Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Originator: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Publication_Date: 2017 Title: GeoTIFF image of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 2000 (3-m resolution, Mercator, WGS 84) Edition: 2.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F74B2ZGX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bradford Butman Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Originator: Richard P. Signell Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 1996, 1998, and 2000 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F74B2ZGX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Butman, Bradford, Danforth, W.W., Clarke, J.E.H., and Signell, R.P., 2017, Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site in 1996, 1998, and 2000: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX Description: Abstract: Surveys of the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS), offshore of New York and New Jersey, were carried out in 1996, 1998, and 2000 using a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The objective of the multiple echosounder surveys was to map the bathymetry and surficial sediments over time as dredged material was placed in the HARS to remediate contaminated sediments. Maps derived from the multibeam surveys show sea-floor bathymetry, shaded-relief bathymetry, and backscatter intensity (a measure of sea-floor texture and roughness) at a spatial resolution of 3 meters. The area was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and with support from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the University of New Brunswick. Purpose: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity provides qualitative information on the sediment texture and roughness of the sea floor. Backscatter intensity, a measure of the strength of the acoustic return from the sea floor, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, is associated with fine-grained sediments. Supplemental_Information: This is Edition 2.0 of GeoTIFF Hars2000Mos.tif. An error in the University of New Brunswick (Clarke, 1998, see cross reference) processing software that resulted in the multibeam observations not being properly projected onto a plane was discovered in 2003. A second error in the gridding algorithm was discovered in 2007, requiring a shift of 1/2 grid cell to northwest. Edition 2.0 differs from Edition 1.0 (Butman and others, 2002) in that it was processed using corrected software; comparison of the location of selected features suggests that Edition 2.0 is shifted approximately 10 m to the east compared to Edition 1.0. In addition, the stretch used to create the 8-bit image is 0-254 and the value 255 is no data. In Edition 1.0, the stretch is 0-255 and the value 255 is also no data. Maps and interpretations of these data are available in Butman and others (2002), Butman (2002), and Butman and others (2003) (citations in cross references). Other datasets from the 1996 HARS survey, as well as datasets from surveys of the HARS in 1998 and 2000, may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20000406 Ending_Date: 20000430 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.900000 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.812488 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.433333 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.350008 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: backscatter intensity Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: 3-m resolution image Theme_Keyword: sea floor Theme_Keyword: sea floor mapping Theme_Keyword: multibeam Theme_Keyword: Simrad EM 1000 Theme_Keyword: Canadian Coast Guard ship (CCGS) Frederick G. Creed Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC field activity 2000-015-FA Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Theme_Keyword: Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) Theme_Keyword: University of New Brunswick (UNB) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Theme_Keyword: Open-File Report 00-503 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: sea-floor acoustic reflectivity Theme_Keyword: image mosaics Theme_Keyword: multibeam sonar Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS) Place_Keyword: Hudson Shelf Valley Place_Keyword: New York Bight Place_Keyword: Middle Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: North Atlantic Ocean Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: sea floor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 2000 Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea/?name=Hars2000Mos_browse.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Danforth, W.W. Originator: Knowles, S.C. Originator: May, Brian Originator: Serrett, Laurie Publication_Date: 2002 Title: Seafloor topography and backscatter intensity of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS), offshore of New York, based on multibeam surveys conducted in 1996, 1998, and 2000 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 00-503 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-503/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Bradford Butman Publication_Date: 2002 Title: Mapping the sea floor of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS) offshore of New York City Series_Information: Series_Name: Fact Sheet Issue_Identification: FS-001-02 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs001-02/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Middleton, T.J. Originator: Thieler, E.R. Originator: Schwab, W.C. Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Topography, shaded-relief, and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Shelf Valley, Offshore of New York Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 03-372 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-372/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Alexander, P. Soupy Originator: Harris, C.K. Originator: Traykovski, P.A. Originator: ten Brink, M.B. Originator: Lightsom, F.S. Originator: Martini, M.A. Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Oceanographic observations in the Hudson Shelf Valley, December 1999 - April 2000: Data Report Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 02-217 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-217/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Clarke, J.H. Publication_Date: 1998 Title: SwathEd Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New Brunswick, Canada Publisher: Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick Online_Linkage: http://www.omg.unb.ca/~jhc/SwathEd.html Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam backscatter intensity data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include unnatural-looking features, and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the tracklines is sometimes identified by the faint parallel stripes in the image. Completeness_Report: This image represents all backscatter intensity data collected in the Historic Area Remediation Site on WHCMSC field activity 2000-015-FA. There are a few data gaps in the image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. Other datasets from the 2000 HARS survey may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data were navigated with a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) which is typically accurate to +/- 3 meters, horizontally. To qualitatively assess the horizontal accuracy of the three HARS surveys, the locations of 23 distinct features on the sea floor identified in the 1996, 1998, and 2000 shaded-relief images were compared. Offsets of features in the 1996 survey compared to the 1998 survey were typically 5 m or less, as expected when navigating with DGPS. Offsets of features in the 2000 survey compared to the 1998 survey were 10-20 m and to the north or south, the along-track direction of the survey. For 18 of the 23 features in the 2000 survey, offsets were to the north compared to the 1998 survey when the track in 2000 was to the south, and offsets were to the south compared to the 1998 survey when the track in 2000 was to the north. The offsets of the remaining 5 features, all surveyed on Julian Day 115, were in the direction of the survey track in 2000. The HARS surveys were run in a Zamboni pattern which resulted in blocks of adjacent survey lines running in the same direction; thus consistent offsets appear to shift these blocks north or south depending on the direction the lines were run. The cause of the offsets in the 2000 survey is unknown and no correction has been made for them. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Canadian Hydrographic Service Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw multibeam data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20000406 Ending_Date: 20000430 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: none Source_Contribution: The multibeam data were collected with a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the starboard pontoon of the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The multibeam system utilizes 60 electronically-aimed receive beams spaced at intervals of 2.5 degrees that insonify a strip of sea floor up to 7.5 times the water depth. The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor is approximately 10 % of the water depth. Vertical resolution is approximately 1 % of the water depth. Data were collected along tracklines spaced 5-7 times the water depth apart at a speed of 10-14 knots. The HARS was surveyed in a Zamboni pattern (for efficient turns at high speed) with lines running north-south. The Zamboni pattern yields blocks of southward-run lines adjacent to blocks of northward-run lines. The frequency of the sonar was 95 kHz. Sound velocity profiles were obtained and input into the Simrad processing system to correct for refraction. Navigation was by means of differential GPS. Operation of the Simrad EM1000 was carried out by hydrographers of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 2000-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=2000-015-FA) Process_Step: Process_Description: A suite of processing software (called SwathEd) (Clarke, 1998; see cross reference), developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, was used to process the multibeam backscatter intensity data and produce images. An error in the University of New Brunswick (Clarke, 1998, see cross reference) processing software that resulted in the multibeam observations not being properly projected onto a plane was discovered in 2003. A second error in the gridding algorithm was discovered in 2007, requiring a shift of 1/2 grid cell to northwest. This processing step uses the corrected software. The following processing steps produced the grayscale image of backscatter intensity for the 2000 HARS data set: 1. Create a blank 8 bit map file: Command line: make_blank mosaic_file This command commences a dialog to enable an 8-bit image and input the map boundaries and resolution. The program also prompts for the projection type and parameters to be used creating the binary map file (custom Mercator, central longitude of -75 degrees, latitude of true scale 40 degrees north). Then the "blank" file is copied to two files required by the mosaic program: Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.mos Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.ran 2`. Create backscatter files that can be then mosaicked from the backscatter time series: Command line: getBeamPattern filename (prefix only) Command line: makess -pixel 1.0 -beam_patt beampatt filename (prefix only) output.ss Command line: glfill output.ss output.ss_fill (fills in data dropouts). 3. Mosaic all the backscatter files created in the last step (for each output.ss_fill). Command line: mos2 -autoseam -maxazi 10 -maxdist 10 mosaic_file output.ss_fill 4. Use a two-point linear contrast stretch (0-254; 255 no data) to enhance the shaded-relief image: Command line: stretchacres -low 180 -high 220 -in mosaic_file -out mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF from the backscatter mosaic file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/): Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height mosaic_file.stretch | pnmtotiff -none - > mosaic_grayscale.tif Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the mosaic TIFF image for import to ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution from the jview program output to the .tfw file. Command line: jview mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create GeoTIFF image using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Custom projection is Mercator, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section. Process_Date: 20180720 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 3102 Column_Count: 2491 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Mercator Mercator: Standard_Parallel: 40.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 3.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 3.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Backscatter intensity, the intensity of the acoustic return from the sea floor, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, is associated with fine-grained sediments. However, the micro-topography, such as ripples, burrows, and benthic populations also affect the reflectivity of the sea floor. Direct observations, using bottom photography or video, and surface samples, are needed to verify interpretations of the backscatter intensity data. The backscatter data have a weak striping that runs parallel to the ship´s track. Some of the striping is the result of poor data return at nadir that appears as evenly-spaced thin speckled lines. Some striping may also be due to critical angle effects, where the intensity of return varies as a function of the angle of incidence of the incoming sound on the sea floor. Backscatter intensity is shown as an 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Hars2000Mos.zip: contains Hars2000Mos.tif, Hars2000Mos.tfw, browse graphic, and associated FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the U.S. Geological Survey, nor the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.3 Format_Specification: GeoTIFF image Format_Information_Content: GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity and associated metadata from a 2000 multibeam survey of the Historic Area Remediation Site offshore of New York and New Jersey compressed in a zip file. File_Decompression_Technique: zip Transfer_Size: 6 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea/?name=Hars2000Mos.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/588262e6e4b0dc04318b6dea Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files, individual files, or accessing the landing page of the data. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity is compressed into a zip file (Hars2000Mos.zip). To use these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and ArcGIS or another GIS application package capable of viewing the data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240319 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time