Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Steven E Suttles Originator: Neil K Ganju Originator: David Brankovits Originator: John W Pohlman Publication_Date: 20240423 Title: Time-series measurements of acoustic intensity, flow, pressure, water level, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen collected in a flooded cave at Cenote Bang, Yucatan Peninsula, Tulum, Mexico from March 25, 2018 to August 1, 2018 Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: netCDF files Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CRRF88 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Suttles, S.E., Ganju, N.K., Brankovits, D., and Pohlman, J.W., 2024, Time-series measurements of acoustic intensity, flow, pressure, water level, conductivity,temperature, and dissolved oxygen collected in a flooded cave at Cenote Bang, Yucatan Peninsula, Tulum, Mexico from March 25, 2018 to August 1, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CRRF88. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CRRF88 Online_Linkage: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P1CRRF88/ Description: Abstract: Natural flooded caves were accessed along the coastline of the Yucatan Peninsula (Quintana Roo, Mexico) to investigate how regional meteorologic and hydrologic processes control solute transport, mixing, and salinization in the coastal aquifer. Instruments were deployed to monitor environmental parameters within the Ox Bel Ha Cave System accessed through the sinkhole Cenote Bang. These efforts resulted in temporal hydrologic records of specific conductivity, water level (pressure), dissolved oxygen, flow velocity, water temperature, and acoustic data from March 25, 2018 to August 1, 2018. The records encompass dry (November-March) and wet (April-October) seasons and include the impact of precipitation delivered by Tropical Storm Carlotta during June 2018. Field activities were carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program (CMHRP). Purpose: These data are used to investigate how regional meteorology and hydrology control mixing and salinization in flooded cave passages within a coastal aquifer. Supplemental_Information: Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-031-FA and https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-065-FA. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20180325 Ending_Date: 20180801 Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -87.56930 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -87.41656 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.28294 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.10842 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:72e6c9dc-9d44-4c80-9360-b6f4e656b40a Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: geoscientificinformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: time series datasets Theme_Keyword: hydrographic datasets Theme_Keyword: hydrogeology Theme_Keyword: karst Theme_Keyword: groundwater flow Theme_Keyword: sonar methods Theme_Keyword: acoustic doppler current profiling Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common Geographic Areas Place_Keyword: Mexico Place_Keyword: Yucatan Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Steven E Suttles Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Contact_Position: Mechanical Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-458-8700 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/media/2024/10.5066-P1CRRF88/29178cf1819d40e88785e6404d0c0012/cavemx18_deploy_dive.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Divers deploying an instrumented platform in a cave near Tulum, MX in March 2018. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: We wish to acknowledge Jake Emmert, diving safety officer at Moody Gardens Aquarium, for assistance with field work for this project. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Sensor specifications were obtained from the manufacture/vendor of each instrument used and are as follows; EchoLogger EA400 altimeter has a water column resolution of 7.5 mm, range resolution of 1 mm, temperature accuracy of ±0.5 degrees C, and tilt sensor inclination accuracy of ±0.1 degrees. The Nortek Aquadopp High Resolution (HR) acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) has a water velocity accuracy of ±1% of measured value or ±0.5 cm/s, a heading and tilt accuracy of ±2 degrees and resolution of 0.1 degree, a pressure accuracy of ±0.5% of full scale (FS) with resolution of 0.005% FS, an echo intensity resolution of 0.45 dB, and a temperature sensor accuracy of 0.1 degrees C with a 10 min response time. HOBO water level/pressure loggers (U20L-02) have an accuracy/max error of ±0.2% FS, or 0.06 m of water and raw pressure accuracy of ±0.3% FS or 1.20 kPa, and companion temperature data accuracy of ±0.44 degrees C from 0-50 degrees C; dissolved oxygen loggers (U26-001) have an accuracy of ±0.2 mg/l up to 8 mg/l and ±0.5 mg/l from 8 to 20 mg/l with a resolution of 0.02 mg/l, and companion temperature data accuracy of ± 0.2 degrees C; and conductivity loggers (U-24) have a specific conductance accuracy of 3% of reading or 5 micro-siemens(uS)/cm for low range (0-2,500 uS/cm) and 20 uS/cm for full range (0 - 15,000 uS/cm), and temperature accuracy of 0.1 at 25 degrees C. Tilt Current Meters (TCMs) have water speed accuracy of 2 cm/s + 3% of reading with a 0.1 cm/s resolution, and direction accuracy of 5 degrees (for speed >5 cm/s) with a 0.1 degree resolution. Logical_Consistency_Report: : Barometric pressure data obtained from a HOBO pressure logger deployed in air at mooring 1171 was used to correct the time-series data downloaded from the submerged HOBO loggers using the HOBO software. A derived sensor depth variable was created for the HOBO water-level loggers in the exported comma separated variables (csv) files. For pressure data from the Nortek Aquadopp HR, pressure sensor data was compared to the in-air HOBO barometric pressure data before deployment and an offset was determined. This offset along with the time-series of local barometric pressure data were used to find corrected pressure data (variable name "P_1ac" and standard_name "sea_water_pressure_due_to_sea_water" in the netCDF files) All data were processed and converted into netCDF files with processing code from stglib, a package of code to process data consistent with procedures of the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. More information about the stglib package can be found here: https://stglib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/. Completeness_Report: All velocity data from the cave ceiling mounted Nortek Aquadopp HR profiler was deemed not usable due to challenges using doppler acoustic instruments in this cave environment, those data were replaced with fill values, the acoustic intensity data was useful and it is provided in this data set. A ceiling mounted, downward looking EA400 Echologger leaked and failed before the start of the deployment and therefore did not provide any data. Similarly, a rain gauge sensor that was deployed near the cave entrance failed and did not collect any usable data. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A Garmin GPSmap 60CSx handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to collect horizontal location data. The GPS has an expected accuracy of ±3 m at best. For reported horizontal positions, the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) reference frame was used. Locations for the deployed instruments in the caves were estimated using GPS obtained coordinates at the cave entry location and estimates of diver distance traveled horizontally and vertically in the cave from the fixed lines that have been installed in the cave and the available maps of the underground cave network. Google Earth was then used to get the estimated latitude and longitude coordinates of the deployment locations in the cave. The expected accuracy of these locations in the cave is approximately ±30 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Vertical positions were obtained using diver estimated depths below local ground water table at the time of deployment for instruments in the cave and height measurements above ground level for instruments deployed in air. Depths below water table were confirmed using the diver’s depth gauge and the deployed water level sensors and adjusted as needed. Vertical heights above the cave floor were determined by direct measurements when deployed near the cave floor, and by the difference of total water depth and sensor depth when deployed higher up in the water column. Estimates of vertical positions are expected to have accuracy of ~ 0.30 m from local water table at time of deployment, or ground elevation for atmospheric pressure data. No fixed datum vertical positions were available for this data set. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Beginning on March 25, 2018, instruments to measure time-series data of water quality, water level, flow velocity, and mixing between water masses within flooded coastal cave passages were deployed at four locations in the Ox Bel Ha Cave System, accessed through the sinkhole Cenote Bang approximately 6.3 km inland, just south of Tulum (Quintana Roo, Mexico). The instruments were deployed in the cave environment by SCUBA divers who followed protocols established by the USGS, American Academy of Underwater Sciences, and the National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section. A dissolved oxygen sensor was deployed in the entrance sinkhole pool. A fiberglass platform containing an acoustic doppler current profiler (Nortek Aquadopp) and buoys to achieve positive buoyancy was installed on the cave ceiling at approximately 3.5 m water depth in freshwater approximately 20 m horizontal distance from the entrance sinkhole pool. Next to the fiberglass platform, at the same depth, a HOBO dissolved oxygen sensor was co-deployed with an OsmoSampler and packed in a plastic box (42 cm wide, 42 cm long, and 33 cm high) to allow the diver to safely deploy the full set of devices. In the same location, but below a halocline at 7.5 m water depth in the brackish water, another set of equipment (including loggers measuring dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and water level) was co-deployed with an OsmoSampler in another plastic box. Approximately 100 m upstream and westward in the main passage from these instruments, the following set of instruments were co-deployed after a northern curvature in the passage at 21 m water depth in completely saline water; EA400 acoustic profiler, a water level logger, and a dissolved oxygen logger. In the vicinity of this bundle, tilt-current meters (TCMs) were deployed at 17 m and 22 m water depth using lead dive weights to anchor them on the rocky bottom. In addition, a barometric pressure gauge was deployed on the surface on a roof of a house approximately 15 m above the ground. All deployed sensors were recovered on August 1, 2018, using divers for all submerged sensors. Upon recovery, the data were retrieved from the instruments, archived for safe keeping, and made available for processing. The OsmoSampler time-series is not part of this release. Process_Date: 20180801 Process_Step: Process_Description: Data from the HOBO and TCM loggers were downloaded in csv format using dedicated software provided by the two companies. Where it was needed, barometric data that was obtained from the pressure logger deployed on the surface was used to correct the time-series data downloaded from the HOBO loggers using the HOBO software. The raw or vendor post-processed data files from each sensor were processed and converted to netCDF using stglib python libraries, a package of code to process data consistent with procedures of the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. In stglib, attributes conforming to Climate and Forecast (CF) Conventions version 1.8 were added. All times are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Data quality assurance and quality control (QAQC) was performed by inspecting all variables and replacing spurious values with the fill value. Details of which portions of data were flagged and replaced are available in the metadata in each netCDF file and information about the individual QAQC trimming functions are available in the stglib documentation (https://stglib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) in the "Instrument configuration file" section. The netCDF files are named using the convention ####XZZZ-a.nc where '####' is the mooring number, 'X' is the position on the mooring of the sensor with 1 being closest to the surface, and 'ZZZ' is a 2 or 3 character abbreviation for the instrument that was deployed. For example, in the file 11141ea-a.nc, '1114' is the mooring number, '1' is the position of the sensor on the mooring, and 'ea' refers to the Echologger EA400 sensor. The '-a' refers to Best Basic Version (BBV) of the processed data. Process_Date: 202404 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Data were collected continuously at each sensor. Refer to self-describing netCDF files for more location information. Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System (WGS) of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: Local height above cave floor Altitude_Resolution: 0.1 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Local water table Depth_Resolution: 0.1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: NetCDF files are self-describing and attribute information may be found in the header of the file itself. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Steven E Suttles Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Contact_Position: Mechanical Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Resource_Description: Downloadable data in netCDF format. NetCDF files are named by site location code and deployment sequence at each site. There are 14 processed netCDF files in this dataset. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: netCDF Format_Version_Number: netCDF-4, CF-1.8 Format_Information_Content: Time-series data in netCDF format following Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions version 1.8. File download sizes range from 0.4 to 1,108 MB. File_Decompression_Technique: Compressed file of whole dataset and uncompressed individual files are provided for 12 of the 14 individual netCDF files. The two very large files (>10 GB) of the full burst data from the EA400 Echologger and the AquadoppHR profiler are only available in the compressed file since the very large file sizes can be downloaded much more efficiently in the compressed (.zip) file for the whole dataset. Transfer_Size: 1108 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/media/2024/10.5066-P1CRRF88/5b277a9db6cd45828b9319a2492fe2d4/cavemx_timeseries_ncfiles.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1CRRF88 Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the netCDF files in a single zip file. The second link is to the landing page of the data where 12 of the 14 files can be downloaded individually. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with any software capable of reading netCDF files. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240423 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Steven E Suttles Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Contact_Position: Mechanical Engineer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998