Lauren T. Toth William F. Precht Alexander B. Modys Anastasios Stathakopoulos 20210406 Tabular digital data U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/P9Z21NMU St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z21NMU Toth, Lauren T. Precht, William F. Modys, Alexander B. Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Robbart, Martha L. Hudson, J. Harold Oleinik, Anton E. Riegl, Bernhard M. Shinn, Eugene A. Aronson, Richard B. 2021 Tabular digital data Online Scientific Reports, Nature This data release compiles descriptive information (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages from corals collected through the Southeast Florida Continental Reef Tract (SFCRT; Figure 1). The database includes data from studies published between 1977 and 2015 as well as previously unpublished data. The samples were originally collected using coral-reef coring or other geologic sampling methods. Many of the samples are presently stored in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Core Archive at the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). This research is a part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies Project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/). Data were collected in order to determine the spatial and temporal variability of Holocene coral-reef growth off the coast of southeast Florida (Miami-Dade to Palm Beach Counties) 1977 2019 publication date Complete As needed -80.1100 -80.0168 26.7230 25.5906 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:24106aa9-cef2-49a6-8454-1a01eb52a92e USGS Thesaurus paleoceanography reef ecosystems radiometric dating marine geology coelenterates ISO 19115 Topic Categories geoscientificInformation oceans Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Florida Biscayne National Park Broward County Miami-Dade County Palm Beach County None seafloor USGS Thesaurus Holocene None Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Lauren T. Toth USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

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St. Petersburg FL 33701 United States 727-502-8029 ltoth@usgs.gov Florida Atlantic University and Dial Cordy and Associates, Inc. Lidz, Barbara H. Reich, Chris D. Shinn, Eugene A. 2003 McLean, VA GSA Bulletin, Geological Society of America https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0845:RQSGIT>2.0.CO;2 Toth, Lauren T. Kuffner, Ilsa B. Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Shinn, Eugene A. 2018 Hoboken, New Jersey Global Change Biology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14389 Banks, Kenneth W. Riegl, Bernhard M. Shinn, Eugene A. Piller, Werner E. Dodge, Richard E. 2007 Berlin, Germany Coral Reefs, Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0231-0 Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Riegl, Bernhard M. 2015 Berlin, Germany Coral Reefs, Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1233-3 Precht, William F. Macintyre, Ian G. Dodge, Richard E. Banks, Kenneth Fischer, Lew 2000 Bali Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Lighty, Robin G. Macintyre, Ian G. Stuckenrath, Robert 1978 Basingstoke, United Kingdom Nature, Macmillan Publishers Limited https://doi.org/10.1038/276059a0 Shinn, Eugene A. Hudson, James H. Halley, Robert B. Lidz, Barbara H. 1977 Miami, FL Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/icrs.aspx?icrs=ICRS3 Toth, Lauren T. Stathakopoulos, Anastasios Kuffner, Ilsa B. 2018 St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX Walker, Brian K. 2012 Online PLOSOne, Public Library of Science https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030466 Bush, Shari L. Santos, Guaciara M. Xu, Xiaomei Southon, John R. Thiagarajan, Nivedita Hines, Sophia K. Adkins, Jess F. 2013 Tucson, AZ Radiocarbon, University of Arizona https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16192 Toth, Lauren T. Cheng, H. Edwards, R. Lawrence Ashe, E. Richey, Julie N. 2017 St. Petersburg, FL U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P8492Q Hijma, Marc P. Engelhart, Simon E. Tornqvist, Torbjorn E. Horton, Benjamin P. Hu, Ping Hill, David F. 2015 Hoboken, NJ Wiley Blackwell https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch34 Toscano, M.A. Macintyre, I.G. 2003 Berlin, Germany Coral Reefs, Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0315-4 No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted Sampling of Holocene corals: This database includes data from samples collected in previous studies as well as new coral samples from Holocene reefs in southeast Florida collected by USGS researchers and collaborators as part of this study. Some samples were collected from rotary core records (Lidz and others 2003; Banks et al. 2007; Stathakopoulos and Riegl 2015) and those samples can be identified by the "Core ID" attribute. Some other samples were collected from existing man-made exposures of the reef framework from dredging (Port Miami samples, this study; Shinn and others 1977), a pipeline installation (Lighty and others 1978), or a ship grounding (Precht and others 2000). The remaining samples were collected from the reef surface using either a hammer and chisel or an underwater drill equipped with a coring bit. Detailed methods related to sample collection and processing are provided in Toth and others (2021). All samples collected as part of this study are stored in the USGS Core Archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). 2019 Sample elevation: The water depths where the samples were collected were recorded in the field using underwater depth gauges. For more recent sample collections, the field-based measurements were corrected to mean sea level using data from the nearest NOAA tidal datum. Sample elevations that could not be tide corrected, were assumed to be relative to mean sea level, but an error term equivalent to one-half the tidal depth range at the nearest National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tidal datum was applied. We also incorporated elevation errors associated with 1) estimating water depths with underwater depth gauges (0.5 meters [m]), 2) the rotary coring method (0.15 m), and 3) other "sampling depth" uncertainties. For samples collected from rotary cores, the sampling depth uncertainty is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of sampling depth uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples). 2019 Radiometric dating: Radiometric ages of the samples were measured by a combination of radiocarbon and U-series dating. Radiocarbon ages for the majority of the samples were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at either the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility, at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia. Some of the samples included in this study were radiocarbon dated using the rapid methodology developed at the University of California, Irvine (Bush and others 2013). Some samples dated in previous studies were radiocarbon dated using standard, bulk dating methodologies (Shinn and others 1977; Lighty and others 1978; Precht and others 2000; Lidz and others 2003), and some samples from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and Banks and others (2007) were dated using U-series methodologies. Ages from previous studies reported as conventional radiocarbon ages were corrected for the fractionation of δ13C based on measured δ13C or δ13C=0±4‰, if not measured. All radiocarbon ages were calibrated to years before present (where “present” is 1950) using the temporally-explicit local radiocarbon reservoir age offsets for the nearshore regions of south Florida derived by Toth and others (2017). 2019 GPS coordinates are provided for all data. Point 0.01 0.01 Decimal degrees World Geodetic System of 1984 WGS_1984 6378137.0 298.257223563 Mean sea level 0.1 meters Attribute values SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.csv, SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.xlsx Comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files of descriptive data (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages for coral samples collected from the southeast Florida continental reef tract Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC) Sample ID Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. USGS Sample IDs are generated by abbreviating information about the county/subregion where the sample was collected, the reef terrace (for southeast Florida only), the site name, the core or sample number, and approximate depth from with which each sample was collected in the core and are formatted as: Subregion abbreviation-Reef tract abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core or sample number-Depth of coral in core. When the depths of multiple samples from a location were the same, the samples were distinguished by adding a letter at the end of the sample ID. Samples that were re-dated are indicated with an "N" for "new" at the end of the sample ID. Note that the sample IDs from Fowey Rocks, which is part of the Florida Keys reef tract, do not include a reef tract ID and the water depths are given in feet rather than meters to be consistent with a previous publication (Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release). Secondary sample ID The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute). This attribute is left blank for samples that do not have a secondary sample ID. USGS The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute). Core ID For samples that were collected from rotary core records, this attribute provides a unique identifier for the core. This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected using rotary coring. USGS For the cores from Fowey Rocks outlier reef (Florida Keys reef tract), this attribute is a combination of the subregion, the site name, and the core number from that site in the following format: Subregion abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core number (after Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release). The other core records from Broward County Florida are taken from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and simply provide a unique core number (or letter) for the cores collected from the Inner Reef (IR) of Broward County, FL. Latitude The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. USGS 25.5906 26.7230 Decimal degrees Longitude The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. USGS -80.1100 -80.0168 Decimal degrees County/subregion The county in southeast Florida adjacent to the nearshore habitats where the samples were collected or, in the case of Fowey Rocks, the subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract where the samples were collected. USGS Biscayne N.P. The sample was collected from Biscayne National Park (N.P.) National Park Service Broward The sample was collected offshore of Broward County, FL. Florida Department of Transportation Miami-Dade The sample was collected offshore of Miami-Dade County, FL. Florida Department of Transportation Palm Beach The sample was collected offshore of Palm Beach County, FL Florida Department of Transportation Reef terrace The reef terrace (shore-parallel line of reef) where the sample was collected. Walker, 2012 Outlier The sample was collected from an outlier reef. Walker, 2012 IR The sample was collected from the Inner Reef (IR). Walker, 2012 IR? The original researchers (Shinn and others 1977) said this sample came from the Inner Reef, but a recent study (Banks and others 2007) suggested that it instead came from an "intermediate ridge" between the Middle Reef and Outer Reef. USGS OR The sample was collected from the Outer Reef (OR). Walker, 2012 MR The sample was collected from the Middle Reef (MR). Walker, 2012 NR The sample was collected from the Nearshore Ridge Complex (NR). Walker, 2012 IR/OR The sample was collected from a location where the Inner Reef (IR) and Outer Reef (OR) meet. USGS Site The name of the reef or site where the sample was collected. USGS A unique site name, either chosen by the researchers who originally collected the sample (see "Primary reference" attribute) or determined by the researchers who conducted the present study (Toth and others, 2021). Dating method The methodology used to determine the radiometric age of the sample. USGS Standard Radiometric 14C Indicates that the sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using standard (bulk) methodologies (i.e., gas proportional counting or liquid scintillation counting). USGS AMS The sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). USGS U-series The sample was dated by U-series methodologies (i.e., by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [TIMS] or Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry [ICP-MS]). USGS Rapid 14C The sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using the rapid methodology developed at University of California, Irvine by Bush and others (2013). USGS Measured 14C age This attribute is only included for radiocarbon ages measured by standard radiometric radiocarbon dating, where measured, rather than corrected, conventional 14C were reported by the laboratory. These values have not been corrected for the isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. USGS 3340 9440 Years Measured 14C age error (1-sigma) The one standard deviation (1-sigma) laboratory error on the measured radiocarbon (14C) age. USGS 50 120 Years delta 13C The measured δ13C of the sample, used to correct for isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. When the measured value was unknown or unmeasured, this attribute is left blank. USGS -3 3.16 parts per thousand (‰) Conventional 14C age The conventional 14C age is the measured 14C age corrected for the isotopic fractionation using either the measured δ13C value or an assumed value of 0±3‰. USGS 775 32900 Years Conventional 14C age uncertainty (1-sigma) The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty on the conventional radiocarbon (14C) age USGS 15 510 Years Delta-R Marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). USGS -55.49 10.74 Years Delta-R uncertainty (1-sigma) The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty in the marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). USGS 24.81 42.03 Years Calibrated age (yrs BP) The calibrated radiocarbon or U-series age in years before present (where "present" is 1950). USGS 462 10806 Years before 1950 Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, younger) The minimum (youngest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. USGS 333 10530 Years before 1950 Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, older) The maximum (oldest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. USGS 533 11110 Years before 1950 Depth in core (m) Approximated depth in the core (measured from the top of the core) of where the sample was collected in meters (m). This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected from cores. USGS 0 16.8 meters Sample elevation (m MSL) The elevation in meters (m) of the sample relative to mean sea level (MSL). For samples collected from cores, this value was calculated by subtracting the depth of the sample in the core from the depth of the reef surface where the core was collected. Elevations of non-core samples were estimated in the field. USGS -30 -2 meters relative to mean sea level (m MSL) Water depth uncertainty (2-sigma) The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with estimating the water depth in the field, assumed to be 0.5 m for measurements using an underwater depth gauge (after Hijma and others, 2015). USGS 0.5 0.5 meters Tidal uncertainty (2-sigma) For samples whose water depth could not be corrected to mean sea level using a tidal datum, the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) tidal uncertainty in meters (m) is calculated as one-half the tidal range of the nearest tidal datum (after Hijma and others, 2015). USGS 0.3335 0.4585 meters Coring uncertainty (2-sigma) The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining sample elevation from rotary cores, assumed to be 0.15 m (after Hijma and others, 2015). USGS 0.15 0.15 meters Sampling depth uncertainty (2-sigma) This attribute includes all other sources of sampling uncertainty and is reported as two-standard deviations (2-sigma). For samples collected from rotary cores, this value is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples). USGS 0.1524 1.524 meters Total elevation uncertainty (2-sigma) The total two-standard deviation (2-sigma) elevation uncertainty of the sample calculated by taking the root-sum-square of the Water depth uncertainty, the Tidal uncertainty, the Coring uncertainty, and the Sampling uncertainty. USGS 0.50 1.65 USGS Coral taxon dated The taxa of the dated coral sample. Corals were generally identified to the species level, but some taxa could only be identified to the genus level. USGS Acropora palmata The sample was collected from an Acropora palmata coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Orbicella spp. The sample was collected from an Orbicella spp. coral skeleton. Includes corals belonging to the genus Orbicella (O. faveolata, O. fanksii, and O. annularis). http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Montastraea cavernosa The sample was collected from a Montastraea cavernosa coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Pseudodiploria strigosa The sample was collected from a Pseudodiploria strigosa coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Siderastrea siderea The sample was collected from a Siderastrea siderea coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Dichocoenia stokesii The sample was collected from a Dichocoenia stokesii coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ carbonate reef rock The sample was non-coral carbonate reef rock. USGS Mancinia aerolata The sample was collected from a Mancinia aerolata coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Dendrogyra cylindrus The sample was collected from a Dendrogyra cylindrus coral skeleton. http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N) If the sample was included in the reconstruction of Holocene reef development in southeast Florida described in Toth and others (2021). Only samples from in-situ Acropora palmata coral skeletons with ages that passed screening (see Stathakopoulos and others 2020) were included. USGS Y Y=yes. The sample was included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. USGS N N=no. The sample was not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. USGS Reason for exclusion If the attribute Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N) has a domain value of N, this attribute describes why the sample was excluded from the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. USGS Description of why some samples were not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. Primary reference For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. USGS For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. Abbreviated citations (lead author(s) last name(s) and year of publication) for publications that have described the core previously. See cross-references for full citations. Lauren T. Toth USGS, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 US 727-502-8029 ltoth@usgs.gov Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. CSV, XLSX None https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P9Z21NMU/data/SFCRT_Holocene_coral_data.zip None None. 20210412 Lauren T. Toth USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Research Oceanographer mailing and physical

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg FL 33701 US 727-502-8029 ltoth@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998