U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
2017
GeoTIFF image of the shaded-relief bathymetry of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 1996 (3-m resolution, Mercator, WGS 84)
2.0
remote-sensing image
data release
DOI:10.5066/F74B2ZGX
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA
U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX
https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58824550e4b01192927da174
Bradford Butman
William W. Danforth
John E. Hughes Clarke
Richard P. Signell
2017
Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 1996, 1998, and 2000
1.0
data release
DOI:10.5066/F74B2ZGX
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
Suggested citation: Butman, Bradford, Danforth, W.W., Clarke, J.E.H., and Signell, R.P., 2017, Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 1996, 1998, and 2000: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX.
https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX
Surveys of the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS), offshore of New York and New Jersey, were carried out in 1996, 1998, and 2000 using a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The objective of the multiple echosounder surveys was to map the bathymetry and surficial sediments over time as dredged material was placed in the HARS to remediate contaminated sediments. Maps derived from the multibeam surveys show sea-floor bathymetry, shaded-relief bathymetry, and backscatter intensity (a measure of sea-floor texture and roughness) at a spatial resolution of 3 meters. The area was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and with support from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the University of New Brunswick.
The GeoTIFF image of shaded-relief bathymetry provides a visualization of the bathymetry that accentuates small features that cannot be effectively shown as contours alone. The shaded-relief image was created by vertically exaggerating the bathymetry 4 times and then artificially illuminating the relief by a light source positioned 45 degrees above the horizon from the north. The illumination from the north, approximately parallel to the survey lines, minimizes artifacts caused by small depth changes that may occur between lines.
This is Edition 2.0 of GeoTIFF Hars1996Sun.tif. An error in the University of New Brunswick (Clarke, 1998, see cross reference) processing software that resulted in the multibeam observations not being properly projected onto a plane was discovered in 2003. A second error in the gridding algorithm was discovered in 2007, requiring a shift of 1/2 grid cell to northwest. Edition 2.0 differs from Edition 1.0 (Butman and others, 2002) in that it was processed using corrected software; comparison of the location of selected features suggests that Edition 2.0 is shifted approximately 10 m to the east compared to Edition 1.0. In addition, the stretch used to create the 8-bit image is 0-254 and the value 255 is no data. In Edition 1.0, the stretch is 0-255 and the value 255 is also no data. Maps and interpretations of these data are available in Butman and others (2002), Butman (2002), and Butman and others (2003) (citations in cross references). Other datasets from the 1996 HARS survey, as well as datasets from surveys of the HARS in 1998 and 2000, may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation).
19961123
19961127
ground condition
None planned
-73.900000
-73.812488
40.433333
40.350008
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:58824550e4b01192927da174
none
shaded-relief bathymetry
3-m resolution image
GeoTIFF image
sea floor
sea floor mapping
multibeam
Simrad EM 1000
Canadian Coast Guard ship (CCGS) Frederick G. Creed
WHCMSC field activity 1996-043-FA
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC)
Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP)
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS)
University of New Brunswick (UNB)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
Open-File Report 00-503
ISO 19115 Topic Category
oceans
elevation
geoscientificInformation
imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
USGS Thesaurus
sea-floor characteristics
marine geophysics
computational methods
geospatial datasets
multibeam sonar
none
Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS)
Hudson Shelf Valley
New York Bight
Middle Atlantic Bight
New York
New Jersey
North Atlantic Ocean
none
sea floor
none
1996
None
These data are not to be used for navigation purposes.
U.S. Geological Survey
Bradford Butman
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2212
bbutman@usgs.gov
https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58824550e4b01192927da174/?name=Hars1996Sun_browse.jpg
Browse graphic of the shaded-relief bathymetry.
JPEG
Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095
Butman, Bradford
Danforth, W.W.
Knowles, S.C.
May, Brian
Serrett, Laurie
2002
Seafloor topography and backscatter intensity of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS), offshore of New York, based on multibeam surveys conducted in 1996, 1998, and 2000
Open-File Report
00-503
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-503/
Bradford Butman
2002
Mapping the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS) offshore of New York City
Fact Sheet
FS-001-02
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs001-02/
Butman, Bradford
Middleton, T.J.
Thieler, E.R.
Schwab, W.C.
2003
Topography, shaded-relief, and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Shelf Valley, Offshore of New York
Open-File Report
03-372
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-372/
Butman, Bradford
Alexander, P. Soupy
Harris, C.K.
Traykovski, P.A.
ten Brink, M.B.
Lightsom, F.S.
Martini, M.A.
2003
Oceanographic observations in the Hudson Shelf Valley, December 1999 - April 2000: Data Report
Open-File Report
02-217
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-217/
Clarke, J.H.
1998
SwathEd
New Brunswick, Canada
Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick
http://www.omg.unb.ca/~jhc/SwathEd.html
All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include small highs and lows and unnatural-looking features, and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the tracklines is sometimes identified by the faint parallel stripes in the image.
This image was created from all bathymetry data collected in the Historic Area Remediation Site on WHCMSC field activity 1996-043-FA. There are a few data gaps in the image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. The 1996 survey did not cover a strip approximately 900 m wide on the western side of the HARS. Other datasets from the 1996 HARS survey may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation).
These data were navigated with a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) which is typically accurate to +/- 3 meters, horizontally. To qualitatively assess the horizontal accuracy of the three HARS surveys, the locations of 23 distinct features on the sea floor identified in the 1996, 1998, and 2000 shaded-relief images were compared. Offsets of features in the 1996 survey compared to the 1998 survey were typically 5 m or less, as expected when navigating with DGPS. Offsets of features in the 2000 survey compared to the 1998 survey were 10-20 m and to the north or south, the along-track direction of the survey. For 18 of the 23 features in the 2000 survey, offsets were to the north compared to the 1998 survey when the track in 2000 was to the south, and offsets were to the south compared to the 1998 survey when the track in 2000 was to the north. The offsets of the remaining 5 features, all surveyed on Julian Day 115, were in the direction of the survey track in 2000. The HARS surveys were run in a Zamboni pattern which resulted in blocks of adjacent survey lines running in the same direction; thus consistent offsets appear to shift these blocks north or south depending on the direction the lines were run. The cause of the offsets in the 2000 survey is unknown and no correction has been made for them.
The measured elevations were adjusted for fluctuations in sea level during the survey by subtracting tidal elevations predicted by a tidal model and low-frequency sea level observed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sandy Hook tide station located at 40 degrees 28 minutes N., 74 degrees 0.6 minutes W. The tidal model utilized nine constituents derived from a 4-month bottom pressure record obtained at Station A, located at 40 degrees 23.4 minutes N., 73 degrees 47.1 minutes W. in 38 m water depth about 2.7 km east of the HARS, during the winter of 1999-2000 (Butman, Alexander, and others, 2003; see cross references). An estimate of the error due to sea level remaining in the multibeam observations after the sea level correction is about 3 cm. The vertical datum is mean lower low water.
Canadian Hydrographic Service
William W. Danforth
John E. Hughes Clarke
Unpublished Material
raw multibeam data
disc
19961123
19961127
ground condition
none
The multibeam data were collected with a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The multibeam system utilizes 60 electronically-aimed receive beams spaced at intervals of 2.5 degrees that insonify a strip of sea floor up to 7.5 times the water depth. The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor is approximately 10 % of the water depth. Vertical resolution is approximately 1 % of the water depth. Data were collected along tracklines spaced 5-7 times the water depth apart at a speed of 10-14 knots. The HARS was surveyed in a Zamboni pattern (for efficient turns at high speed) with lines running north-south. The Zamboni pattern yields blocks of southward-run lines adjacent to blocks of northward-run lines. The frequency of the sonar was 95 kHz. Sound velocity profiles were obtained and input into the Simrad processing system to correct for refraction. Navigation was by means of differential GPS. Operation of the Simrad EM1000 was carried out by hydrographers of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 1996-043-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=1996-043-FA)
A suite of processing software (called SwathEd) (Clarke, 1998; see cross reference), developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, was used to process and grid (the multibeam bathymetric soundings and produce shaded-relief images. An error in the University of New Brunswick (Clarke, 1998, see cross reference) processing software that resulted in the multibeam observations not being properly projected onto a plane was discovered in 2003. A second error in the gridding algorithm was discovered in 2007, requiring a shift of 1/2 grid cell to northwest. This processing step uses the corrected software. The metadata for the bathymetric grid (see larger work citation) describes the processing steps applied to the navigation and bathymetric soundings. The following processing steps produced the image of shaded-relief bathymetry for the 1996 HARS data set.
1. Create a 3-m grid of the bathymetric soundings for the HARS site using the SwathEd routine weigh_grid.
Command line: weigh_grid -fresh_start -omg -tide -coeffs -mindep -2 -maxdep -800 -beam_mask -beam_weight -custom_weight EM1000_Weights -butter -power 2 -cutoff 6 -lambda 1.5 gridFile filename.merged
2. Create a shaded-relief image of the bathymetry using SwathEd routine addSUN (sun elevation of 45 degrees from 0, vertically exaggerating 4 times). The shaded relief file created from the grid is mapped into the same projection as the grid and carries over the projection information (custom Mercator, central meridian -75 degrees, latitude of true scale 40 degrees north) used to create the grid.
Command line: addSUN -elev 45 -azi0 -vert_exag 4.0 gridFile.r4 filename.shade
3. Use a two-point linear contrast stretch (0-254; 255 no data) to enhance the shaded-relief image:
Command line: stretchacres -low 150 -high 200 -in filename.shade -out filename_shade.stretch
2015
U.S. Geological Survey
William W. Danforth
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2274
bdanforth@usgs.gov
Convert each contrast-stretched shaded-relief image from SwathEd format to a TIFF file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/):
Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height filename_shade.stretch | pnmtotiff -none - > filename.tif
2015
U.S. Geological Survey
William W. Danforth
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2274
bdanforth@usgs.gov
Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the shaded-relief TIFF image for import to ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution information from the jview program output to the tfw file.
Command line: jview filename_shade.stretch
2015
U.S. Geological Survey
William W. Danforth
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2274
bdanforth@usgs.gov
Create GeoTIFF image using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Custom projection is Mercator, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984.
2016
U.S. Geological Survey
Bradford Butman
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2212
bbutman@usgs.gov
USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section.
20180720
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.
20200807
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Raster
Pixel
3102
2491
1
Mercator
40.000000
-75.000000
0.000000
0.000000
row and column
3.000000
3.000000
meters
D_WGS_1984
WGS_1984
6378137.000000
298.257224
The shaded-relief bathymetry (3 m pixel size) was created by vertically exaggerating the topography four times and then artificially illuminating the relief by a light source positioned 45 degrees above the horizon from 0 degrees. In the resulting image, topographic features are enhanced by strong illumination on the northward-facing slopes and by shadows cast on southern slopes. The image also accentuates small features (relief of a few meters) that could not be effectively shown as contours alone at this scale. Unnatural-looking features or patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines (tracklines run north-south) are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. Shaded-relief bathymetry is shown as an 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data.
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
mailing and physical address
Denver Federal Center
Building 810
Mail Stop 302
Denver
CO
80225
1-888-275-8747
sciencebase@usgs.gov
Hars1996Sun.zip: contains Hars1996Sun.tif, Hars1996Sun tfw, browse graphic, and associated FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format).
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
GeoTIFF
ArcGIS 9.3
GeoTIFF image
GeoTIFF image of shaded-relief bathymetry and associated metadata from a 1996 multibeam survey of the Historic Area Remediation Site offshore of New York and New Jersey compressed in a zip file.
zip
5
https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58824550e4b01192927da174/?name=Hars1996Sun.zip
https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58824550e4b01192927da174
https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58824550e4b01192927da174
The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files, individual files, or accessing the landing page of the data.
none
The GeoTIFF image of shaded-relief bathymetry is compressed into a zip file (Hars1996Sun.zip). To use these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and ArcGIS or another GIS application package capable of viewing the data.
20200807
U.S. Geological Survey
Bradford Butman
mailing and physical address
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
508-548-8700 x2212
bbutman@usgs.gov
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998
local time