Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Sydney K. Nick Publication_Date: 20240307 Title: Coastal Features Extracted from Landsat Satellite Imagery, Delaware Bay, New Jersey to Shinnecock Bay, New York, 2008-2022 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Sydney K. Nick Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Publication_Date: 20240307 Title: Coastal Land-Cover and Feature Datasets Derived from Landsat Satellite Imagery, Delaware Bay, New Jersey to Shinnecock Bay, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P13HX6Y8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P13HX6Y8 Description: Abstract: This data release serves as an archive of coastal land-cover and feature datasets derived from Landsat satellite imagery from Delaware Bay, New Jersey (NJ) to Shinnecock Bay, New York (NY). A total of 119 images acquired between 2008 and 2022 were analyzed to produce 143 thematic land-cover raster datasets. Water, bare earth (sand), and vegetated land-cover classes were mapped using successive thresholding and masking of the modified normalized difference water index (mNDWI), the normalized difference bare land index (NBLI), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and applying a rule-based classification modified from the workflow described by Bernier and others (2021). Vector shoreline and sand feature extents were extracted for each image by contouring the spectral indices using the calculated threshold values. These data support the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF)-funded Monitoring Hurricane Sandy Beach and Marsh Resilience in New York and New Jersey project (NFWF project ID 2300.16.055110), for which the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC) is using remotely-sensed data and targeted in-situ observations to monitor the post-restoration evolution of beaches, dunes, vegetative cover, and sediment budgets at seven post-Hurricane Sandy beach and marsh restoration sites in New York and New Jersey. The geographic information system (GIS) data files with accompanying formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata can be downloaded from this release. Purpose: Dissemination of vector data representing shoreline and sand feature extents derived from 36 Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and 83 Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image datasets from coastal New York and New Jersey, USA. Supplemental_Information: Information about the Landsat missions, sensor and band specifications, data products, and data access can be found at https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20080416 Ending_Date: 20221126 Currentness_Reference: Ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.051314 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.410569 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.907352 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.925725 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:d870fd6f-f753-44ea-9f7e-e8dde1027f2a Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: multispectral imaging Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystems Theme_Keyword: land use and land cover Theme_Keyword: contouring Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Landsat Theme_Keyword: barrier island Theme_Keyword: spectral indices Theme_Keyword: Otsu thresholding Theme_Keyword: shoreline Theme_Keyword: sand Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: Delaware Bay Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The U.S. Geological Survey requests that it be acknowledged as the originator of this dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of metadata creation- macOS Ventura 13.6.3; Microsoft Windows 10 Enterprise Version 22H2; Esri ArcGIS Pro 3.2.1; ERDAS IMAGINE 2023 Version 16.8.0 Build 2100; MATLAB R2021a Update 5 (9.10.0.1739362) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julie C. Bernier Originator: Jennifer L. Miselis Originator: Nathaniel G. Plant Publication_Date: 20210921 Title: Satellite-Derived Barrier Response and Recovery Following Natural and Anthropogenic Perturbations, Northern Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana Series_Information: Series_Name: Remote Sensing Issue_Identification: 13(18), 3778; Special Issue "New Insights into Ecosystem Monitoring Using Geospatial Techniques" Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183779 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hanqiu Xu Publication_Date: 20070222 Title: Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery Series_Information: Series_Name: International Journal of Remote Sensing Issue_Identification: Volume 27, Issue 14 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 3025-3033 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Hui Li Originator: Cuizhen Wang Originator: Cheng Zhong Originator: Aijun Su Originator: Chengren Xiong Originator: Jinge Wang Originator: Junqi Liu Publication_Date: 20170307 Title: Mapping Urban Bare Land Automatically from Landsat Imagery with a Simple Index Series_Information: Series_Name: Remote Sensing Issue_Identification: 9(3), 249 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030249 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Nobuyuki Otsu Publication_Date: 197901 Title: A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms Series_Information: Series_Name: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Issue_Identification: Volume 9, Issue 1 Other_Citation_Details: Pages 62-66 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Brady R. Couvillion Originator: Neil K. Ganju Originator: Zafer Defne Publication_Date: 20210205 Title: An Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) for Coastal Wetlands of the Conterminous United States (2014-2018) Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P97DQXZP Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P97DQXZP Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Due to the large spatial extent of this analysis and a lack of ground-truth datasets with similar temporal resolution, regional-scale classification accuracy was not quantitatively assessed. Using a similar methodology and workflow, Bernier and others (2021) reported classification accuracies (>=70%) that were comparable to accuracies reported for the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). Visual comparison of the classed land-cover rasters derived in this study with available NLCD data showed good agreement, except in some densely populated (Ocean City Beach on Pecks Beach Island, Atlantic City on Absecon Island, and Beach Haven and Long Beach on Long Beach Island, NJ) or modified (frequent beach scraping at Wildwoods on 5 Mile Beach, NJ) locations, where built (urban) areas landward of the beach were misclassed as sand. In these locations, vector sand contours that included significant built areas were excluded from the final dataset. Logical_Consistency_Report: For each image-acquisition date, Landsat Collection 2, Level-2 science products were downloaded from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center Science Processing Architecture (ESPA) On Demand Interface (https://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). Completeness_Report: 54 Landsat TM and 95 OLI images (Worldwide Reference System 2 [WRS-2] path 13 row 32, WRS-2 path 13 row 33, and WRS-2 path 14 row 33) acquired between April 2008 and November 2022 that were cloud- and snow- or ice-free over the regional area of interest (AOI) were analyzed. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Geodetic accuracy of Landsat data products depend on the accuracy of the ground control points and the resolution of the digital elevation model (DEM) used. All Level-2 science products are derived from Level-1 Tier-1 Precision and Terrain (L1TP) corrected data and meet pre-defined image-to-image georegistration tolerances of <= 12-meter (m) radial root mean square error (RMSE). The positional accuracy of the satellite-derived features was not systematically evaluated in this study; however, recent analyses of satellite-derived shoreline (SDS) positions extracted using similar methods to those presented here report offsets of 1/3 to 1/2-pixel (10 to 15 m) seaward of measured in-situ shoreline positions. Compared with methods that extract shoreline position from precise elevation measurements (for example, , light detection and ranging [lidar] or global positioning system [GPS] surveys), SDS positions are not based on a vertical datum (for example, mean sea level or mean high water); instead, SDS represent instantaneous waterlines at time of image acquisition and may include intertidal areas. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The regional AOI, which was derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) US Coastal Zone Management Act Boundary, was subset into four scene-specific AOIs for processing and analysis: WRS-2 path 13 row 32 New York (nfwf_1332_ny), WRS-2 path 13 row 32 New Jersey (nfwf_1332_nj), WRS-2 path 13 row 33 (nfwf_1333), and WRS-2 path 14 row 33 (nfwf_1433). Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: For each image acquisition date, Collection-2, Level-2 surface reflectance (SR; reflective bands), surface temperature (ST; thermal infrared [TIR] bands), and SR-derived NDVI images were downloaded from the EROS ESPA On Demand Interface (https://espa.cr.usgs.gov/). Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: All images were batch-processed using Spatial Model Editor in ERDAS IMAGINE. The SR and ST bands were stacked to create 7- (TM) or 8- (OLI) band multispectral images and clipped to the scene-specific AOI. From these composite images, two additional spectral indices, mNDWI (Xu, 2006) and NBLI (Li and others, 2017), were calculated. Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Land-cover classification was modified from the workflow described by Bernier and others (2021) using multilevel (2 thresholds per image) automatic thresholding of spectral indices and applying a rule-based classification scheme. First, Otsu's method (Otsu, 1979) for automatic histogram thresholding was applied to mNDWI images to create a binary "land"-water raster for each image acquisition date. Second, water area was masked from NBLI and NDVI images, and Otsu's method was applied to the masked images to create binary bare earth-"unclassed" and vegetated-"unclassed" rasters, respectively. The following rule-based classification was then applied, where T1 and T2 represent the first and second multi-Otsu thresholds, respectively, for each spectral index: If mNDWI > T2 then class (1) = water If NBLI > T2 then class (3) = bare earth (sand) If T1 < NBLI < T2 and UVVR = NoData then class (12) = unclassed If (T1 < NBLI < T2 and NDVI > T1 and UVVR > 0) or (NBLI < T1 and NDVI < T1) then class (4) = vegetated If NBLI < T1 and NDVI < T1 then class (11) = unclassed Where UVVR is the 2014-2018 composite Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio for the U.S. Atlantic Coast (Couvillion and others, 2021) subset to the regional AOI. Finally, the binary land-cover images were converted to thematic rasters, merged, and single-pixel "clumps" were removed using a 3x3 majority filter to create a final land-cover raster dataset. The resulting land-cover rasters use the naming convention YYYYMMDD_lt05_AOI_lcr_ce.img (Landsat 5) or YYYYMMDD_lc08_AOI_lcr_ce.img (Landsat 8), where YYYYMMDD denotes the image-acquisition date (4-digit year, 2-digit month, 2-digit day) and AOI denotes the scene-specific AOI. All steps were batch-processed using the Image Processing toolbox in MATLAB (Otsu thresholding and binary image creation) or Spatial Model Editor in ERDAS IMAGINE (spectral index masking and generation of classed land-cover rasters). Process_Date: 2023 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Vector sea- and back-barrier shorelines (representing the boundary between intertidal and open-water areas) and the landward sand extents were extracted by contouring the mNDWI and masked NBLI images using the calculated Otsu thresholds. Vectors representing estuarine marsh mainland or island shorelines are not included except along the Reservation at Shinnecock Neck on Shinnecock Bay, which is a NFWF restoration site. The resulting shapefiles (one per image acquisition date) were merged into 2 shapefiles (one each for shoreline and sand features) for each scene-specific AOI. The resulting sand (sandext) and shoreline (shrln) vector shapefiles use the naming convention nfwf_AOI_shrln.shp or nfwf_AOI_sandext.shp, where AOI denotes the scene-specific AOI. Contouring was batch-processed using Python 3 Jupyter Notebooks in ArcGIS Pro. Process_Date: 2024 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: nfwf_AOI_shrln.shp Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: nfwf_AOI_sandext.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Julie C. Bernier Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jbernier@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 18 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 1.0 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 30 Ordinate_Resolution: 30 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D WGS 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.25722 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: nfwf_features.zip Entity_Type_Definition: Zip archive containing vector shoreline (nfwf_1332_ny_shrln.shp, nfwf_1332_nj_shrln.shp, nfwf_1333_shrln.shp, nfwf_1433_shrln.shp) and sand (nfwf_1332_ny_sandext.shp, nfwf_1332_nj_sandext.shp, nfwf_1333_sandext.shp, nfwf_1433_sandext.shp) feature extents corresponding to each of 143 thematic land-cover raster datasets in Esri shapefile (.shp) format. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape* Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features Attribute: Attribute_Label: Image_Date Attribute_Definition: Image acquisition date Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Source image acquisition date written as YYYMMDD (4-digit year, 2-digit month, 2-digit day) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Source Attribute_Definition: Image source Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Landsat5 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Source imagery is Landsat 5 TM Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Landsat8 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Source imagery is Landsat 8 OLI Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: USGS Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: USGS SPCMSC Data Management Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Resource_Description: nfwf_1332_ny_shrln.shp, nfwf_1332_nj_shrln.shp, nfwf_1333_shrln.shp, nfwf_1433_shrln.shp, nfwf_1332_ny_sandext.shp, nfwf_1332_nj_sandext.shp, nfwf_1333_sandext.shp, nfwf_1433_sandext.shp Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Information_Content: Download files contain Esri vector sand- and shoreline shapefiles (.shp) Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P13HX6Y8/data/nfwf_features.zip Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: Vector datasets were created using Esri ArcGIS Pro version 3.2.1 and can be opened using Esri ArcGIS version 10.0 or higher or Esri ArcGIS Pro version 3.1 or higher; these data may also be viewed using free Google Earth Pro or QGIS software. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240307 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: USGS SPCMSC Data Management Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and physical Address: 600 4th Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998