai Cheng Originator: R. Lawrence Edwards Originator: Erica Ashe Originator: Julie N. Richey Publication_Date: 20170907 Title: Local radiocarbon reservoir age (ΔR) variability from the nearshore and open-ocean environments of the Florida Keys reef tract during the Holocene and associated U-series and radiocarbon data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F7P8492Q Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P8492Q Description: Abstract: 68 Holocene-aged corals from reef cores collected throughout the Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT) were dated using a combination of U-series and radiocarbon techniques to quantify the millennial-scale variability in the local radiocarbon reservoir age (ΔR) of the shallow water environments of south Florida. ΔR provides a measure of the deviation of local radiocarbon concentrations of marine environments from the global average and can be used as a tracer of oceanic circulation and local hydrology. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists combined coral-based estimates of ΔR, using statistical modeling, to reconstruct millennial-scale variability in ΔR at locations on the FKRT with (“nearshore”) and without (“open ocean”) terrestrial influence. USGS scientists also used the models to provide temporally-explicit estimates of ΔR that can be used in radiocarbon calibrations of marine samples from the region. In Version 1.0 of the USGS data release (Toth and others, 2017) associated with this metadata record, derivedthe coral-based estimates of ΔR were derived using data from the Marine13 radiocarbon calibration curve (Reimer and others, 2013). In version 2.0, the ΔR estimates were instead derived using the Marine20 radiocarbon calibration curve (Heaton and others, 2020). For further information regarding data collection and analysis methods refer to Toth and others (2017). Purpose: Radiocarbon and U-series analyses were conducted to quantify the Holocene variability of the local marine radiocarbon reservoir age, ΔR, in south Florida. The reconstructions of ΔR variability from nearshore and open-ocean environments were used to make inferences about millennial-scale changes in oceanography and hydrology and to develop more accurate radiocarbon calibrations for marine samples collected from the region. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19910101 Ending_Date: 20210615 Currentness_Reference: Date range of U-series and radiocarbon analysis and modeling Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Not planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.92 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.0967 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.5906 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.45 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:28e67e9e-cbdf-4e7d-b41d-949a247bfb6a Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: paleoceanography Theme_Keyword: ocean circulation Theme_Keyword: reef ecosystems Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme_Keyword: radiometric dating Theme_Keyword: statistical analysis Theme_Keyword: geochemistry Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: environmental proxies Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Florida Keys Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Temporal_Keyword: Holocene Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Previously collected cores sampled from the USGS Core Archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3) were collected under permits from Dry Tortugas National Park (formerly Fort Jefferson National Monument), Biscayne National Park (formerly Biscayne National Monument), the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), and the Florida State Department of Natural Resources. New cores from the Middle and Upper Keys were collected under permit number FKNMS-2013-097-A1 and FKNMS-2015-058, respectively by Lauren Toth. John "Jack" McGeehin of the USGS Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory provided support for the radiocarbon analysis for this study. This study was supported by a Mendenhall Research Fellowship awarded to Lauren Toth by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program and the Natural Hazards Mission Area, and by the Climate and Land Use Research and Development Program of the USGS. Erica Ashe's work developing the statistical model was supported by the National Science Foundation (grants ARC-1203415 and OCE-1458904), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration grant NA11OAR431010, and the New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, L.T., Stathakopoulos, A., and Kuffner, I.B. Publication_Date: 20160721 Title: The structure and composition of Holocene coral reefs in the Middle Florida Keys Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2016-1074 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161074 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Reich, C., Streubert, M., Dwyer, B., Godbout, M., Muslic, A., and Umberger, D. Publication_Date: 20120104 Title: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center's Core Archive Portal Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 626 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/626/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, L.T., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Ashe, E., and Richey, J.N. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Millennial-scale variability in the local radiocarbon reservoir age of south Florida during the Holocene Series_Information: Series_Name: Quaternary Geochronology Issue_Identification: Volume 42 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2017.07.005 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cheng H., Edwards, R.L., Shen, C.-C., Polyak, V.J., Asmerom, Y., Woodhead, J., Hellstrom, J., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Spötl, C., Wang, X., and Alexander, E.C. Publication_Date: 20130523 Title: Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Issue_Identification: Volumes 371–372 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.006 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lidz, B.H., Reich, C.D., and Shinn, E.A. Publication_Date: 20030701 Title: Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys Series_Information: Series_Name: GSA Bulletin Issue_Identification: Volume 115 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder, CO Publisher: Geological Society of America Bulletin Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0845:RQSGIT>2.0.CO;2http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/geomorph_keys/BLidz-GSA-Bull-article.pdf Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: All values in tables were cross-checked for accuracy against original versions of the tables and model/instrument outputs. Logical_Consistency_Report: The data were screened by the authors for accuracy and all data falls within acceptable/logical ranges. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.J., Ramsey, C.B., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.A., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., and van der Plicht, J. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal BP Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tucson, Arizona Publisher: Radiocarbon, University of Arizona Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 Type_of_Source_Media: Radiocarbon calibration curve Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20131201 Ending_Date: 20131231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 20131231 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Marine13 Source_Contribution: Used to determine the predicted radiocarbon age of samples using their corrected 230Th as calibrated calendar years before present, where present is 1950 (Cal BP). Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Heaton, T.J., Köhler, P., Butzin, M., Bard, E., Reimer, R.W., Austin, W.E.N., Ramsey, C.B., Grootes, P.M., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., Reimer, P.J., Adkins, J., Burke, A., Cook, M.S., Olsen, J., and Skinner, L.C. Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Marine20-the marine radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55,000 cal BP) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tucson, Arizona Publisher: Radiocarbon, University of Arizona Online_Linkage: http://intcal.org/curves/marine20.14c Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.68 Type_of_Source_Media: Radiocarbon calibration curve Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20201201 Ending_Date: 20201231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 20201231 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Marine20 Source_Contribution: Used to determine the predicted radiocarbon age of samples using their corrected 230Th as calibrated calendar years before present, where present is 1950 (Cal BP). Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample collection: Coral samples were extracted from coral-reef cores previously collected by USGS researchers and housed in the USGS core archive of the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS-SPCMSC; Reich and others, 2012; https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3), one new core collected from Crocker Reef in the Upper Florida Keys, in 2014, and four new cores collected from Sombrero and Tennessee reefs in the Middle Florida Keys, in 2015, as part of the USGS Coral Reef Ecosystems Studies project (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/spcmsc/science/coral-reef-ecosystem-studies-crest?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects; Toth and others, 2016). Those cores were collected under Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) permit numbers FKNMS-2013-097-A1 and FKNMS-2015-058. Data were collected under USGS field activity numbers (FANs) 2014-321-FA, 2015-314-FA, and 2015-325-FA. Additional survey details are available at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data_search.php. The geographic locations of those cores were determined using a Garmin GPS and an Ashtec Z-Xtreme DGPS was also used in 2014. The geographic data for the 2014 and 2015 cores were recorded in the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Details listed under the spatial reference information section only apply to the cores collected in 2014–2016. Coral samples were cut from the cores using a tile saw located at the USGS-SPCMSC, which is dedicated to that purpose. The samples were split into two, 1–3-gram subsamples using the tile saw. The subsamples were then sonicated for 15 minutes in a bath of warm, deionized water and dried at 60 degrees Celsius. One subsample of each coral was sent to the USGS Radiocarbon Laboratory (Reston, VA) for radiocarbon analysis and one subsample of each coral was sent to the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA or Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China for U-series analysis. Process_Date: 20151021 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dating: All but two coral subsamples were processed at the USGS Radiocarbon Laboratory in Reston, VA and were radiocarbon dated using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the Center for AMS, which is located on the UC Berkley campus within the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using standard techniques. The δ13C of those samples was either measured by the University of California, Davis Stable Isotope Laboratory or, if not measured, were assumed to be 0±3‰. Measured 14C ages were corrected for fractionation of 13C using the d13ccorr spreadsheet available at http://calib.org/calib/instruct.html. The other two samples were dated previously (Lidz and others, 2003; C. Reich, unpublished data) using bulk, radiometric radiocarbon dating at Beta Analytic, Inc. or Geochron Laboratories. U-series ages were determined by H. Cheng and R.L. Edwards at the University of Minnesota and Xi’an Jiaotong University using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry according to the procedures described in Cheng and others (2013). Measured 230Th ages were corrected using an initial 230Th/232Th atomic ratio of 4.4 x 10^-6 with an uncertainty of 50% (±2.2 standard error). Those are the values for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk Earth 232Th/238U value of 3.8. Process_Date: 20151207 Process_Step: Process_Description: ΔR was calculated as: ΔR = 14C (conventional) – 14C (expected from Marine13 in the original dataset or Marine 20 in the updated dataset) where 14C (conventional) is the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample and 14C (expected from Marine13 or Marine 20) is the predicted 14C age from the marine calibration curve using the corrected 230Th age before present as Cal BP. The error terms for ΔR were calculated by combining the two standard error uncertainties associated with the conventional 14C age (SE1) and expected 14C age from the appropriate calibration curve (SE2): SDcombined = square root (SE1^2 + SD2^2) Process_Date: 20151207 Process_Step: Process_Description: Statistical modeling: Researchers combined the coral-based snapshots of ΔR using an empirical hierarchical model with Gaussian process priors to 1) reconstruct temporal variability in ΔR during the Holocene (ΔR versus 230Th ages) and 2) predict values of ΔR and ΔR uncertainty for use in calibrations of radiocarbon ages from the region (ΔR versus conventional 14C ages) for both the open-ocean and nearshore sites. The model outputs are found in the files: Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_230Th, Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_230Th, Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C, and Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C. Data that were not included in the model are indicated in the "Data included in statistical models? (Y/N)" attribute in FKRT_Coral_Based_DeltaR and DeltaR_Data_Screening_Summary, for the reasons described in DeltaR_Data_Screening_Summary. All statistical analyses were conducted in MATLAB ® version R2019a Update 6 (9.6.0.1214997). Researchers used a Gaussian process prior distribution with prior mean equal to the average ΔR for each model through time. This prior distribution consists of 1) a time-dependent non-linear term defined with a Matérn correlation function with a smoothness parameter 3/2 and 2) a white noise term to capture high-frequency variability in ΔR that is not captured by the non-linear term. The hyperparameters of the model include the amplitude (or prior standard deviation), the characteristic time scale of variability, and the prior standard deviation of the white noise. These parameters are optimized through maximum-likelihood estimation based on the coral-based estimates of ΔR and the 230Th ages of those samples. For the previous, Marine13 model, these parameters are as follows: -Open ocean: Non-linear standard deviation=38, Temporal scale=850, White noise standard deviation=1 -Nearshore: Non-linear standard deviation=38, Temporal scale=850, White noise standard deviation=20 For the updated, Marine20 model, these parameters are as follows: -Open ocean: Non-linear standard deviation=64.1, Temporal scale=1264.4, White noise standard deviation=0.9 -Nearshore: Non-linear standard deviation=28.1, Temporal scale=254.2, White noise standard deviation=32.5 For more information on the criteria for excluding data and details of the statistical model see Toth and others (2017). Process_Date: 20160516 Process_Step: Process_Description: Data Screening: All corals included in this study were carefully examined prior to dating and were generally found to be in excellent condition. Sixteen of the samples included in this study were also previously screened for diagenesis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D4 X-ray diffractometer. These analyses indicated that all samples contained <5% calcite and, in most cases, the samples were nearly 100% aragonite. Researchers screened an additional subsample (N=14) of corals using the S-3500N Hitachi scanning electron microscope (SEM) housed at the University of South Florida’s College of Marine Science. Researchers evaluated the corals for evidence of: secondary calcite precipitation, secondary aragonite needles, and/or dissolution. SEM imaging of the samples generally showed only the localized presence of secondary aragonite and suggested that diagenetic alteration was negligible overall; however, researchers did find evidence of significant diagenesis in three samples: LK-MG-2-0, MK-AR-2-0, and BP-FR-2-55. Researchers also screened the U-series data based on three criteria: 1) δ234U within 10 per mil of modern seawater (147 per mil), 2) 232Th less than 2 parts per billion (ppb), and 3) 238U within taxon-specific ranges for modern or Holocene corals (~2800–3800 ppb for Acropora spp. and ~2000–3200 for the massive coral taxa Orbicella spp., Diploria spp., Montastraea cavernosa, and Colpophyllia natans). Samples that did not meet the U-series or diagenetic criteria were excluded from statistical analysis. Descriptions of the screening procedures and reasons for exclusion are provided in: DeltaR_Data_Screening_Summary.zip Process_Date: 20170221 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0198058733 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0217155309 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_North_American_1983 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS_1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.25722101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: FKRT_Coral_Based_DeltaR_Marine20 Entity_Type_Definition: ΔR estimates for the 68 corals from the FKRT, description of those coral samples, sample locations, and summary of data used to calculate ΔR. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Sample information and DeltaR values: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC); U-series data: Hai Cheng (Xi’an Jiaotong University, China), R. Lawrence Edwards (University of Minnesota); Radiocarbon data: John McGeehin (USGS Radiocarbon Laboratory), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, University of California, Davis Stable Isotope Laboratory, Beta Analytic, Inc., and Geochron Laboratories; Marine20 data: http://intcal.org/curves/marine20.14c. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample ID Attribute_Definition: Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sample IDs are generated by abbreviating information about the region, site, core, and approximate water depth from which each sample was collected and are formatted as: Region abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core number-Depth of coral in core. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate latitude, in NAD83 coordinates, where the core containing the coral sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 24.4500 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25.5906 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate longitude, in NAD83 coordinates, where the core containing the coral sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -82.92 Range_Domain_Maximum: -80.0967 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: Site name where the core containing the coral sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The name of the reef or group of reefs where the core containing the sample was collected. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Subregion Attribute_Definition: The subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract where the core containing the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dry Tortugas N.P. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The westernmost subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract located within the boundaries of Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: National Park Service Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Marquesas Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract located between Dry Tortugas National Park and the Lower Keys. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Lower Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract located between the Marquesas and the Middle Keys. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Middle Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract located between the Lower Keys and the Upper Keys. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Upper Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The subregion of the of the Florida Keys reef tract located between the Middle Keys and the Biscayne National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Biscayne N.P. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The northernmost subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract located within the boundaries of Biscayne National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: National Park Service Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coral genus Attribute_Definition: The genus of the coral sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Orbicella Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral genus containing the species O. faveolata, O. franksii, and O. annularis. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Acropora Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral genus containing the species A. palmata and A. cervicornis. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Diploria Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral genus containing the species D. strigosa, D. clivosa, and D. labyrinthiformis. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Montastraea Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral genus containing the species M. cavernosa. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Colpophyllia Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The coral genus containing the species C. natans. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/ Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th Age (years BP) Attribute_Definition: Holocene 230Th (U-series) age of the coral sample used as age of the sample before present (where present is 1950) when calculating the local reservoir age, ΔR. The age has been corrected based on the assumption that the initial 230Th/232Th atomic ratio is 4.4 ± 2.2 x10-6: the value for a material at secular equilibrium, with the bulk earth 232Th/238U value of 3.8. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10242 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before present (where present is 1950) Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th age error (2 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard error (2 SE) analytical uncertainty of the 230Th age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 55 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age (years) Attribute_Definition: The 14C age of the sample corrected for the fractionation of 13C, but not calibrated against the Marine13 calibration curve. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 380 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9485 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: 14C age error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) analytical uncertainty of the conventional radiocarbon (14C) age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 70 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Marine20 14C age (years) Attribute_Definition: The predicted 14C age of the sample from the marine calibration curve (Marine20; Heaton and others 2020; http://intcal.org/curves/marine20.14c), using the corrected 230Th age as age before present (cal BP) of the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 608 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9573 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Marine20 14C age error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with the modeled 14C ages of the Marine20 calibration curve. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 56 Range_Domain_Maximum: 70 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (years) Attribute_Definition: ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years) calculated by subtracting the predicted radiocarbon age of the sample from the marine calibration curve (Marine20 14C age), from the conventional radiocarbon age of that sample (Conventional 14C age). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -806 Range_Domain_Maximum: 207 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with the estimates of ΔR (Delta-R). Calculated as the root-mean-square of the error associated with the conventional 14C age of the sample (14C age error) and the error associated with the predicted 14C age from the marine calibration curve (Marine20 14C age error). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 61 Range_Domain_Maximum: 92 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Data included in statistical models? (Y/N) Attribute_Definition: An identifier to indicate whether the data were included in the subset used in the statistical models of ΔR variability. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Y Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Y=yes the data were included in the statistical models. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: N Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: N=no the data were not included in the statistical models for the reasons outlined in Toth and others (2017). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Model name Attribute_Definition: Identifies which model of Delta-R the data were included in: nearshore or open ocean. This attribute is coded as "None" if data were not included in statistical models. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Nearshore Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Indicates that the data point was included in the nearshore model of Delta-R. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Open Ocean Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Indicates that the data point was included in the open-ocean model of Delta-R. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: None Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Indicates that the data point was not included in any statistical model. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_230Th_Marine20 Entity_Type_Definition: Statistical model output of open-ocean ΔR variability from 8,000 years BP to present with a 5-year time step using 230Th age to derive age before present. All statistical analyses were conducted using MATLAB ® software (v. 9.1). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Sample information and DeltaR values: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC); Statistical model: Erica Ashe (Rutgers University). Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th Age (years BP) Attribute_Definition: Age before present (modeled from corrected 230Th age before present) from 8000-0 years before present (where present is 1950 C.E.) with a time step of 5 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8000 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years before present (where present is 1950 C.E.) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (14C years) Attribute_Definition: Predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in radiocarbon [14C] years) for every 5 years before present over the range of 8000-0 years before present. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -321.94787 Range_Domain_Maximum: -117.024319 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years) for every 5 years before present over the range of 0-8000 years before present. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 16.902595 Range_Domain_Maximum: 31.34312 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C_Marine20 Entity_Type_Definition: Modeled predictions of ΔR for open-ocean locations in south Florida over the range of conventional radiocarbon ages from 7,500 years ago to present with a 5-year time step. All statistical analyses were conducted using MATLAB ® software (v. 9.1). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Sample information and DeltaR values: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC); Statistical model: Erica Ashe (Rutgers University). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age (years) Attribute_Definition: Conventional 14C age (years) from 7500-0 years before present (where present is 1950 C.E.) with a time step of 5 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 7500 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: conventional radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (14C years) Attribute_Definition: Predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in 14C [radiocarbon] years) for every 5 years conventional radiocarbon years over the range of 0-7500. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -324.974494 Range_Domain_Maximum: -119.499169 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years) for every 5 years before present over the range of 0-7500 years before present. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 15.840816 Range_Domain_Maximum: 41.750293 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C_Marine20 Entity_Type_Definition: Modeled predictions of ΔR for nearshore locations in south Florida over the range of conventional radiocarbon ages from 9,000 years ago to present with a 5-year time step. All statistical analyses were conducted using MATLAB ® software (v. 9.1). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Sample information and DeltaR values: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC); Statistical model: Erica Ashe (Rutgers University). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age (years) Attribute_Definition: Conventional 14C age (years) from 9000-0 years before present (where present is 1950 C.E.) with a time step of 5 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9000 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (14C years) Attribute_Definition: Predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in 14C [radiocarbon] years) for every 5 years conventional radiocarbon years over the range of 0-9000. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -208.627384 Range_Domain_Maximum: -149.872078 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years) for every 5 years before present over the range of 0-9000 years before present. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 17.663302 Range_Domain_Maximum: 28.07515 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_230Th_Marine20 Entity_Type_Definition: Statistical model output of nearshore ΔR variability from 9,500 years ago to present with a 5-year time step using 230Th age to derive age before present. All statistical analyses were conducted using MATLAB ® software (v. 9.1). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Sample information and DeltaR values: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC); Statistical model: Erica Ashe (Rutgers University). Attribute: Attribute_Label: 230Th Age (years BP) Attribute_Definition: Age before present (modeled from corrected 230Th age before present) from 9500-0 years before present (where present is 1950 C.E.) with a time step of 5 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9500 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years BP Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R (14C years) Attribute_Definition: Predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in radiocarbon [14C] years) for every 5 years over the range of 9500-0 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -208.315041 Range_Domain_Maximum: -151.144098 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R error (1 SE) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard error (1 SE) uncertainty associated with predicted (modeled) ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years) for every 5 years over the range of 0-9500 years. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 18.824325 Range_Domain_Maximum: 28.099306 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: 14C years Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Microsoft Excel format; Comma-delimited text file File_Decompression_Technique: ZIP File Format Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P8492Q/data/FKRT_Coral_Based_DeltaR_Marine20.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P8492Q/data/Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_230Th_Marine20.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P8492Q/data/Modeled_Nearshore_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C_Marine20.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P8492Q/data/Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_230Th_Marine20.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7P8492Q/data/Modeled_OpenOcean_DeltaR_vs_Conventional_14C_Marine20.zip Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20210830 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS Contact_Position: Research Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. S City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998