Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Steven H. Douglas Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Kathryn E.L. Smith Publication_Date: 20170828 Title: Wetland-Change Data Derived from Landsat Imagery, Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia, 1984 to 2015: Land-cover Change Analysis Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/F76T0KHH Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, FL Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F76T0KHH Description: Abstract: This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release includes geospatial datasets that were created for the analysis of Virginia and Maryland Atlantic coastal wetland changes over time. Wetland change was determined by assessing two metrics: wetland persistence and land-cover switching. Because seasonal water levels, beach width, and vegetation differences can affect change analyses, only images acquired during the spring (March, April, and May) were included in the wetland-change metrics (N=10). Land-cover switching was evaluated using Landsat images for successive spring image-acquisition dates: 1985–1989, 1989–1994, 1994–1999, 1999–2004, 2004-2009, 2009-2011, 2011-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015. To evaluate land-cover switching, land-cover types defined by Bernier and others (2015) were reclassified as 1 (water), 3 (wetland), or 7 (non-wetland). These values were chosen so the results of subtracting two dates will create unique values for each scenario. For example, if a cell in 1994 is classified as land and in 1989 was wetland, the result (1994-1989 or 7-3) is 4. If the cell in 1994 is wetland and in 1989 was water (3-1) the result is 2. With this analysis, each two-date combination results in a raster that identifies wetland-land-water conversions, such that water-to-land is -6, wetland-to-land is -4, water-to-wetland is -2, wetland-to-water equals 2, land-to-wetland is 4, and land-to-water is 6. Purpose: The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the effect of coastal hazards, such as Hurricane Sandy, on the extent of coastal marshes. Supplemental_Information: The classification methodology and land-cover class definitions are described in Bernier and others (2015). Classified images for 1985-2014 are available in Bernier and other (2015) and classified images for 1984 and 2015 are available in this data release. Downloadable versions of the final data are provided in GeoTIFF file format with 30-meter (m) resolution. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19850417 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19890428 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19940426 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19990510 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20040405 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20090318 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20110425 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20130414 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20140401 Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20150522 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.589992 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -74.993823 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.327077 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.739698 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:b96c5c56-33ec-42c5-a42c-36373f1c2058 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Landsat Thematic Mapper Theme_Keyword: Landsat Operational Land Imager Theme_Keyword: Hurricane Sandy Theme_Keyword: Remotely Sensed Imagery Theme_Keyword: Land Cover Analysis Theme_Keyword: Barrier Island Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: multispectral imaging Theme_Keyword: wetland ecosystems Theme_Keyword: land use and land cover Theme_Keyword: coastal hazards Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: time series analysis Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common geographic areas Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: Maryland Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information Systems (GNIS) Place_Keyword: Assateague Island Place_Keyword: Chincoteague Bay Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technologies contracted to the U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Steven H. Douglas Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical and mailing address Address: 600 4th St S City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdouglas@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; Esri ArcGIS 10.2 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Bernier, J.C. Originator: Douglas, S.H. Originator: Terrano, J.F. Originator: Barras, J.A. Originator: Plant, N.G. Originator: Smith, C.G. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Land-cover types, shoreline positions, and sand extents derived from Landsat satellite imagery, Assateague Island to Metompkin Island, Maryland and Virginia, 1984 to 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Issue_Identification: 968 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ds968 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Accuracy assessments were performed on six of the land-cover datasets for which reference aerial photography datasets from the same year were available to determine how well the classification process represents the land cover at the time of image acquisition. Using high-resolution aerial photographs from 1989, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 as ancillary data, the land-cover class at each point was visually compared to assess if the pixel was classified correctly. The overall accuracy ranged from 86.6% (April 1989) to 92% (April 2011). Most errors of commission occurred when small tidal creeks that cannot be resolved using 30-m resolution Landsat imagery were misclassified with the surrounding wetlands. Water-level differences between Landsat image acquisition and aerial photography acquisition may also contribute to some errors of commission. The National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photographs used to ground truth the land-cover classification were generally acquired during the summer months, rather than spring or fall, over periods ranging from days to months. Logical_Consistency_Report: Raster values were checked for consistency with expected values. Completeness_Report: Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Geodetic accuracy of the Standard Terrain Correction (Level 1T) source data product used to define the land-cover classes depends on the accuracy of the ground control points and the resolution of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Observed Water Levels Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Springs, MD Publisher: NOAA Online_Linkage: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels Type_of_Source_Media: digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1980 Ending_Date: 2016 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA MHW Source_Contribution: Source information used in analysis of water level contribution to land cover change. Process_Step: Process_Description: Land cover types were reclassified into three classes 1 (water), 3 (wetland), and 7 (non-wetland) using the reclassify tool in ArcGIS. The water classification from Bernier and others (2015) and this data release was left as water. Wet marsh, marsh, and mixed vegetation were reclassified as wetland. Forested, vegetated bare earth, and bare earth were reclassified as non-wetland land cover classes. Reclassified rasters were subtracted from one another using the raster calculator tool. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Steven H. Douglas Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technologies contracted to the U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: Physical and mailing Address: 600 4th St S City: St Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdouglas@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Daily Mean High Water (MHW) data (in meters) were exported from the NOAA tides and currents website as .csv files. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20201013 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 2167 Column_Count: 1737 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 30.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 30.0 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D WGS 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 04_09_wwl.tif, 09_11_wwl.tif, 11_13_wwl.tif, 13_14_wwl.tif, 14_15_wwl.tif, 85_89_wwl.tif, 89_94_wwl.tif, 94_99_wwl.tif, 99_04_wwl.tif Entity_Type_Definition: GeoTIFF files containing the results of land-cover change analyses (also referred to as land-cover switching). Each table associated with the raster image includes attribute information for each dataset. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: OID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Sequential, unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Value Attribute_Definition: Land cover change type by time step. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: -6 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: water-to-land Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: -4 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: wetland-to-land Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: -2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: water-to-wetland Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 0 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: no-change Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: wetland-to-water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 4 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: land-to-wetland Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 6 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: land-to-water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: Count Attribute_Definition: The number of cells per value class. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 259 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3735867 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Dimensionless Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technologies contracted to the U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Steven Douglas Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical and mailing Address: 600 4th St S City: St Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8134 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdouglas@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The data have been approved for release and publication by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although the data have been subjected to rigorous review and are substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, the data are released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from authorized or unauthorized use. Although the data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Users of the data are advised to read all metadata and associated documentation thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Date: 2017 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F76T0KHH/data/landcover_switching_dataset.zip Fees: None. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20201013 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Cherokee Nation Technologies contracted to the U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Steven H. Douglas Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical and mailing Address: 600 4th St S City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sdouglas@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be acknowledged as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None