Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Coastal Topography--Northeast Atlantic Coast, Post-Hurricane Sandy, 2012: Lidar point-cloud data (LAS) Edition: first Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: binary point cloud Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 765 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765 Description: Abstract: Binary point-cloud data were produced for a portion of the New York, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina coastlines, post-Hurricane Sandy (Sandy was an October 2012 hurricane that made landfall as an extratropical cyclone on the 29th), from remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements collected by Photo Science, Inc. (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina) and Woolpert, Inc. (Fire Island, New York) using airborne lidar sensors. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to derive mean-high-water shoreline, dune crest (DHIGH) and dune toe (DLOW) elevation for a portion of the Eastern United States coastline following Hurricane Sandy, for use as a management tool and to make these data available to natural-resource managers and research scientists. Supplemental_Information: Processed data products are used by the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program's National Assessments of Coastal Change Hazards project to quantify the vulnerability of shorelines to coastal change hazards such as severe storms, sea-level rise, and shoreline erosion and retreat. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121105 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121108 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121109 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121110 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121111 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121112 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121116 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121126 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121128 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20121129 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -78.82552783 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.69471375 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.81276256 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.55736585 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:9c8d382e-1659-4ae9-a382-33efda949d9a Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Theme_Keyword: Cessna 206 Theme_Keyword: Cessna 310 Theme_Keyword: Dhigh Theme_Keyword: Dlow Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: DEM Theme_Keyword: dune crest Theme_Keyword: dune toe Theme_Keyword: extratropical cyclone Theme_Keyword: laser altimetry Theme_Keyword: lidar Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: shoreline Theme_Keyword: topography Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Science Directory (GCMD) Theme_Keyword: LAND SURFACE > TOPOGRAPHY > TERRAIN ELEVATION Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > BARRIER ISLANDS Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > BEACHES Theme_Keyword: OCEAN > COASTAL PROCESSES > SHORELINE DISPLACEMENT Theme_Keyword: DOI/USGS/CMG > COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: GCMD Instrument Theme_Keyword: LIDAR > LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: bathymetry and elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: altimetry Theme_Keyword: topographic mapping Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: LIDAR Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: digital elevation models Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Delaware Place_Keyword: Maryland Place_Keyword: Fire Island Place_Keyword: Long Island Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Carolina Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: DelMarVa Peninsula Place_Keyword: United States Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Stratum_Keyword: Bare Earth Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Temporal_Keyword: 2012 Temporal_Keyword: Post-Hurricane Sandy Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service request to be acknowledged as originators of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Hilary Stockdon Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 (x3074) Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2031 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hstockdon@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 9:00-5:00 ET Data_Set_Credit: Acknowledgment of the U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, as a data source would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices. Sharing of new data layers developed directly from these data would also be appreciated by the U.S. Geological Survey staff. Users should be aware that comparisons with other datasets for the same area from other time periods may be inaccurate due to inconsistencies resulting from changes in photointerpretation, mapping conventions, and digital processes over time. These data are not legal documents and are not to be used as such. Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: Unclassified Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Coastal Topography--Northeast Atlantic Coast, Post-Hurricane Sandy, 2012: Lidar and digital elevation model (DEM) tile index Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Data Series Issue_Identification: 765 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: This data represents the tile index for lidar data collected for the U.S. Geological Survey in November 2012 following Hurricane Sandy, which made landfall in the eastern United States on October 29th, 2012. The lidar LAS and derived-digital elevation model (DEM) data are divided into these tiles and filenames match the tile number. The index shows the extent of data collection (portions of the coastline of New York, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina) and provides tile names to aid in identifying files for data download. Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/extras/tile_extents/Lidar_Tile_Index.zip Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The project area required lidar to be collected on 1-meter ground sample distance (GSD) or better and processed to meet a bare earth vertical accuracy of 12.5-centimeters root mean square error (RMSEz) or better. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data for Fire Island was visually inspected by Woolpert, Inc. Data for Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina were tested by Photo Science, Inc. for both vertical and horizontal accuracy. Although collected on a tile-by-tile basis, breaklines are merged together to produce a single dataset deliverable. Checks are done to ensure that the data is seamless from one tile to the next before being combined and that breaklines meeting the project requirements have been collected across the entire project area. Combining the breaklines with lidar data to create other deliverables is another check of the data. All data are seamless from one tile to the next, containing no gaps or "no data" areas. Completeness_Report: These data span from Long Island, New York to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The State of New Jersey data were collected using the EAARL-B sensor and those data will be published separately. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy is +/- 0.194 meter at the 95% confidence level. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Lidar file format (LAS) data were compared to survey control points to determine the FVA of the LAS Swath and of the DEM. LAS Swath Fundamental Vertical Accuracy (FVA) Tested 0.147 m (14.7 cm) fundamental vertical accuracy at a 95 percent confidence level, derived according to NSSDA (National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy), in open terrain using 0.075 m (7.5 cm) (RMSEz x 1.96000), tested against the TIN. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Using an Optech Gemini lidar sensor, 11 flight lines of high-density data, at a nominal pulse spacing (NPS) of 1 meter, were collected by Woolpert along the southern shore of Long Island, New York (approximately 15 square miles). Data Acquisition Height = 3,500 feet Above Ground Level (AGL) - Aircraft Speed = 125 Knots. Multiple returns were recorded for each laser pulse along with an intensity value for each return. A total of one mission was flown on November 5th. Two airborne global positioning system (GPS) base stations were used in support of the lidar data acquisition. Eight ground control points were surveyed through static methods. The GEOID used to reduce satellite-derived elevations to orthometric heights was GEOID96. Data for the task order is referenced to the UTM Zone 18N, North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), and North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), in meters. Airborne GPS data was differentially processed and integrated with the post-processed inertial measurement unit (IMU) data to derive a smoothed best estimate of trajectory (SBET). The SBET was used to reduce the lidar slant range measurements to a raw reflective surface for each flight line. The coverage was classified to extract a bare earth digital elevation model (DEM) and separate last returns. In addition to the LAS deliverables, one layer of coverage was delivered in the ERDAS Imagine (IMG) Format: bare earth. Process_Date: 20121105 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Woolpert, Inc. Contact_Position: Geospatial Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4454 Idea Center Blvd. City: Dayton State_or_Province: OH Postal_Code: 45430 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 937 461-5660 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 937 461-0743 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-5:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: The lidar calibration and system performance are verified on a periodic basis using Woolpert's calibration range. The calibration range consists of a large building and runway. The edges of the building and control points along the runway have been located using conventional survey methods. Inertial measurement unit (IMU) misalignment angles and horizontal accuracy are calculated by comparing the position of the building edges between opposing flight lines. The scanner scale factor and vertical accuracy are calculated through comparison of lidar data against control points along the runway. Field calibration is performed on all flight lines to refine the IMU misalignment angles. IMU misalignment angles are calculated from the relative displacement of features within the overlap region of adjacent (and opposing) flight lines. The raw lidar data are reduced using the refined misalignment angles. Process_Date: 2012 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Woolpert, Inc. Contact_Position: Geospatial Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4454 Idea Center Blvd. City: Dayton State_or_Province: OH Postal_Code: 45430 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 937 461-5660 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 937 461-0743 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-5:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: Once the data acquisition and GPS processing phases are complete, the lidar data were processed immediately by Woolpert to verify the coverage had no voids. The GPS and IMU data were post-processed using differential and Kalman filter algorithms to derive a best estimate of trajectory. The quality of the solution was verified to be consistent with the accuracy requirements of the project. Process_Date: 20121107 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Woolpert, Inc. Contact_Position: Geospatial Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4454 Idea Center Blvd. City: Dayton State_or_Province: OH Postal_Code: 45430 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 937 461-5660 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 937 461-0743 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-5:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: The individual flight lines were inspected by Woolpert to ensure the systematic and residual errors have been identified and removed. Then, the flight lines were compared to adjacent flight lines for any mismatches to obtain a homogenous coverage throughout the project area. The point cloud underwent a classification process to determine bare-earth points and non-ground points utilizing "first and only" as well as "last of many" lidar returns. This process determined Default (Class 1), Ground (Class 2), Noise (Class 7), Water (Class 9), Ignored Ground (Class 10), Overlap Default (Class 17), and Overlap Ground (Class 18) classifications. The bare-earth (Class 2 - Ground) lidar points underwent a manual QA/QC step to verify that artifacts have been removed from the bare-earth surface. The surveyed ground control points are used to perform the accuracy checks and statistical analysis of the lidar dataset. Process_Date: 20121107 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Woolpert, Inc. Contact_Position: Geospatial Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4454 Idea Center Blvd. City: Dayton State_or_Province: OH Postal_Code: 45430 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 937 461-5660 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 937 461-0743 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-5:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: Photo Science, Inc. located a total of 29 calibration control points used in the post processing of the lidar data. The points were located on relatively flat terrain on surfaces that generally consisted of grass, gravel, or bare earth. Applanix software (PosPAC MMS) was used in the post processing of the airborne GPS and inertial data, which are critical to the positioning and orientation of the sensor during all flights. POSPac MMS provides the smoothed best estimate of trajectory (SBET) that is necessary for the post processor to develop the point cloud from the lidar missions. The point cloud is the mathematical three-dimensional collection of all returns from all laser pulses as determined from the aerial mission. The GEOID used to reduce satellite derived elevations to orthometric heights was GEOID96. Data for the task order is referenced to the UTM Zone 18N, NAD83, and NAVD88, in meters. At this point the data are ready for analysis, classification, and filtering to generate a bare-earth surface model in which the above ground features are removed from the data set. The point cloud was manipulated by the Optech or Leica software; GeoCue, TerraScan, and TerraModeler software were used for the automated data classification, manual cleanup, and bare-earth generation from the data. Project specific macros were used to classify the ground and to remove the side overlap between parallel flight lines. All data were manually reviewed and any remaining artifacts removed using functionality provided by TerraScan and TerraModeler. All ground (ASPRS Class 2) lidar data inside of the Lake Pond and Double Line Drain hydro flattening breaklines were then classified to water (ASPRS Class 9) using TerraScan macro functionality. All Lake Pond and Double Line Drain Island features were checked to ensure that the ground (ASPRS Class 2) were reclassified to the correct classification after the automated classification was completed. All overlap data were processed through automated functionality provided by TerraScan to classify the overlapping flight line data to approved classes by USGS. The overlap data were classified to Class 17 (USGS Overlap Default) and Class 18 (USGS Overlap Ground). These classes were created through automated processes only and were not verified for classification accuracy. Data were then run through additional macros to ensure deliverable classification levels matching the ASPRS LAS Version 1.2 Classification structure. GeoCue functionality was then used to ensure correct LAS Versioning. In-house software was used as a final QA/QC check to provide LAS Analysis of the delivered tiles. QA/QC checks were performed on a per tile level to verify final classification metrics and full LAS header information. Process_Date: 2012 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Photo Science, Inc. Contact_Position: Geospatial Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4454 Idea Center Blvd. City: Lexington State_or_Province: KY Postal_Code: 40503 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 859 277-8700 Hours_of_Service: M-F, 9:00-5:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: All Woolpert, Inc. LAZ files were extracted to LAS and converted to ASCII xyz point files using LASTools las2las.exe. The ASCII point files were then written to netcdf format using MATLAB 8.0.0.783. Process_Date: 20130227 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kristin Sopkin Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Data Modeler/Analyst Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 (x3141) Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ksopkin@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Process_Step: Process_Description: Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. Process_Date: 20170124 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alan O. Allwardt Contact_Position: Contractor -- Information Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7551 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aallwardt@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Tile index Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.00000 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.00000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.25722210100002 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (GEOID96) Altitude_Resolution: 0.15 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Each LAS file contains the following fields for each point: Northing, Easting, Elevation, Class, Intensity, Flight Line Number. The class field is defined as: Class 1 (Default) - mixture of the remaining points after the ground classification. These would contain bridges, overpasses, buildings, cars, parts of vegetation, etc; Class 2 (Ground) - bare earth surface. They are from the automated processing, as well as the manual surface review; Class 7 (Noise); Class 9 (Water) - inside of hydrographic features, as collected by photogrammetric methods. These are from automated processing, as well as the manual surface review; Class 10 (Ignored Ground); Class 17 (Overlap Default); and Class 18 (Overlaps Ground). Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The attributes and classifications met contract specifications. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Person: Hilary Stockdon Contact_Position: Research Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 (x3074) Hours_of_Service: M-F, 9:00-5:00 ET Resource_Description: DS 765 Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: LAS; ZIP Format_Version_Number: 1 Format_Specification: The lidar LAS files with metadata are compressed into a zip file by tile number within their respective state folders. To identify state and tile number see Cross Reference "Tile Index". Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/pubs765/data/Delaware/LAS/ Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/pubs765/data/Maryland/LAS/ Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/pubs765/data/Virginia/LAS/ Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/pubs765/data/North_Carolina/LAS/ Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/765/pubs765/data/New_York/LAS/ Fees: None, if obtained online; otherwise, prices vary. Ordering_Instructions: Publications are available from USGS Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0046 (telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS, e-mail: infoservices@usgs.gov). Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Xan Fredericks Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL Contact_Position: Lidar Validation and Processing Analyst Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 (x3086) Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: afredericks@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: M-F, 8:00-4:00 ET Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time