Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2017 Title: GeoTIFF image of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon region (100-m resolution, Mercator, WGS 84) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F77H1GSF Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F77H1GSF Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bradford Butman Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: David C. Twichell Originator: Peter A. Rona Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and geomorphology of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon and adjacent slope and rise Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F77H1GSF Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Butman, Bradford, Danforth, W.W., Twichell, D.C., and Rona, P.A., 2017, Bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and geomorphology of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon and adjacent slope and rise: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F77H1GSF. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F77H1GSF Description: Abstract: The Hudson Canyon begins on the outer continental shelf off the east coast of the United States at about 100-meters (m) water depth and extends offshore southeastward across the continental slope and rise. A multibeam survey was carried out in 2002 to map the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon and adjacent slope and rise. The survey covered an area approximately 205 kilometers (km) in the offshore direction, extending from about 500 m to about 4,000 m water depth, and about 110 km in the alongshore direction, centered on the Hudson Canyon. The sea floor was mapped using a SeaBeam Instruments 2112 multibeam echosounder aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Ronald H. Brown. Maps derived from the multibeam observations show sea-floor bathymetry and backscatter intensity (a measure of sea floor texture and roughness), geomorphic provinces, and sea-floor environments (Butman and others, 2006). The sea floor was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Rutgers University and with support from NOAA. Purpose: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity provides qualitative information on the sediment texture and roughness of the sea floor. Backscatter intensity, a measure of the strength of the acoustic return from the sea floor, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. Supplemental_Information: Maps and interpretations of the multibeam echosounder data from the 2002 multibeam survey of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon region are published in Butman and others (2006) (see cross reference). This publication includes the previously unpublished digital multibeam data and interpretations with FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format). The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 2002-050-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2002-050-FA). Other datasets from the 2002 survey may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). Andrews and others (2013) (see cross reference) present a bathymetric terrain model for the Atlantic margin which includes the Hudson Canyon region. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20020830 Ending_Date: 20020915 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.583333 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.050364 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.866667 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.583745 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: backscatter intensity Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: sea floor mapping Theme_Keyword: multibeam Theme_Keyword: SeaBeam Instruments 2112 multibeam Theme_Keyword: NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown Theme_Keyword: RB0207 Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC field activity 2002-050-FA Theme_Keyword: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Theme_Keyword: Rutgers Institute of Coastal and Marine Sciences Theme_Keyword: USGS Open-File Report 2004-1441 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: sea-floor acoustic reflectivity Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: ocean sciences Theme_Keyword: multibeam sonar Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Hudson Canyon Place_Keyword: New York Bight Place_Keyword: Middle Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: North Atlantic Ocean Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: sea floor Stratum_Keyword: seafloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 2002 Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621?name=hc_rb_backi_browsegraphic.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Hudson Canyon region. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Twichell, D.C. Originator: Rona, P.A. Originator: Tucholke, B.E. Originator: Middleton, T.J. Originator: Robb, J.R. Publication_Date: 2006 Title: Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2004-1441 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1441/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Middleton, T.J. Originator: Thieler, E.R. Originator: Schwab, W.C. Publication_Date: 2003 Title: Topography, shaded relief and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Shelf Valley, offshore of New York Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 03-372 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-372/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrews, B.D. Originator: Chaytor, J.D. Originator: ten Brink, U.S. Originator: Brothers, D.S. Originator: Gardner, J.V. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Bathymetric terrain model of the Atlantic margin for marine geological investigations Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2012-1266 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1266/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Clarke, J.H. Publication_Date: 1998 Title: SwathEd Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New Brunswick, Canada Publisher: Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick Online_Linkage: https://www.omg.unb.ca/~jhc/SwathEd.html Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Butman, Bradford Originator: Danforth, W.W. Originator: Clarke, J.E.H. Originator: Signell, R.P. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Hudson Shelf Valley Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7C53J1Z Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C53J1Z Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include small highs and lows and unnatural-looking features, and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the tracklines is sometimes identified by the faint parallel stripes in the image. Completeness_Report: This image includes backscatter intensity data collected with a SeaBeam Instruments 2112 multibeam mapping system on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 2002-050-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2002-050-FA). There are a few gaps in the image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. Other datasets from the 2002 survey of the Hudson Canyon may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation was by differential GPS. Horizontal accuracy is approximately 10 m. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: NOAA Originator: S. Thompson Bolmer Originator: James M. Robb Originator: Peter A. Rona Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw SeaBeam 2112 multibeam data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20020830 Ending_Date: 20020915 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: none Source_Contribution: A SeaBeam Instruments 2112 multibeam Echo Sounder (12 kHz) was used to acquire the bathymetric data on the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown. This system utilized up to 151 electronically aimed beams spaced at intervals of 2 degrees that insonify a swath of sea floor up to 3 times the water depth. Over the continental rise, in water depths greater than about 2,000 m, a 5-km track separation was employed, which provided almost 100% overlap of the insonified area from swath to swath. Time considerations compelled less than ideal coverage of the continental slope area, where a track-line separation of about 1.7 km was used, that provided nearly no data overlap between swaths. The survey was conducted at approximately 10 knots (18.5 km/hr). The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor ranged from about 20-65 m in the across-track direction and about 10 m in the along-track direction at 500 m water depth, and from about 100-400 m across-track and 40 m along-track at 3,000 m water depth. Navigation was by GPS. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 2002-050-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2002-050-FA). Process_Step: Process_Description: A suite of processing software (called SwathEd) (Clarke, 1998; see cross reference) developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick (UNB), Canada, was used to process, edit, grid, display, and archive the multibeam data. The metadata for the bathymetric grid (see larger work citation) describes the processing steps applied to the navigation and bathymetric soundings. The following processing steps produced the grayscale image of backscatter intensity for the 2002 Hudson Canyon SeaBeam datasets: 1. Create a blank 8 bit map file: Command line: make_blank mosaic_file This command commences a dialog to enable an 8 bit image and input the map boundaries and resolution (100 meters in this case). The program also prompts for the projection type and parameters to be used creating the binary map file (Mercator, central longitude of -75 degrees, latitude of true scale 40 degrees north). Then the "blank" file is copied to two files required by the mosaic program: Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.mos Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.ran 2. Create backscatter files that can be then mosaicked from the SeaBeam sidescan data: Command line: removeAngular -use_calib filename.mb41.merged Command line: makess filename.mb41.merged filename.mb41.ss Command line: glhist filename.mb41.ss filename.mb41.ss_hist 3. Mosaic all the backscatter files created in the last step (for each filename.ss_hist). Command line: mos2 -autoseam -auto_dg -custom_weight BEAM_weights -maxdist 50 mosaic_file filename.mb41.ss_hist Note: Errors in the UNB gridding software were identified in 2003 and 2007. These data were processed with corrected software. Process_Date: 2009 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Use a two point linear contrast stretch 0-254; 255 is no data) to enhance the shaded-relief image: Command line: stretchacres -low 110 -high 140 -in mosaic_file -out mosaic_file.stretch Create a TIFF from the backscatter mosaic file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/): Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height mosaic_file.stretch | pnmtotiff -none - > mosaic_grayscale.tif Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the mosaic TIFF image for import to ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution from the jview program output to the .tfw file. Command line: jview mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create GeoTIFF image using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Projection is custom Mercator, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x 2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 2489 Column_Count: 2163 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Mercator Mercator: Standard_Parallel: 40.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 100.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 100.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Backscatter intensity, the intensity of the acoustic return from the sea floor from the multibeam system, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. However, the micro-topography, such as ripples, burrows, and benthic populations also affect the reflectivity of the sea floor. Direct observations, using bottom photography or video, and surface samples, are needed to verify interpretations of the backscatter intensity data. The backscatter data have a weak striping that runs parallel to the ship tracklines. Some of the striping is the result of poor data return at nadir that appears as evenly-spaced thin speckled lines. Backscatter intensity is shown as an 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: hc_rb_backi.zip: contains hc_rb_backi.tif, hc_rb_backi.tfw, and associated FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the U.S. Geological Survey, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.3 Format_Specification: GeoTIFF image Format_Information_Content: GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity and associated metadata from a 2002 multibeam survey of the Hudson Canyon compressed in a zip file. File_Decompression_Technique: zip Transfer_Size: 1.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621?name=hc_rb_backi.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F77H1GSF Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files, individual files, or accessing the landing page of the data. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ArcGIS REST service Format_Information_Content: Hudson Canyon GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity data provided through a service definition file in an ArcGIS REST service. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Catalog/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621/MapServer Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the option of accessing the data through a mapping service or accessing the landing page of the data. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WMS Format_Information_Content: Hudson Canyon GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity data provided through a WMS (web mapping service). Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/arcgis/services/Catalog/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa5e29e4b0b7ea54525621 Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the option of accessing the data through a mapping service or accessing the landing page of the data. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity is compressed into a zip file (hc_rb_backi.zip). To use these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and ArcGIS or another GIS application package capable of viewing the data Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200807 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time