Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Lauren T. Toth Publication_Date: 20191212 Title: South Florida Holocene coral sea-level database for samples collected from 1977 to 2017 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P98QFBJ3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P98QFBJ3 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Originator: Bernhard M. Riegl Originator: Lauren T. Toth Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Revised Holocene coral sea-level database from the Florida reef tract, USA Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Publication Publication_Information: Publication_Place: San Diego, CA Publisher: Peer J Description: Abstract: Holocene-aged coral samples from the south Florida region were extensively characterized to create a new database of verified sea-level data. The samples were originally collected using coral-reef coring or other geologic sampling methods and were obtained by various researchers from published studies spanning the interval of 1977 to 2017. Many of these samples are presently stored in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Core Archive at the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). USGS staff compiled all relevant information from publications pertaining to each sample and then, if the samples were available in the USGS Core Archive, researchers performed visual analyses to characterize the taphonomic condition and to determine if samples were in situ (growth position). Samples were then assigned a rank (from 0-3, with 0 being the highest rank) to indicate their quality and reliability for use as sea-level indicators based on a combination of the information from the publications and the results of the analyses. This research is a part of the USGS Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies Project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/). Purpose: Holocene coral data collected throughout south Florida were compiled and characterized to evaluate existing models of Holocene relative sea-level change and for use in future sea-level reconstructions. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1977 Ending_Date: 2017 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -83.048610 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.064464 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.254191 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.434800 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5146b2f7-e98d-40f4-9c65-42046a0ef4e0 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: sea-level change Theme_Keyword: coelenterates Theme_Keyword: reef ecosystems Theme_Keyword: radiometric dating Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Florida Keys Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: Dry Tortugas Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Temporal_Keyword: Holocene epoch Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: Southeast Region Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4Th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, LT Originator: Stathakopoulos, A Originator: Kuffner, IB Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Descriptive core logs, high-resolution images and derived data for Holocene reef cores collected from 1976 to 2017 along the Florida Keys reef tract Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Banks, KW Originator: Riegl, BM Originator: Shinn, EA Originator: Piller, WE Originator: Dodge, RE Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Geomorphology of the Southeast Florida continental reef tract (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, USA) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0231-0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Brock, JC Originator: Palaseanu-Lovejoy, M Originator: Poore, RZ Originator: Nayegandhi, A Originator: Wright, CW Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Holocene aggradation of the Dry Tortugas coral reef ecosystem Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0658-6 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lidz, BH Originator: Reich, CD Originator: Shinn, EA Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys Publication_Information: Publication_Place: McLean, VA Publisher: GSA Bulletin, Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115%3C0845:RQSGIT%3E2.0.CO;2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lighty, RG Originator: Macintyre, IG Originator: Stuckenrath, R Publication_Date: 1978 Title: Submerged early Holocene barrier reef south-east Florida shelf Publication_Information: Publication_Place: London, England Publisher: Nature, Springer Nature Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/276059a0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Ludwig, KR Originator: Muhs, DR Originator: Simmons, KR Originator: Halley, RB Originator: Shinn, EA Publication_Date: 1996 Title: Sea-level records at ~80 ka from tectonically stable platforms: Florida and Bermuda Publication_Information: Publication_Place: McLean, VA Publisher: Geology, Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0211:SLRAKF>2.3.CO;2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mallinson, D Originator: Hine, A Originator: Hallock, P Originator: Locker, S Originator: Shinn, E Originator: Naar, D Originator: Donahue, B Originator: Weaver, D Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Development of small carbonate banks on the south Florida platform margin: response to sea level and climate change Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Marine Geology, Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00141-5 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Multer, HG Originator: Gischler, E Originator: Lundberg, J Originator: Simmons, KR Originator: Shinn, EA Publication_Date: 2002 Title: Key Largo limestone revisited: Pleistocene shelf-edge facies, Florida Keys, USA Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Facies, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02668083 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Precht, WF Originator: Macintyre, IG Originator: Dodge, RE Originator: Banks, K Originator: Fisher, L Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Backstepping of Holocene reefs along Florida’s east coast Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Bali, Indonesia Publisher: Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Reich, C Originator: Halley, RB Originator: Hickey, T Originator: Swarzenski, P Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Groundwater characterization and assessment of contaminants in marine areas of Biscayne National Park Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fort Collins, CO Publisher: National Park Service Online_Linkage: https://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/reports/bisc_gw_char/index.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Reich, CD Originator: Hickey, TD Originator: DeLong, KL Originator: Poore, RZ Originator: Brock, JC Publication_Date: 2009 Title: Holocene core logs and site statistics for modern patch-reef cores: Biscayne National Park, Florida Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1246/pdf/ofr2009-1246.pdf Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Robbin, DM Publication_Date: 1981 Title: Subaerial CaCO3 crust: A tool for timing reef initiation and defining sea level changes Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Manila, Philippines Publisher: Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Robbin, DM Publication_Date: 1984 Title: A new Holocene sea-level curve for the upper Florida Keys and Florida reef tract In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of south Florida, present and past Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Miami Geological Society Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Scholl, DW Publication_Date: 1964 Title: Recent sedimentary record in mangrove swamps and rise in sea level over the southwestern coast of Florida: Part 2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Marine Geology, Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(64)90047-7 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Scholl, DW Originator: Stuiver, M Publication_Date: 1967 Title: Recent submergence of southern Florida: a comparison with adjacent coasts and other eustatic data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: McLean, VA Publisher: GSA Bulletin, Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[437:RSOSFA]2.0.CO;2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shinn, EA Publication_Date: 1980 Title: Geologic history of Grecian Rocks, Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Bulletin of Marine Science, University of Miami Online_Linkage: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1980/00000030/00000003/art00010 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shinn, EA Originator: Hudson, JH Originator: Halley, RB Originator: Lidz, BH Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Topographic control and accumulation rate of some Holocene coral reefs: South Florida and Dry Tortugas Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Miami, FL Publisher: Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Online_Linkage: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70121477 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Shinn, EA Originator: Hudson, JH Originator: Robbin, DM Originator: Lidz, BH Publication_Date: 1981 Title: Spurs and grooves revisited: construction versus erosion, Looe Key Reef, Florida Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Manila, Philippines Publisher: Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies Online_Linkage: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70122248 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Stathakopoulos, A Originator: Riegl, BM Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Accretion history of mid-Holocene coral reefs from the southeast Florida continental reef tract, USA Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Berlin, Germany Publisher: Coral Reefs, Springer Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-014-1233-3 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toscano, MA Originator: Lundberg, J Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Early Holocene sea-level record from submerged fossil reefs on the southeast Florida margin Publication_Information: Publication_Place: McLean, VA Publisher: Geology, Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0255:EHSLRF>2.3.CO;2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, LT Originator: Kuffner, IB Originator: Cheng, H Originator: Edwards, RL Publication_Date: 2015 Title: A new record of the late Pleistocene coral, Pocillopora palmata, from the Dry Tortugas, Florida Reef Tract, USA Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Broken Arrow, OK Publisher: PALAIOS, SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2015.030 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Toth, LT Originator: Cheng, H Originator: Edwards, RL Originator: Ashe, E Originator: Richey, JN Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Millennial-scale variability in the local radiocarbon reservoir age of south Florida during the Holocene Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Quaternary Geochronology, Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2017.07.005 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Turmel, RJ Originator: Swanson, RG Publication_Date: 1976 Title: The development of Rodriguez Bank, a Holocene mudbank in the Florida reef track Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Broken Arrow, OK Publisher: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cheng, H Originator: Edwards, RL Originator: Shen, C-C Originator: Polyak, VJ Originator: Asmerom, Y Originator: Woodhead, J Originator: Hellstrom, J Originator: Wang, Y Originator: Kong, X Originator: Spötl, C Originator: Wang, X Originator: Calvin Alexander Jr, E Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.006 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jaffey, AH Originator: Flynn, KF Originator: Glendenin, LE Originator: Bentley, WC Originator: Essling, AM Publication_Date: 1971 Title: Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U Publication_Information: Publication_Place: College Park, MD Publisher: Physical Review C, American Physical Society Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Blanchon, P Originator: Perry, CT Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Taphonomic differentiation of Acropora palmata facies in cores from Campeche Bank Reefs, Gulf of Mexico Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Oxford, United Kingdom Publisher: Sedimentology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00610.x Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hibbert, FD Originator: Williams, FH Originator: Fallon, SJ Originator: Rohling, EJ Publication_Date: 2018 Title: A database of biological and geomorphological sea-level markers from the Last Glacial Maximum to present Publication_Information: Publication_Place: London, England Publisher: Scientific Data, Nature Research Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.88 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hijma, MP Originator: Engelhart, SE Originator: Törnqvist, TE Originator: Horton, BP Originator: Hu, P Originator: Hill, DF Publication_Date: 2015 Title: A protocol for a geological sea-level database Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Sussex, United Kingdom Publisher: Handbook of Sea-Level Research, John Wiley and Sons Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch34 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Completeness_Report: Blank fields within the dataset indicate that a particular attribute was not measured or reported for that sample. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Radiometric dating and screening procedures: Samples in this database have been analyzed by uranium-series (U-series) and radiocarbon dating methods. U-series ages were measured using either thermal ionization mass spectrometry or inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ages reported in the original studies were recalculated using the most recent decay constants reported by Cheng and others (2013) for 230Th and 234U and by Jaffey and others (1971) for 238U, where appropriate. U-series data were screened for: open-system behavior indicated by 234U initial values outside of 137–157 per mil (‰) and incorporation of detrital thorium indicated by 232Th values >2 parts per billion (ppb). In addition, researchers screened the 238U data for values outside of the typical ranges of 2800–3800 ppb for acroporid corals and 2000–3200 ppb for massive corals similar to Toth and others (2017). Samples that did not pass the screening procedure have the potential for diagenetic alteration, which could lead to erroneous age calculations. Radiocarbon ages of corals were determined using standard, bulk radiocarbon dating or accelerator mass spectrometry. If no conventional 14C ages or δ13C values were originally reported then USGS scientists corrected 14C ages to conventional 14C ages, using a δ13C value of 0 ± 4 ‰ with the Calib spreadsheet "d13ccorr.xls" (http://calib.org/calib/fractionation.html). Conventional 14C ages were converted to calibrated calendar years before present (where “present” is 1950 Common Era [CE]) using the Marine 13 calibration curve in the CALIB 7.0.2 computer program accessible at, http://calib.org/calib/. The time-varying ΔR (local marine reservoir correction offsets) values calculated by Toth and others (2017; https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161074) were used for this calculation. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Step: Process_Description: Characterization of the samples: Every dated sample identified from the literature was first cross-referenced with the USGS Core Archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3) to determine if the core material was physically available for analysis. If samples were not present in the archive, researchers relied on the information and interpretations provided in the original publication (see “Reference” attribute) to evaluate sample quality. Samples that were stored in the archive were visually inspected to identify taphonomic characteristics that aided in determining whether the samples are in situ, and ultimately, whether they are suitable sea-level indicators. The coral samples were assessed for the presence of: basal attachment surfaces (which form when a coral grows and encrusts its substrate), normally-oriented (in other words, vertical) corallites, normally-oriented geopetals (cavities filled with sediment), and presence and/or thickness of intergrown vermetid worms, crustose coralline algae (CCA), and the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum. USGS researchers also described the 50 centimeters (cm) of core material above and below each dated sample to better characterize the section that the sample was emplaced within and to determine the dominant framework composition of that section (in other words, massive vs. A. palmata corals). Furthermore, any obvious discrepancies between observations of the cores and the published literature were corrected and updated in the database (the most common discrepancies were misidentification of coral species). The overall characterization of the samples was used to rank each sample (from 0–3, with 0 being the highest rank) in terms of the quality and reliability of the sea-level data it could provide. Samples were excluded outright (rank = 3) if one of the following criteria were met: a) the core was not available for observation and no explicit mention of in situ characteristics were made in the original publication, b) the sample did not pass U-series screening (either performed in the original publication, or described above), and/or c) the sample did not pass diagenetic screening if performed in the original publication (in other words, X-ray diffraction or Scanning Electron microscope analyses). Samples were also excluded (rank = 2) if researchers could not confidently locate a sample within its section and/or the sample possessed inverted corallites and/or geopetals (indicating that the sample was not in situ). For samples that possessed some ambiguous features (for example, corallite orientation was indeterminate, but possessed a normal geopetal) or were otherwise not clearly definitive, a rank =1 was assigned, whereas those that had clearly distinguished in situ characteristics (for example, normal corallite orientation and no other ambiguous features) were assigned a rank = 0. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: GPS coordinates are provided for all data (south Florida). Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0198048202 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0217736476 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean sea level Depth_Resolution: 0.05 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: South Florida Holocene coral sea-level database Entity_Type_Definition: Coral-based age and elevation data for use in sea-level studies or reconstructions. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location Attribute_Definition: The area (city or region) of south Florida where the coral sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pompano Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the town of Pompano Beach, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Ft. Lauderdale Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the town of Ft. Lauderdale Beach, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dania Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the town of Dania Beach, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Miami Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the town of Miami Beach, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Biscayne Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats within Biscayne National Park, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Upper Florida Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the upper Florida Keys, which range from the southern end of Biscayne National Park to the southern end of Upper Matecumbe Key, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Toth and others, 2017 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Middle Florida Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the middle Florida Keys, which range from the southern end of Upper Matecumbe Key to Bahia Honda Key, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Toth and others, 2017 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Lower Florida Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats adjacent to the lower Florida Keys, which range from Bahia Honda Key to Key West, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Toth and others, 2017 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Marquesas Keys Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats around the Marquesas Keys located between Key West, FL and Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Toth and others, 2017 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dry Tortugas Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample was collected from the nearshore reef habitats within Dry Tortugas National Park. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Location number Attribute_Definition: Corresponding figure map number assigned to each sample location, in the associated journal article (Stathakopoulos and others, 2018) drawn from north to south-west. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 31 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reference Attribute_Definition: The citation for the study where the coral data were originally published. All references in this attribute are included as cross-references. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Includes the last name of the author(s) and date of publication of the study. For publications with two authors, the last names of both authors are listed as well as the date of publication. For publication with three or more authors, the last name of the first author followed by "et al." (meaning and others) and the date of publication. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site name Attribute_Definition: The name of the specific site where the coral sample was collected within the broader location. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: The name of the specific site where the coral sample was collected within the broader location. Site names were determined by the researcher(s) who collected the coral samples. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees) where the coral sample was collected. Most of the samples were collected before GPS was available so the coordinates are generally estimates from Google Earth that were based on maps provided in the original studies. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 24.434800 Range_Domain_Maximum: 26.254191 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees) where the coral sample was collected. Most of the samples were collected before GPS was available so the coordinates are generally estimates from Google Earth that were based on maps provided in the original studies. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -83.048610 Range_Domain_Maximum: -80.064464 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample name Attribute_Definition: A unique name for each coral sample included in the dataset. Sample names were typically obtained from the original publication describing the samples (see Reference attribute). In cases where both a U-series and radiocarbon age were measured on the same sample, the sub-samples were distinguished as "-a" for the U-series age and "-b" for the radiocarbon age. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: A unique name for each coral sample included in the dataset. Typically, the names combine an abbreviation of the site name and/or a core or sample number. Please see Reference to the original study for information about how the names of samples were designated in each study. In cases where both a U-series and radiocarbon age were measured on the same sample, the sub-samples were distinguished as "-a" for the U-series age and "-b" for the radiocarbon age. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reef tract Attribute_Definition: An abbreviation for the part of the Florida reef tract where the sample was collected. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: SFCRT Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: SFCRT=southeast Florida continental reef tract; includes the area of coral reef tract north of Biscayne National Park offshore of southeast Florida. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: FKRT Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: FKRT=Florida Keys reef tract; includes the reef area from Biscayne National Park through the waters south of Key West, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: DTCRE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: DTCRE=Dry Tortugas coral-reef ecosystem; includes the coral reefs of Dry Tortugas National Park and the Marquesas Islands west of Key West, FL. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Taxon Attribute_Definition: The taxon (genus or species) of the coral sample that was dated. Coral skeletons were identified to the species level whenever possible, but some coral species (for example, species in the genus Orbicella) could only be reliably identified to the genus level. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A. palmata=Acropora palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: P. strigosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: P. strigosa=Pseudodiploria strigosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: M. cavernosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: M. cavernosa=Montastraea cavernosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Orbicella spp. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Orbicella spp.=Orbicella faveolata, Orbicella franksii, or Orbicella annularis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: D. labyrinthiformis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: D. labyrinthiformis=Diploria labyrinthiformis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: S. siderea Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: S. siderea=Siderastrea siderea Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: C. natans Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: C. natans=Colpophyllia natans Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. cervicornis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A. cervicornis=Acropora cervicornis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: P. clivosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: P. clivosa=Pseudodiploria clivosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: P. astreoides Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: P. astreoides=Porites astreoides Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: S. intersepta Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: S. intersepta=Stephanocoenia intersepta Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: http://www.coralsoftheworld.org/page/home/ Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Diploria sp. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Diploria sp.=the coral could not be identified to the species level, but was either Diploria labrynthiformis, Pseudodiploria strigosa, or Pseudodiploria clivosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Brain coral Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Brain coral=the coral could not be identified to the species level, but was either Colpophyllia natans, Diploria labrynthiformis, Pseudodiploria strigosa, or Pseudodiploria clivosa Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Massive Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Massive=the coral could not be identified to the species level, but it has a massive (domed) morphology rather than a branching morphology Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Unidentified Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Unidentified=the coral species was not identified by the original researcher and it could not be relocated for identification in this study Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: 14C age (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The measured 14C (radiocarbon) age of the coral sample, not corrected for the fractionation of 13C. This attribute was only reported if uncorrected 14C ages, rather than conventional 14C ages were reported in the original study (see Reference attribute). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 865 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9440 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: 14C error (1 sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The one standard deviation (1 sigma) error in the uncorrected 14C (radiocarbon) age (in years). This attribute was only reported if uncorrected 14C ages, rather than conventional 14C ages were reported in the original study (see Reference attribute). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 35 Range_Domain_Maximum: 224 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: delta 13C Attribute_Definition: The delta 13C value used to correct measured radiocarbon ages for the fractionation of 13C, which converts the measured radiocarbon age to a conventional radiocarbon age. This attribute was left blank if it was not reported or not measured in the original study (see Reference attribute) and the value could not be obtained by contacting the original researchers or radiocarbon laboratory. In cases where the original study reported only measured radiocarbon ages and the delta 13C value was not originally measured, a value of 0 +/- 4 per mil was used to convert the measured radiocarbon age to a conventional radiocarbon age using the conversion spreadsheet available at: http://calib.org/calib/fractionation.html. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -3.61 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.61 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C age (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The radiocarbon age (in years) of the sample corrected for the fractionation of 13C based on the measured or assumed delta 13C value. In cases where the original study reported only measured radiocarbon ages and the delta 13C value was not originally measured, a value of 0 +/- 4 per mil was used to convert the measured radiocarbon age to a conventional radiocarbon age using the conversion spreadsheet available at: http://calib.org/calib/fractionation.html. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 380 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9847 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Conventional 14C error (1 sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The one standard deviation (1 sigma) error (in years) in the conventional radiocarbon age, which has been corrected for the fractionation of 13C. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 233 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta R (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The local marine reservoir age offset, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years). Values were calculated by Toth and others (2017) by subtracting the predicted radiocarbon age of the sample based on the marine calibration curve (Marine13), from the measured conventional radiocarbon age of that sample (Conventional 14C age). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -110.58 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.43 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Delta R error (1 sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The 1-standard deviation (1 sigma) uncertainty associated with the estimates of ΔR (Delta-R). Calculated by Toth and others (2017) as the root-mean-square of the error associated with the conventional 14C age of the sample (14C age error) and the error associated with the predicted 14C age from the marine calibration curve (Marine13 14C age error). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 17.13 Range_Domain_Maximum: 42.03 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Radiocarbon years Attribute: Attribute_Label: -2 sigma range (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The lower (younger) limit of the 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) range of the calibrated radiocarbon age of the sample in years before present (relative to 1950 CE). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10530 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: years before present (relative to 1950 CE) Attribute: Attribute_Label: +2 sigma range (yrs) Attribute_Definition: The upper (older) limit of the 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) range of the calibrated radiocarbon age of the sample in years before present (relative to 1950 CE). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11110 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before present (relative to 1950 CE) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Calibrated age (yrs cal BP) Attribute_Definition: The median calibrated age of the sample in years before present (yrs cal BP) relative to 1950 CE. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10806 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before present (relative to 1950 CE) Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-series age (yrs BP) Attribute_Definition: The U-series age of the sample corrected to years before present (relative to 1950 CE). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10242 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before present (relative to 1950 CE) Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-series error (2 sigma; yrs) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in U-series age of the sample corrected to years before present (relative to 1950 CE). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 924 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years Attribute: Attribute_Label: Recalculated U-series age (yrs BP) Attribute_Definition: In cases where the U-series age originally reported and given in the "U-series age (yrs BP)" attribute was not calculated with the latest decay constants (Jaffey and others, 1971; Cheng and others 2013), the U-series ages provided in this attribute have been recalculated using those constants. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10242 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Years before present (relative to 1950 CE) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation (m MSL) Attribute_Definition: The estimated elevation of the sample in meters relative to mean sea level (m MSL). In most cases the elevation reported by the original study was used (see Reference attribute); however, elevations originally reported relative to a geodetic datum were converted to MSL. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -31.20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.15 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters (relative to mean sea level) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation determination error (m; +/- 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in sample elevation in meters (m) based on the estimation of water depth in the field at the location where the sample or core was collected. Defined as 0.5 m based on the standard protocol of Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0.5 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The standard uncertainty suggested by Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coring method error (m; +/- 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in sample elevation in meters (m) associated with samples collected using rotary coring. Defined as 0.15 m based on the standard protocol of Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0.15 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The standard uncertainty suggested by Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sampling method error (m; +/- 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in sample elevation in meters (m) associated with sampling cores and outcrops. Defined as 0.01 m based on the standard protocol of Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0.01 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The standard uncertainty suggested by Hijma and others (2015) and Hibbert and others (2018). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elevation uncertainty (m; +/- 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The total, 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in sample elevation in meters (m) calculated as the root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the coring method error, and the sampling method error. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.52 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: The root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the coring method error, and the sampling method error. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Coral depth distribution range (m; 95% CI) Attribute_Definition: The 95% confidence interval (CI) of the depth range in meters (m) across which a particular coral taxon is distributed based on the data provided by Hibbert and others (2018). Where possible Florida-specific depth distributions of coral taxa were used, but where those data were not available the depth distributions of the taxa throughout the Caribbean region were used instead. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: 22.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters (relative to mean sea level) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Lower combined uncertainty (m; 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in the lower (deeper) limit of paleo-water depth of the coral sample in meters (m). This value is calculated as the root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the coring method error, and the sampling method error. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.50 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.52 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: The root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the coring method error, and the sampling method error. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Paleo-water depth/Upper combined uncertainty (m; 2 sigma) Attribute_Definition: The 2-standard deviation (2 sigma) uncertainty in the upper (shallower) limit of paleo-water depth of the coral sample in meters (m). This value is calculated as the root-sum-square of the elevation determination error, the coring method error, the sampling method error, and the coral depth distribution range. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.54 Range_Domain_Maximum: 22.01 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters (relative to mean sea level) Attribute: Attribute_Label: U-series screening (Pass/Fail) Attribute_Definition: Indicates whether the U-series data passed the screening procedure described in Stathakopoulos and others (2019). U-series data that did not pass this screening procedure are not considered to be reliable. This attribute is left blank for samples that were dated using radiocarbon analysis. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Pass Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The data passed the U-series screening procedure. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Fail Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The data failed the U-series screening procedure. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Basal attachment (Yes/No) Attribute_Definition: Indicates whether the sample had an observable basal attachment to the underlying substrate indicating that it was preserved/collected in situ (in growth position). Left blank if the sample was not available for observation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Yes Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample had a clearly observable basal attachment. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: No Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample did not have a clearly observable basal attachment. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Yes? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The sample appears to have a basal attachment, but it was not as clear as the samples characterized as "Yes". Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Corallite orientation (Normal/Inverted/Horizontal/Indeterminate) Attribute_Definition: Indicates the orientation of the corallites of the coral that the sample was collected from. Left blank if the sample was not available for observation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Normal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Normal=the corallites were oriented in an upward vertical direction, which is the direction they grow. Indicates that the sample is likely in growth position. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Normal? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Normal?=some, but not all of the corallites were oriented in an upward vertical direction or it is not clear whether the corallites were oriented vertically throughout. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Indeterminate Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Indeterminate=It was unclear from observation of the sample whether the corallites were oriented in an upward vertical direction or not. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Inverted Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Inverted=the corallites of the sample were oriented in a downward direction, indicating that they were not preserved in growth position and may have been transported. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Inverted? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Inverted?=some, but not all of the corallites were oriented in an downward direction or it is not clear whether the corallites were oriented vertically throughout. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Horizontal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Horizontal=the corallites of the sample were oriented horizontally, indicating that they were not preserved in growth position and may have been transported. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Geopetal (Normal/Inverted/No) Attribute_Definition: Describes the orientation of geopetals (cavity filled with sediment) in the coral that the sample was collected from, if present. Left blank if the sample was not available for observation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Normal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Normal=the geopetal(s) of the sample were filled with sediment in the lowermost portion of the cavity. Indicates that the sample is likely in growth position. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Inverted Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Inverted=the geopetal(s) of the sample were filled with sediment in the uppermost portion of the cavity or were filled with sediment on the side of a cavity, indicating that they were not preserved in growth position and may have been transported. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Normal? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Normal?=the geopetal(s) of the sample appear to be filled with sediment in the lowermost portion of the cavity, but not as clearly as for the samples categorized as "Normal". Indicates that the sample is likely in growth position. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Inverted? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Inverted?=the geopetal(s) of the sample appear to be filled with sediment in the uppermost portion of the cavity or were filled with sediment on the side of a cavity, indicating that they were not preserved in growth position and may have been transported. The inversion of the geopetal(s) is not as clear as for the samples categorized as "Inverted". Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: No Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: No=No geopetals were observed in the coral that the sample was collected from. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Dominant coral composition Attribute_Definition: Describes the dominant coral species composition of the 0.5 m sections of reef material in the core box bounding the sample. Left blank if the sample was not available for observation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A. palmata=the section of the reef containing the sample was dominated by Acropora palmata reef framework. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Massive Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Massive=the section of the reef containing the sample was dominated by corals with massive (domed) morphologies. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Mixed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Mixed=the section of the reef containing the sample was composed of a mix of coral taxa with no type of corals being dominant. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata, Mixed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Part of the bounding reef is dominated by Acropora palmata framework. The other part is a mix of various coral species. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata, A. cervicornis, Sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sample was located in a section of reef dominated by Acropora palmata, Acropora cervicornis, and/or sand. See "Taphonomic screening notes for adjacent 50 cm-sections of recovered core material" attribute for more information. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: A. palmata, A. cervicornis Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sample was located in a section of reef dominated by Acropora palmata and/or Acropora cervicornis. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sand, A. palmata rubble Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sample is located within a sand interval containing A. palmata rubble. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Mixed, massive Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The section of the reef containing the sample was composed of a mix of coral taxa with no type of corals being dominant transitioning to a section where massive corals were dominant. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Massive/Mixed? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The section of the reef containing the sample was difficult to discern but was likely composed of massive corals or of a mix of coral taxa with no type of corals being dominant. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA (Yes/No) Attribute_Definition: Indicates whether intergrown vermetid worms, the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum (H. rubrum), and/or crustose coralline algae crusts were present on the coral that the sample was collected from. This characteristic indicates that the sample was situated in a shallow, reef-crest environment (according to Blanchon and Perry, 2004). Left blank if the sample was not available for observation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Yes Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Yes=intergrown vermetid worms, the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum (H. rubrum), and/or crustose coralline algae crusts were present on the coral that the sample was collected from. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: No Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: No=intergrown vermetid worms, the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum (H. rubrum), and/or crustose coralline algae crusts were not present on the coral that the sample was collected from. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Yes? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Yes?=intergrown vermetid worms, the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum (H. rubrum), and/or crustose coralline algae crusts were most likely present on the coral that the sample was collected from, but their presence was not as clear as in samples indicated with "Yes". Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Thickness of intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA (Thin [mm], Thick [cm], Thin-Thick [mm-cm]) Attribute_Definition: If intergrown vermetid worms, the benthic foraminifer Homotrema rubrum (H. rubrum), and/or CCA were present, this attribute indicates the thickness of those crusts. Left blank if the sample was not available for observation or those encrusters were not observed. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Thin Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Thin=The crust(s) of intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA were millimeters (mm) thick: <1 centimeter (cm). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Thick Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Thick=The crust(s) of intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA were more than 1 cm thick. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Thin-Thick Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Thin-Thick=The crust(s) of intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA varied in thickness with some sections <1 cm thick and some > 1 cm thick. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Thin? Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Thin?=The crust(s) of intergrown vermetids, H. rubrum, and/or CCA were likely millimeters (mm) thick: <1 centimeter (cm), but this could not be as definitively determined as those samples indicated with "Thin". Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sample quality Attribute_Definition: An overall rank of the quality of the sample based on all of the screening parameters and characterization of the samples. Ranges from 0-3 with 0 being the highest rank. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 3 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 3=lowest quality; the sample should be excluded because a) the core was not available for observation and no explicit mention of in situ characteristics were made in the original publication (see "Reference" attribute), b) the sample did not pass U-series screening (either performed in the original publication, or described in Stathakopoulos and others [2019]), and/or c) the sample did not pass diagenetic screening if performed in the original publication (see "Reference" attribute (as in, X-ray diffraction or Scanning Electron microscope analyses). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 2=sample should be excluded because it could not be confidently located within the core and/or the sample possessed inverted corallites and/or geopetals (indicating that the sample was not in situ). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 1=sample possessed some ambiguous features (for example, corallite orientation was indeterminate, but possessed a normal geopetal) or were otherwise not clearly definitive. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 0=the sample had clearly distinguishable in situ characteristics (for example, normal corallite orientation and no other ambiguous features). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Taphonomic screening notes for adjacent 50 cm sections of recovered core material Attribute_Definition: Provides additional notes about the screening of the samples. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Provides general notes describing the samples (for example, the observable degree of degradation, the corallite orientation, etc.) and the adjacent material in the reef. Additional complimentary information for most cores in the form of detailed core logs and core photographs are available at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HJX. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Additional notes Attribute_Definition: Provides additional, relevant notes about the sample including supplemental information about radiometric dating and sample elevation. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Provides ancillary notes about the sample. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: Southeast Region: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4Th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV (Comma Separated Values), XLSX Format_Version_Number: None Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P98QFBJ3/data/South_Florida_Holocene_coral_sea-level_database.zip Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20210412 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Anastasios Stathakopoulos Contact_Organization: Southeast Region Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4Th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8136 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: astathakopoulos@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998