Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Lauren T. Toth Originator: William F. Precht Originator: Alexander B. Modys Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Publication_Date: 20210406 Title: Radiometric ages and descriptive data for Holocene corals from southeast Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P9Z21NMU Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z21NMU Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, Lauren T. Originator: Precht, William F. Originator: Modys, Alexander B. Originator: Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Originator: Robbart, Martha L. Originator: Hudson, J. Harold Originator: Oleinik, Anton E. Originator: Riegl, Bernhard M. Originator: Shinn, Eugene A. Originator: Aronson, Richard B. Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Climate and the latitudinal limits of subtropical reef development Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: Scientific Reports, Nature Description: Abstract: This data release compiles descriptive information (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages from corals collected through the Southeast Florida Continental Reef Tract (SFCRT; Figure 1). The database includes data from studies published between 1977 and 2015 as well as previously unpublished data. The samples were originally collected using coral-reef coring or other geologic sampling methods. Many of the samples are presently stored in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Core Archive at the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). This research is a part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies Project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/). Purpose: Data were collected in order to determine the spatial and temporal variability of Holocene coral-reef growth off the coast of southeast Florida (Miami-Dade to Palm Beach Counties) Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1977 Ending_Date: 2019 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.1100 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.0168 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.7230 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.5906 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:24106aa9-cef2-49a6-8454-1a01eb52a92e Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: paleoceanography Theme_Keyword: reef ecosystems Theme_Keyword: radiometric dating Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: Biscayne National Park Place_Keyword: Broward County Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County Place_Keyword: Palm Beach County Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: seafloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Temporal_Keyword: Holocene Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Florida Atlantic University and Dial Cordy and Associates, Inc. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lidz, Barbara H. Originator: Reich, Chris D. Originator: Shinn, Eugene A. Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys Publication_Information: Publication_Place: McLean, VA Publisher: GSA Bulletin, Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0845:RQSGIT>2.0.CO;2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, Lauren T. Originator: Kuffner, Ilsa B. Originator: Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Originator: Shinn, Eugene A. Publication_Date: 2018 Title: A 3,000-year lag between the geological and ecological shutdown of Florida's coral reefs Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Hoboken, New Jersey Publisher: Global Change Biology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14389 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Banks, Kenneth W. Originator: Riegl, Bernhard M. Originator: Shinn, Eugene A. Originator: Piller, Werner E. Originator: Dodge, Richard E. Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Geomorphology of the Southeast Florida continental reef tract (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, USA) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0231-0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Originator: Riegl, Bernhard M. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Accretion history of mid-Holocene coral reefs from the southeast Florida continental reef tract, USA Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1233-3 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Precht, William F. Originator: Macintyre, Ian G. Originator: Dodge, Richard E. Originator: Banks, Kenneth Originator: Fischer, Lew Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Backstepping of Holocene reefs along Florida's east coast Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Bali Publisher: Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lighty, Robin G. Originator: Macintyre, Ian G. Originator: Stuckenrath, Robert Publication_Date: 1978 Title: Submerged early-Holocene barrier reef south-east Florida Shelf Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Basingstoke, United Kingdom Publisher: Nature, Macmillan Publishers Limited Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/276059a0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shinn, Eugene A. Originator: Hudson, James H. Originator: Halley, Robert B. Originator: Lidz, Barbara H. Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Topographic control and accumulation rate of some Holocene coral reefs: South Florida and Dry Tortugas Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Online_Linkage: http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/icrs.aspx?icrs=ICRS3 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, Lauren T. Originator: Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Originator: Kuffner, Ilsa B. Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Descriptive Core Logs, Core Photographs, Radiocarbon Ages, and Accretion Data from Holocene Reef Cores Collected Throughout the Florida Keys Reef Tract Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Walker, Brian K. Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Spatial Analyses of Benthic Habitats to Define Coral Reef Ecosystem Regions and Potential Biogeographic Boundaries along a Latitudinal Gradient Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Online Publisher: PLOSOne, Public Library of Science Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030466 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Bush, Shari L. Originator: Santos, Guaciara M. Originator: Xu, Xiaomei Originator: Southon, John R. Originator: Thiagarajan, Nivedita Originator: Hines, Sophia K. Originator: Adkins, Jess F. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Simple, rapid, and cost effective: A screening method for 14C analysis of small carbonate samples Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Tucson, AZ Publisher: Radiocarbon, University of Arizona Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16192 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, Lauren T. Originator: Cheng, H. Originator: Edwards, R. Lawrence Originator: Ashe, E. Originator: Richey, Julie N. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Local Radiocarbon Reservoir Age (ΔR) Variability from the Nearshore and Open-Ocean Environments of the Florida Keys Reef Tract During the Holocene and Associated U-Series and Radiocarbon Data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P8492Q Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hijma, Marc P. Originator: Engelhart, Simon E. Originator: Tornqvist, Torbjorn E. Originator: Horton, Benjamin P. Originator: Hu, Ping Originator: Hill, David F. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: A protocol for a geological sea-level database (in Handbook of Sea-Level Research) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Hoboken, NJ Publisher: Wiley Blackwell Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch34 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toscano, M.A. Originator: Macintyre, I.G. Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Corrected western Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated 14C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0315-4 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Sampling of Holocene corals: This database includes data from samples collected in previous studies as well as new coral samples from Holocene reefs in southeast Florida collected by USGS researchers and collaborators as part of this study. Some samples were collected from rotary core records (Lidz and others 2003; Banks et al. 2007; Stathakopoulos and Riegl 2015) and those samples can be identified by the "Core ID" attribute. Some other samples were collected from existing man-made exposures of the reef framework from dredging (Port Miami samples, this study; Shinn and others 1977), a pipeline installation (Lighty and others 1978), or a ship grounding (Precht and others 2000). The remaining samples were collected from the reef surface using either a hammer and chisel or an underwater drill equipped with a coring bit. Detailed methods related to sample collection and processing are provided in Toth and others (2021). All samples collected as part of this study are stored in the USGS Core Archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). Process_Date: 2019 Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample elevation: The water depths where the samples were collected were recorded in the field using underwater depth gauges. For more recent sample collections, the field-based measurements were corrected to mean sea level using data from the nearest NOAA tidal datum. Sample elevations that could not be tide corrected, were assumed to be relative to mean sea level, but an error term equivalent to one-half the tidal depth range at the nearest National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tidal datum was applied. We also incorporated elevation errors associated with 1) estimating water depths with underwater depth gauges (0.5 meters [m]), 2) the rotary coring method (0.15 m), and 3) other "sampling depth" uncertainties. For samples collected from rotary cores, the sampling depth uncertainty is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of sampling depth uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples). Process_Date: 2019 Process_Step: Process_Description: Radiometric dating: Radiometric ages of the samples were measured by a combination of radiocarbon and U-series dating. Radiocarbon ages for the majority of the samples were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at either the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility, at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia. Some of the samples included in this study were radiocarbon dated using the rapid methodology developed at the University of California, Irvine (Bush and others 2013). Some samples dated in previous studies were radiocarbon dated using standard, bulk dating methodologies (Shinn and others 1977; Lighty and others 1978; Precht and others 2000; Lidz and others 2003), and some samples from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and Banks and others (2007) were dated using U-series methodologies. Ages from previous studies reported as conventional radiocarbon ages were corrected for the fractionation of δ13C based on measured δ13C or δ13C=0±4‰, if not measured. All radiocarbon ages were calibrated to years before present (where “present” is 1950) using the temporally-explicit local radiocarbon reservoir age offsets for the nearshore regions of south Florida derived by Toth and others (2017). Process_Date: 2019 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: GPS coordinates are provided for all data. Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.01 Longitude_Resolution: 0.01 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean sea level Depth_Resolution: 0.1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.csv, SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.xlsx Entity_Type_Definition: Comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files of descriptive data (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages for coral samples collected from the southeast Florida continental reef tract Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample ID Attribute_Definition: Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sample IDs are generated by abbreviating information about the county/subregion where the sample was collected, the reef terrace (for southeast Florida only), the site name, the core or sample number, and approximate depth from with which each sample was collected in the core and are formatted as: Subregion abbreviation-Reef tract abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core or sample number-Depth of coral in core. When the depths of multiple samples from a location were the same, the samples were distinguished by adding a letter at the end of the sample ID. Samples that were re-dated are indicated with an "N" for "new" at the end of the sample ID. Note that the sample IDs from Fowey Rocks, which is part of the Florida Keys reef tract, do not include a reef tract ID and the water depths are given in feet rather than meters to be consistent with a previous publication (Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Secondary sample ID Attribute_Definition: The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute). This attribute is left blank for samples that do not have a secondary sample ID. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core ID Attribute_Definition: For samples that were collected from rotary core records, this attribute provides a unique identifier for the core. This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected using rotary coring. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: For the cores from Fowey Rocks outlier reef (Florida Keys reef tract), this attribute is a combination of the subregion, the site name, and the core number from that site in the following format: Subregion abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core number (after Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release). The other core records from Broward County Florida are taken from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and simply provide a unique core number (or letter) for the cores collected from the Inner Reef (IR) of Broward County, FL. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 25.5906 Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.7230 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -80.1100 Range_Domain_Maximum: -80.0168 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: County/subregion Attribute_Definition: The county in southeast Florida adjacent to the nearshore habitats where the samples were collected or, in the case of Fowey Rocks, the subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract where the samples were collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Biscayne N.P. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from Biscayne National Park (N.P.) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: National Park Service Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Broward Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected offshore of Broward County, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Florida Department of Transportation Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Miami-Dade Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected offshore of Miami-Dade County, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Florida Department of Transportation Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Palm Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected offshore of Palm Beach County, FL Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Florida Department of Transportation Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reef terrace Attribute_Definition: The reef terrace (shore-parallel line of reef) where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Outlier Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from an outlier reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IR Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the Inner Reef (IR). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IR? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The original researchers (Shinn and others 1977) said this sample came from the Inner Reef, but a recent study (Banks and others 2007) suggested that it instead came from an "intermediate ridge" between the Middle Reef and Outer Reef. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: OR Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the Outer Reef (OR). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MR Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the Middle Reef (MR). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NR Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the Nearshore Ridge Complex (NR). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Walker, 2012 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IR/OR Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a location where the Inner Reef (IR) and Outer Reef (OR) meet. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: The name of the reef or site where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A unique site name, either chosen by the researchers who originally collected the sample (see "Primary reference" attribute) or determined by the researchers who conducted the present study (Toth and others, 2021). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dating method Attribute_Definition: The methodology used to determine the radiometric age of the sample. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Standard Radiometric 14C Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Indicates that the sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using standard (bulk) methodologies (i.e., gas proportional counting or liquid scintillation counting). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: AMS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: U-series Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was dated by U-series methodologies (i.e., by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [TIMS] or Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry [ICP-MS]). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Rapid 14C Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using the rapid methodology developed at University of California, Irvine by Bush and others (2013). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Measured 14C age Attribute_Definition: This attribute is only included for radiocarbon ages measured by standard radiometric radiocarbon dating, where measured, rather than corrected, conventional 14C were reported by the laboratory. These values have not been corrected for the isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3340 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9440 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Measured 14C age error (1-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The one standard deviation (1-sigma) laboratory error on the measured radiocarbon (14C) age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 120 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta 13C Attribute_Definition: The measured δ13C of the sample, used to correct for isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. When the measured value was unknown or unmeasured, this attribute is left blank. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per thousand (‰) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age Attribute_Definition: The conventional 14C age is the measured 14C age corrected for the isotopic fractionation using either the measured δ13C value or an assumed value of 0±3‰. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 775 Range_Domain_Maximum: 32900 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age uncertainty (1-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty on the conventional radiocarbon (14C) age Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 510 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R Attribute_Definition: Marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -55.49 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.74 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta-R uncertainty (1-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty in the marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 24.81 Range_Domain_Maximum: 42.03 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calibrated age (yrs BP) Attribute_Definition: The calibrated radiocarbon or U-series age in years before present (where "present" is 1950). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 462 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10806 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before 1950 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, younger) Attribute_Definition: The minimum (youngest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 333 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10530 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before 1950 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, older) Attribute_Definition: The maximum (oldest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 533 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11110 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before 1950 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depth in core (m) Attribute_Definition: Approximated depth in the core (measured from the top of the core) of where the sample was collected in meters (m). This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected from cores. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample elevation (m MSL) Attribute_Definition: The elevation in meters (m) of the sample relative to mean sea level (MSL). For samples collected from cores, this value was calculated by subtracting the depth of the sample in the core from the depth of the reef surface where the core was collected. Elevations of non-core samples were estimated in the field. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -30 Range_Domain_Maximum: -2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters relative to mean sea level (m MSL) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Water depth uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with estimating the water depth in the field, assumed to be 0.5 m for measurements using an underwater depth gauge (after Hijma and others, 2015). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Tidal uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: For samples whose water depth could not be corrected to mean sea level using a tidal datum, the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) tidal uncertainty in meters (m) is calculated as one-half the tidal range of the nearest tidal datum (after Hijma and others, 2015). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.3335 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.4585 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coring uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining sample elevation from rotary cores, assumed to be 0.15 m (after Hijma and others, 2015). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.15 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.15 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sampling depth uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: This attribute includes all other sources of sampling uncertainty and is reported as two-standard deviations (2-sigma). For samples collected from rotary cores, this value is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1524 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.524 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Total elevation uncertainty (2-sigma) Attribute_Definition: The total two-standard deviation (2-sigma) elevation uncertainty of the sample calculated by taking the root-sum-square of the Water depth uncertainty, the Tidal uncertainty, the Coring uncertainty, and the Sampling uncertainty. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.65 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coral taxon dated Attribute_Definition: The taxa of the dated coral sample. Corals were generally identified to the species level, but some taxa could only be identified to the genus level. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Acropora palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from an Acropora palmata coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Orbicella spp. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from an Orbicella spp. coral skeleton. Includes corals belonging to the genus Orbicella (O. faveolata, O. fanksii, and O. annularis). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Montastraea cavernosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Montastraea cavernosa coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pseudodiploria strigosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Pseudodiploria strigosa coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Siderastrea siderea Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Siderastrea siderea coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dichocoenia stokesii Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Dichocoenia stokesii coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: carbonate reef rock Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was non-coral carbonate reef rock. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Mancinia aerolata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Mancinia aerolata coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dendrogyra cylindrus Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from a Dendrogyra cylindrus coral skeleton. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute: Attribute_Label: Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N) Attribute_Definition: If the sample was included in the reconstruction of Holocene reef development in southeast Florida described in Toth and others (2021). Only samples from in-situ Acropora palmata coral skeletons with ages that passed screening (see Stathakopoulos and others 2020) were included. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Y Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Y=yes. The sample was included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: N Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: N=no. The sample was not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reason for exclusion Attribute_Definition: If the attribute Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N) has a domain value of N, this attribute describes why the sample was excluded from the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Description of why some samples were not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Primary reference Attribute_Definition: For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. Abbreviated citations (lead author(s) last name(s) and year of publication) for publications that have described the core previously. See cross-references for full citations. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV, XLSX Format_Version_Number: None Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9Z21NMU/data/SFCRT_Holocene_coral_data.zip Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: None. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20210412 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Lauren T. Toth Contact_Organization: USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8029 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ltoth@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998