Upland boundary lines, points, and transects with rates for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay Estuaries in Mississippi and Alabama from 1848 to 2022

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Upland boundary lines, points, and transects with rates for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay Estuaries in Mississippi and Alabama from 1848 to 2022
Abstract:
This dataset represents a compilation of vector upland boundary lines, upland boundary points, and transects with rates for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay estuaries (Mississippi and Alabama) for 1848, 1957/1958 (henceforth referred to as 1957), and 2019/2022 (henceforth referred to as 2022). Upland data were obtained from multiple data sources, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) topographic sheets (t-sheets) and WorldView 2 satellite imagery. Regardless of the source, all upland lines were merged into a single file, to conduct a transect based change analyses. Datasets were compiled and analyzed using the R package Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R (AMBUR) program (Jackson, 2010). This data release contains vector upland boundary lines, upland boundary points, and transects with rates of change joined to the data table.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Terrano, Joseph F., Smith, Kathryn E.L., Pitchford, Jonathan, and Archer, Michael, 20241113, Upland boundary lines, points, and transects with rates for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay Estuaries in Mississippi and Alabama from 1848 to 2022:.

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Terrano, Joseph F., Smith, Kathryn E.L., Pitchford, Jonathan, and Jenkins, Robert L. III, 2024113, Estuarine Shoreline, Upland Boundary, and Marsh Habitat Change Analyses for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay Estuary Systems, Mississippi and Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P1HZES2R, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.505668
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.308810
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.424409
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.319690
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date:
    Ending_Date: 11-May-2022
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 16
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -87.0
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
      False_Easting: 500000.0
      False_Northing: 0.0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.6096
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.6096
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meter
      The horizontal datum used is D_North_American_1983.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS_1980.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp, Upland_shorepoints_1848_1957_2022.shp
    Attribute table containing attribute information associated with the 1848, 1957, and 2022 Grand Bay MS/AL vectorized upland boundary lines and shorepoints shapefiles. This is not the complete list of attributes for these datasets. For the remaining attributes and their definitions, please refer to the accompanying data dictionary, AMBUR_Transect_Attributes.docx, included with this data download (Upland_change_analysis.zip). (Source: USGS)
    Region
    An identifier for the general location of the vector upland boundary point data. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    Point Aux ChenesData is within the Point Aux Chenes area.
    Middle BayData is within the Middle Bay area.
    Grand BayData is within the Grand Bay area.
    South RigoletsData is within the South Rigolets area.
    Date_
    Date imagery was collected using the "MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS" format. Additional information can be found in the "Year" field. The HH:MM:SS was set at 3:00:00 PM for all upland lines as a general placeholder. The name "Date_" is required by AMBUR to run the analysis. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    01/01/1848 3:00:00 PMDate of the 1848 t-sheet
    11/01/1957 3:00:00 PMDate of the 1957 t-sheet
    10/01/1958 3:00:00 PMDate of the 1958 t-sheet
    11/16/2019 3:00:00 PMDate of the 2019 WorldView 2 imagery
    05/11/2022 3:00:00 PMDate of the 2022 WorldView 2 imagery
    Year
    4-digit year in which the imagery was collected. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    1848Year
    1957Year
    1958Year
    2019Year
    2022Year
    Accuracy
    A value representing the upland line position uncertainty associated with the imagery type which was used in the boundary change statistical computations reported by Hapke and others (2011). As stated previously, several factors may influence the accuracy and uncertainty of upland line positions for vegetated habitats. These errors were determined to be acceptable because they take into account imagery type and general mapping errors. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    3.2Uncertainty value assigned to the modern (2019/2022) remotely sensed imagery
    10.8Uncertainty value assigned to historical topographic sheets (t-sheets) from 1848 and 1957/58.
    Source
    An identifier for the source of the vector upland data. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    USGSData was derived by the USGS- St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center staff.
    Orig_Name
    The original name of the imagery. (Source: USGS) A text string describing the name of the imagery as it was downloaded from the original source.
    Download
    The web link for the source of the original data. (Source: USGS) A text string describing the web address for the original source of the imagery.
    Notes
    Any data documentation notes. (Source: USGS) A text string describing the notation.
    Shape_Leng
    System-generated attribute field, which was automatically created by ArcMap to indicate the upland line length (upland lines file only). (Source: ESRI)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.976182364020574
    Maximum:36562.34151798067
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Upland_change_analysis.zip: All remaining attribute information not presented in the above sections for the upland lines (Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp) or upland boundary points (Upland_shorepoints_1848_1957_2022.shp) and all entity and attribute information for transects (Upland_transects_with_rates_1848_2022.shp) were generated by AMBUR (Jackson, 2010). These attributes are defined in the accompanying data dictionary, AMBUR_Transect_Attributes.docx, included with this data download (Upland_change_analysis.zip). Unless otherwise noted, no data values are left blank. All distance units are in meters and time units are in years. Therefore, rates of change are presented in meters per year (m/yr). AMBUR produces numerous fields during the analysis, most of which are not relevant to the final dataset. These blank fields were not removed to provide consistency with other published data and to provide users all the necessary fields needed to reproduce results. Transects that intersected two or fewer upland lines were only used to calculate net shoreline movement (NSM) and end point rate (EPR) statistics.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
    The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information.

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Joseph F. Terrano
    • Kathryn E.L. Smith
    • Jonathan Pitchford
    • Michael Archer
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices. Sharing of new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by the U.S. Geological Survey staff. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: Joseph F. Terrano
    Physical Scientist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL

    727-502-8047 (voice)
    727-502-8182 (FAX)
    jterrano@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

The purpose of these data is to examine the upland change rates for the Point Aux Chenes and Grand Bay estuaries in Mississippi and Alabama from 1848 to 2022 using a transect-based approach.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    WorldView 2019/2022 imagery (source 1 of 2)
    EarthExplorer, 2023, EarthExplorer Imagery: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: digital data
    Source_Contribution:
    Repository used to acquire remotely sensed WorldView imagery (wv220191116165603 and wv220220511164252). Commercial satellite imagery (such as WorldView) is only available to qualified government users at no cost and must contact the USGS Earth Resources Observation & Science Center (EROS) for requirements.
    T-sheets (1848 and 1957/1958) (source 2 of 2)
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS), 2023, Historical Surveys (T-Sheets): U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: digital data
    Source_Contribution:
    Historical upland topographic sheets for 1848 (T00243 and T00273) and 1957/1958 (T10744, T10745, and T10752) used to digitize the upland boundary within the study area.
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2024 (process 1 of 4)
    Topographic sheets (t-sheets) for 1848 (T00243 and T00273) and 1957/1958 (T10744, T10745, and T10752) were added to ArcMap and projected into the North American Datum of 1983 Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 16N (NAD83 UTM 16N). Data was checked by the creating user as well as a second ArcGIS user on the project to ensure positional accuracy with other published data sources. During this check, it was discovered T00273 was slightly shifted from T00243 due to an error within the published NOAA data. Using the ArcGIS Pro georeferencing toolbar, the T00273 t-sheet was georectified using the T00243 t-sheet as a reference. Each t-sheet contained lines representing the upland boundary that were heads up digitized within ArcMap using the Editor toolbar at a scale of 1:1500. Person who carried out this activity:
    Joseph F. Terrano
    Physical Scientist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    USA

    727-502-8047 (voice)
    jterrano@usgs.gov
    Data sources used in this process:
    • T-sheets (1848 and 1957/1958)
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Vectorized upland lines for 1848 and 1957/1958
    Date: 2024 (process 2 of 4)
    WorldView 2 imagery from 20191116 (YYYYMMDD) and 20220511 were downloaded from Maxar’s G-EGD. The images were radiometrically and atmospherically corrected and then pansharpened using ERDAS IMAGINE 2020 (version 16.6.0) to obtain measures of ground reflectance. The output image was reprojected into the common projection system of Universal Transverse Mercator World Geodetic System of 1984 datum (UTM zone 16N, WGS 1984). The image was then co-registered to high-resolution aerial imagery (NAIP) using the AutoSync-workstation in ERDAS Image pixels. First, an NAIP image mosaic was created for an extent larger than the WV image coverage. Ground control points coincident on both images were used to adjust the WV image to the corresponding location on the NAIP. Control points with an error value greater than 1 meter were removed. A methodology similar to that described by Maglione and others (2014) was used to generate vector lines from WorldView (WV) images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated using WV band 5 in the visible red spectrum (RED) and band 7 in the near-infrared spectrum (NIR1) using the following formula: NDVI=(NIR1−RED)/(NIR1+RED). High values (above 0.65) were classified as upland, low values (less than 0.21) as water, and in between values (0.21 to 0.65) as marsh. Using ArcGIS Pro expand-and shrink tools, isolated pixels were removed from the wetland-upland raster. In ArcGIS Pro, the classification boundaries were smoothed to remove any extraneous cells missed in the expand and shrink steps. The raster was then converted into polygons and the polygons were converted into polylines. To smooth the ridged cell edges the Polynomial Approximation with Exponential Kernel (PAEK) algorithm and a 2-meter smoothing filter was used. During a quality review, it was discovered that there were several single cells that were classified as upland but were not visibly upland on the WorldView imagery. Collections of these cells with a circumference less than 100 meters was removed as they often were misclassified cells and not upland. Lines were then projected into NAD83 UTM 16N. Person who carried out this activity:
    Joseph F. Terrano
    Physical Scientist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    USA

    727-502-8047 (voice)
    jterrano@usgs.gov
    Date: 2024 (process 3 of 4)
    The vectorized upland lines produced in the previous process steps were compiled and edited in ArcGIS Pro. Once all lines were edited and checked, all dated lines were merged into a single shapefile for inclusion in this data release as Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp. Attributes were edited to include information regarding the date and source of the original data. Compiled upland lines were processed using the Analyzing Moving Boundaries Using R (AMBUR) statistical package for R to add required missing attributes and calculate upland change rates. AMBUR performs a boundary change analysis on vector digital lines using a transect based method (Jackson, 2010). All necessary attribute fields must be present in order to run various AMBUR functions; the following fields are required for boundaries: "Id", "Date_", "Accuracy", "SHORE_LOC", "CLASS_1", "CLASS_2", "CLASS_3", and "GROUP". To determine if all the required fields were present in the merged boundary datasets, an AMBUR sub-routine (ambur.check) was used to check all upland shapefiles for missing attribute fields. During the change analysis, AMBUR also creates shorepoints. A shorepoint was created at each transect and upland line intersect point, referred to as upland boundary points in this metadata. Several transects intersected upland lines that doubled back or intersected both sides of a creek. In these instances, multiple shorepoints were created for the same date on the same transect. To remove the duplicate points, the shorepoint file was run through an R code to remove all shorepoints after the first intersection for each date. For more information about the AMBUR file requirements see the AMBUR user manual (Jackson, 2010). Some fields created by AMBUR ("SHORE_LOC", "CLASS_1", "CLASS_2", "CLASS_3", and "GROUP") are required and have null values as placeholders. Null fields were left in the final published file as they are required by AMBUR and are necessary to replicate this study. Person who carried out this activity:
    Joseph F. Terrano
    Physical Scientist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    USA

    727-502-8047 (voice)
    jterrano@usgs.gov
    Data sources used in this process:
    • Vectorized upland lines for 1848 and 1957/1958
    • High resolution satellite imagery derived upland lines for 2019/2022
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp
    • Upland_shorepoints_1848_1957_2022.shp
    Date: 2024 (process 4 of 4)
    Transects were generated by buffering the upland datasets produced in the previous step to create inner (landward of the upland lines) and outer (seaward of the upland lines) baselines. The baselines form the start and end point for upland line-perpendicular transects. Baselines were input into the AMBUR statistical package for R. AMBUR has several tools, which utilize parallel baselines to generate transects that are generally perpendicular to the upland lines. Transects were constructed at a sampling distance of 50 meters. Once transects were created, the "Filter Transects" tool was used to adjust and even out the spread of transects. Where upland lines experience sharp bends transects may fall at a non-perpendicular angle. Areas with non-perpendicular transects were manually edited in ArcGIS Pro to ensure transects were perpendicular to the upland. Transects were manually edited to reduce errors in the analyses. Transects and upland lines were run through AMBUR to generate shorepoints (upland boundary points) and transects with change rates. The following analysis parameters were used: first intersection (if transect intersects the same upland line more than once, then by default it selected the first intersection), confidence level 95 (confidence level for the linear regression statistics), unit label m (the units of measure for the map is for Universal Transverse Mercator and in meters), analysis type is advanced (advanced includes additional statistics for a robust linear regression), and time unit for rates is yr (utilizes years for calculating rates of change). For more information on the AMBUR program, refer to Jackson (2010). Person who carried out this activity:
    Joseph F. Terrano
    Physical Scientist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    USA

    727-502-8047 (voice)
    jterrano@usgs.gov
    Data sources used in this process:
    • Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp
    • Upland_shorepoints_1848_1957_2022.shp
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Upland_transects_with_rates_1848_2022.shp
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Jackson, C.W., Jr., 2010, Basic User Guide for the AMBUR package for R: Chester W. Jackson Jr., Online.

    Online Links:

    Hapke, C.J., Himmelstoss, E.A., Kratzmann, M.G., List, J.H., and Thieler, E.R., 2011, National assessment of shoreline change: Historical shoreline change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic coasts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1118, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Maglione, P., Parente, C. and Vallario, A., 20140204, Coastline extraction using high resolution WorldView-2 satellite imagery: European Journal of Remote Sensing Volume 47, Issue 1, Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Upland change rates are influenced by availability and accuracy of data. Analyses of highly dynamic areas are particularly challenging where lines are curvy or double back. Comparisons with other historical datasets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photointerpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. Elevation was not addressed in this study.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    Published uncertainty estimates for sandy shorelines were used as a proxy for upland uncertainty as they were calculated using image type and general mapping errors.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented. Two dates were used to create an upland line from 1957 and 1958 as well as 2019 and 2022 to ensure complete coverage, thus the date is noted as "1957/1958" (or 1957) and "2019/2022" (or 2022) throughout the metadata.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Vector features and attributes were checked for completeness and accuracy. Linework is generated by the "Construct transects" and "Filter transects" algorithm in the AMBUR program and are generally perpendicular to the upland lines. In areas where upland lines experience sharp bends, the filter algorithm often created transects that were not perpendicular to the upland lines. If necessary, transects were manually edited so they crossed the upland in a perpendicular direction.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of the data in future products or derivative research. WorldView imagery was accessed through the USGS EarthExplorer webpage through a special use agreement (EarthExplorer, 2023). Commercial satellite imagery (such as WorldView) is only available to qualified government users at no cost and must contact the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS) for requirements and access. Imagery remains the property of Maxar Technologies and is not published in this data release.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: USGS SPCMSC Data Management
    600 4th Street South
    Saint Petersburg, FL
    United States

    727-502-8000 (voice)
    gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Upland_lines_1848_1957_2022.shp, Upland_shorepoints_1848_1957_2022.shp, and Upland_transects_with_rates_1848_2022.shp
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 13-Nov-2024
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: USGS SPCMSC Data Management
600 4th Street South
Saint Petersburg, FL
United States

727-502-8000 (voice)
gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/spcmsc/Upland_change_analysis_1848_1957_2022_metadata.faq.html>
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