Junbong Jang 2019 1.1 data release DOI:10.5066/F77M076K Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae Junbong Jang Shuang C. Cao Laura A. Stern Jongwon Jung William F. Waite 2019 1.1 data release DOI:10.5066/F77M076K Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Effect of pore fluid chemistry on the sedimentation and compression behavior of pure, endmember fines (Version 1.1, August, 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K. This dataset supports the following publication: Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Impact of pore-fluid chemistry on fine-grained sediment fabric and compressibility: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2018JB015872, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015872. https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5a8ca00ce4b069906054dff9 The safety, effectiveness and longevity of many construction and geotechnical engineering projects rely on correctly accounting for the evolution of soil properties over time. Critical sediment properties, such as compressibility, can change in response to pore-fluid chemistry changes, particularly if the sediment contains appreciable concentrations of fine-grained materials. Pore-fluid changes act at the micro scale, altering interactions between sediment particles, or between sediment particles and the pore fluid. These micro-scale alterations change how sediment fabrics and void ratios develop, which directly impacts macro-scale properties such as sediment compressibility. The goal of this study is to correlate sediment compressibility, a macro-scale property, to the micro-scale pore-fluid chemistry effects and ultimately to the electrical sensitivity for each sediment. Such a correlation would allow compressibility behavior to be estimated from knowledge of the index properties and mineralogy profile for each sediment. The data in this release support the correlation effort by providing: 1) sedimentation results that provide insight into micro-scale sediment fabric and void ratio dependence on sediment/fluid interactions, and 2) consolidation results that quantify the macro-scale compressibility and recompressibility parameters for a suite of fine-grained sediments and differing pore fluids. The related journal publication (Jang and others, 2018) demonstrates how the macro-scale compressibility and recompressibility results from the consolidation tests are linked back, through the sediment fabric and void ratio data from the sedimentation tests, to the micro-scale impact of pore-fluid chemistry and sediment electrical sensitivity. Sedimentation measurements of the patterns and rates at which particles settle in fluids of different chemical makeup yield insights into the dependence of interparticle interactions on fluid chemistry. Data contained in this report cover a suite of fine-grained material types and pore fluid chemistries to provide trends for interpreting sediment compressibility over a range of environments, applications and system-evolution scenarios. The sedimentation data is used to interpret the associated compressibility data from this data release in the related journal article (Jang and others, 2018). In addition to funding from the U.S. Geological Survey Gas Hydrate Project, this work is sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, both through an interagency agreement (DE-FE0026166) and a grant awarded to Louisiana State University (DE-FE0028966). More information about the project can be found at: https://www.netl.doe.gov/research/oil-and-gas/project-summaries/methane-hydrate/fe0028966-lsu-fe0026166-usgs. Version 1.0 of this data release was replaced by Version 1.1 in August, 2019 to add data for diatom sedimentation in a selection of pore fluids that had not been measured when Version 1.0 was released. Differences between versions is explained in Version 1.1. process step below. 2019 These data are collected from laboratory measurements of generic endmember sediment types that were purchased rather than collected. The relevant reference for currentness is given as the publication date, which was originally 2018. The Version 1.1 release in 2019 contains additional data for the diatom sediment as described in the updated process steps. Complete None planned. -180 180 90 -90 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center WHCMSC Coastal and Marine Geology Program CMGP fine-grained sediment bentonite calcium carbonate diatoms illite kaolin mica silica silt deionized water brine kerosene sodium hexametaphosphate settling ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation USGS Thesaurus earth material properties soil sciences None Laboratory Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center U.S. Geological Survey None. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. U.S. Geological Survey Junbong Jang Geophysicist mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2278 508-457-2310 jjang@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae?name=Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png Image showing sedimentation behavior dependence on pore fluid chemistry. PNG The settlement tubes used in this work were all cut from the same acrylic tube, and thus are all of the same diameter. Equal heights of sediment and liquid were used in each test, and agitation times prior to allowing the system to settle were equivalent. Not all sediment types were measured in every fluid, so not all spreadsheet columns contain data for each sediment. Blank interface height entries within a column of measured data occur for one of two reasons: either the interface height in question could not be resolved at the stated measurement time, or that particular measurement time was not utilized for the given sediment-fluid pairing. Measurements were made at the U.S. Geological Survey in the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant horizontal position data for this work. Measurements were made at the U.S. Geological Survey in the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant vertical position data for this work. Specimen set-up: After oven-drying one of the seven sediment types, sediment was spooned into a 25.4 mm diameter acrylic settling tube (settling tube pictured in the browse graphic). Gentle spooning of sediment into the settling tube created a loose-packed (maximum void ratio) fabric with a sediment height of 25.4 mm. The sediment was then mixed with a one of the test fluids to a final height of 152.4 mm to obtain a ratio of one to six in the diameter to height of the fluid column. The mixture was allowed to stabilize for more than twelve hours before the cylinder was evacuated in order to remove gas from the fluid. After degassing the fluid, the headspace was reopened to the atmosphere momentarily before a new stopper was inserted into the cylinder top to seal the specimen and water for the duration of the test. The sealed cylinder was shaken for one minute before being left to settle undisturbed. 2017 U.S. Geological Survey Junbong Jang Geophysicist mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2278 508-457-2310 jjang@usgs.gov Measurement: Heights of the depositional interface and the accumulated sediment interface were measured as functions of time until the interface locations stabilized (one to four days, see Browse Graphic for example of sedimentation behavior). Measurement intervals increased with time in an approximately logarithmic fashion over the course of a complete test to capture time-varying behavior of the sedimentation. Time measurements were made with a stopwatch, and had a precision of ± 0.2 min. Height measurements were made with a ruler affixed to the cylinder, and had a precision of ± 0.1 mm. 2017 U.S. Geological Survey Junbong Jang Geophysicist mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2278 508-457-2310 jjang@usgs.gov Version 1.1: results have been added from additional testing done on diatoms since the release of Version 1.0. In Version 1.0, the diatom sediment type was not measured in each of the pore fluids used in this study. Version 1.1 includes the Version 1.0 results, with the addition of diatom results for sedimentation in brine concentrations of 1mM, 10mM, 100mM, 600mM and 1M, and for diatom sedimentation in the dispersant, Hexametaphosphate. Measurements were made according to the process steps listed for Version 1.0, and blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for the given pairing of sediment and fluid. For the added diatom data, three additional time intervals (1125, 1860 and 4320 seconds) were utilized for certain fluids. To reflect new data results, the Range Domain values in the Attribute metadata below were updated as necessary. 2019 U.S. Geological Survey Junbong Jang Geophysicist mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2278 508-457-2310 jjang@usgs.gov Data archiving: Microsoft Excel version 16.16.10 was used to gather all data in a spreadsheet. Measured interface heights and elapsed times were arranged by sediment and pore fluid type. Results were then exported to a comma-separated values (csv) file format. 2019 U.S. Geological Survey Junbong Jang Geophysicist mailing

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2278 508-457-2310 jjang@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200807 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data_V1_1 Depositional and accumulated sediment interface heights of pure, fine-grained sediment specimens allowed to settle in various fluids. U.S. Geological Survey Sediment Type of sediment used in the settling test U.S. Geological Survey Character set (text). Elapsed Time [min] Time elapsed since well-mixed specimen was allowed to begin settling. U.S. Geological Survey 0.08 5760.0 minutes Deionized Water_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 26.0 152.4 millimeters Deionized Water_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters Kerosene_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with kerosene to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 27.3 152.4 millimeters Kerosene_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with kerosene to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 27.3 152.4 millimeters 1mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (1mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 21.0 152.4 millimeters 1mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (1mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters 10mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (10mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 21.0 152.4 millimeters 10mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (10mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters 100mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (100mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 18.2 152.4 millimeters 100mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (100mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters 600mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (600mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 16.8 151.1 millimeters 600mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (600mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 151.1 millimeters 1M_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (1M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 19.7 151.1 millimeters 1M_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (1M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 2.54 151.1 millimeters 2M_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 18.4 152.4 millimeters 2M_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters Sodium Hexametaphosphate_Depositional Interface Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with a solution of water and Sodium Hexametaphosphate (654mM (NaPO3)6) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters Sodium Hexametaphosphate_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm] Sediment is mixed with a solution of water and Sodium Hexametaphosphate (654mM (NaPO3)6) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. U.S. Geological Survey 0 152.4 millimeters These data are available in a Microsoft Excel XLSX as well as a CSV format. The first line in the XLSX and CSV file is a header line and those labels are the same as those defined in the attribute section. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov This dataset contains four files: Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data.xlsx (data in an Excel spreadsheet), Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data.csv (same data in a comma-separated text file), Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png (browse graphic), and FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML format. Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. XLXS Microsoft Excel version 16.16.10 The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. CSV Microsoft Excel version 16.16.10 Comma-Separated Values exported from Excel The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. 1 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. None. These data are available in XLSX and CSV formats, and a browse graphic in PNG format. The user must have software capable of reading the data formats. 20240319 U.S. Geological Survey William F. Waite Geophysicist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2346 508-457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998