U.S. Geological Survey 2017 1.0 remote-sensing image data release DOI:10.5066/F7C53J1Z Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C53J1Z https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3 Bradford Butman William W. Danforth John E. Hughes Clarke Richard P. Signell 2017 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/F7C53J1Z Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Butman, Bradford, Danforth, W.W., Clarke, J.E.H., and Signell, R.P., 2017, Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Hudson Shelf Valley: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C53J1Z. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C53J1Z The Hudson Shelf Valley is the submerged seaward extension of the ancestral Hudson River drainage system and is the largest physiographic feature on the Middle Atlantic continental shelf. The valley begins offshore of New York and New Jersey at about 30-meter (m) water depth, runs southerly and then southeasterly across the Continental Shelf, and terminates on the outer shelf at about 85-m water depth landward of the head of the Hudson Canyon. Portions of the 150-kilometer-long valley were surveyed in 1996, 1998, and 2000 using a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The purpose of the multibeam echosounder surveys was to map the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the valley, providing a framework for geologic, oceanographic, and geochemical studies. The data from the three surveys are combined to produce grids of bathymetry and backscatter intensity at 12-m resolution that cover the entire valley and the head of the Hudson Canyon. The mapping was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with support from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the University of New Brunswick. The GeoTIFF image of shaded-relief bathymetry provides a visualization of the bathymetry that accentuates small features that cannot be effectively shown as contours alone. The shaded-relief image was created by vertically exaggerating the bathymetry 4 times and then artificially illuminating the relief by a light source positioned 45 degrees above the horizon from the north. The image merges bathymetry data obtained in 1996, 1998, and 2000. Butman and others (1998), Butman and others (2003), and Thieler and others (2007) (see cross references) present maps and interpretations of the multibeam data. Additional edits, primarily sound velocity corrections, were made to the bathymetry grid compared to that shown in Butman and others (2003). In addition, in the image presented in Butman and others (2003), the value of 255 included both no data and the maximum data value. In this image, the value 255 is no data. Other datasets from the survey of the Hudson Shelf Valley may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). 19961123 20000504 Ground condition. Surveys of different parts of the valley were carried out 19961123 to 19961201, 19981029 to 19981102, and 20000407 to 20000504. Complete None planned -73.901667 -71.999938 40.433333 39.333341 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3 none bathymetry shaded-relief bathymetry geoTIFF image multibeam sea floor mapping Simrad EM1000 Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed WHCMSC field activity 1996-043-FA WHCMSC field activity 1998-015-FA WHCMSC field activity 2000-015-FA Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) University of New Brunswick (UNB) USGS Open-File Report 03-372 ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans geoscientificInformation imageryBaseMapsEarthCover USGS Thesaurus sea-floor characteristics marine geophysics computational methods geospatial datasets multibeam sonar none Hudson Shelf Valley New York Bight mid-Atlantic Bight New York New Jersey Hudson Canyon North Atlantic Ocean none sea floor None Not to be used for navigation. U.S. Geological Survey Bradford Butman mailing and physical address

Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2212 bbutman@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3?name=hsv_srelief12m_browsegraphic.jpg Browse graphic of the shaded relief bathymetry of the sea floor. JPEG Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Butman, Bradford Middleton, T.J. Thieler, E.R. Schwab, W.C. 2003 Open-File Report 03-372 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-372/ Thieler, E.R. Butman, Bradford Schwab, W.C. Allison, M.A. Driscoll, N.W. Donnelly, J.P. Uchupi, Elazar 2007 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246 (2007), 120-136; DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.030 Amsterdam Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.030 Butman, Bradford Danforth, W.W. Schwab, W.C. ten Brink, M.B. 1998 Open-File Report 98-616 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-616/ Butman, Bradford Danforth, W.W. Knowles, S.C. May, Brian Serrett, Laurie 2002 Open-File Report 00-503 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-503/ Butman, Bradford Twichell, D.C. Rona, P.A. Tucholke, B.E. Middleton, T.J. Robb, J.R. 2006 Open-File Report 2004-1441 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1441/ Clarke, J.H. 1998 New Brunswick, Canada Ocean Mapping Group, University of New Brunswick http://www.omg.unb.ca/~jhc/SwathEd.html Butman, Bradford Danforth, W.W. Clarke, J.E.H. Signell, R.P. 2017 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/F74B2ZGX Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey This publication contains edition 2.0 of the bathymetry and derivative datasets that were originally released as part of Open-File Report 00-503. Edition 2.0 was created using revised processing software to correct a projection error in edition 1.0. The stretch for the images in edition 2.0 was also changed so that 255 is no data. https://doi.org/10.5066/F74B2ZGX All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include small highs and lows and unnatural-looking features and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the tracklines is sometimes identified by parallel stripes in the image. This image was created from bathymetry data collected with a Simrad EM 1000 multibeam echosounder on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities 1996-043-FA, 1998-015-FA, and 2000-015-FA that have been merged together. There are a few data gaps in image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. Other datasets from the survey of the Hudson Shelf Valley may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). These data were navigated with a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) which is typically accurate to +/- 3 meters, horizontally. Repeated surveys of the Historic Area Remediation Site (HARS) (Butman and others, 2016), made on the same cruises and using the same instrumentation as the surveys of the Hudson Shelf Valley, were used to qualitatively assess the horizontal accuracy of the 1996, 1998, and 2000 surveys. The difference in location of sea floor features in the HARS identified in the 1996 and 1998 surveys were typically 5 m or less, as expected when navigating with DGPS. The difference in location of same features in the 1998 and 2000 survey were typically 10-20 m and in the along-track direction of the survey. This analysis suggests that the data collected in 1996 and 1998 surveys of the Hudson Shelf Valley are accurate to +/- 3 m horizontally, and the data collected in the 2000 survey accurate to 10-20 m horizontally. Canadian Hydrographic Service William W. Danforth John E. Hughes Clarke Unpublished Material disc 19961123 20000504 Ground condition. Surveys of different parts of the valley were carried out 19961123 to 19961201, 19981029 to 19981102, and 20000407 to 20000504. none The multibeam data were collected with a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The multibeam system utilizes 60 electronically-aimed receive beams spaced at intervals of 2.5 degrees that insonify a strip of sea floor up to 7.5 times the water depth. The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor is approximately 10 % of the water depth. Vertical resolution is approximately 1 % of the water depth. Data were collected along tracklines spaced 5-7 times the water depth apart at a speed of 10-14 knots. The valley was surveyed with lines running approximately parallel to the valley axis; in some areas the lines were run in a Zamboni pattern for efficiency. The piecemeal survey pattern was a result of the limited endurance of the Creed, about 2 days, and weather. The frequency of the sonar is 95 kHz. Sound velocity profiles, used to correct for refraction, were obtained when arriving at the start of each portion of the survey and then twice each day. Navigation was by means of differential GPS. Operation of the Simrad EM1000 was carried out by hydrographers of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities 1996-043-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=1996-043-FA), 1998-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=1998-015-FA), and 2000-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=1998-015-FA). A suite of processing software (called SwathEd) (Clarke, 1998; see cross reference), developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, was used to process and grid the multibeam bathymetric soundings and produce shaded-relief images. The metadata for the grid (see larger work citation) describes the processing steps applied to the navigation and bathymetric soundings. The following processing steps produced the shaded-relief image for the 1996, 1998, and 2000 Hudson Shelf Valley datasets: 1. Create a 12-m grid of the bathymetric soundings using the SwathEd routine weigh_grid. Command line: weigh_grid -fresh_start -omg -tide -coeffs -mindep -2 -maxdep -800 -beam_mask -beam_weight -custom_weight EM1000_Weights -butter -power 2 -cutoff 24 -lambda 6 gridFile filename.merged 2. Create a shaded-relief image of the bathymetry using SwathEd routine addSUN (sun elevation of 45 degrees from 0, vertically exaggerating 4 times). The shaded relief file created from the grid is mapped into the same projection as the grid and carries over the projection information (custom Mercator, central meridian -75 degrees, latitude of true scale 40 degrees north) used to create the grid. Command line: addSUN -elev 45 -azi 0 -vert_exag 4.0 gridFile.r4 filename.shade Note: Errors in the UNB gridding software were identified in 2003 and 2007. These data were processed with corrected software. 2007 U.S. Geological Survey William W. Danforth mailing and physical address

Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2274 bdanforth@usgs.gov Use a two point linear contrast stretch (0-254; 255 is no data) to enhance the shaded-relief image. Command line: stretchacres -low 150 -high 200 -in filename.shade -out filename_shade.stretch (Note the value 255 in images presented in Butman and others (2003) included both no data and maximum data value. In this image, the value 255 is no data.) Convert each contrast-stretched shaded-relief image from SwathEd format to a TIFF file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/): Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height filename_shade.stretch | pnmtotiff -none - > filename.tif 2016 U.S. Geological Survey William W. Danforth mailing and physical address

Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2274 bdanforth@usgs.gov Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the shaded-relief TIFF image for import to ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution information from the jview program output to the tfw file using UNIX text editor vi. Command line: jview filename_shade.stretch This file was created in 2007 for use with intermediate versions of the TIFF image and is unchanged for all versions. 2007 U.S. Geological Survey William W. Danforth mailing and physical address

Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2274 bdanforth@usgs.gov Create GeoTIFF image using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Projection is custom Mercator, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984. 2016 U.S. Geological Survey Bradford Butman mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x 2212 bbutman@usgs.gov USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section. 20180720 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200810 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Raster Pixel 10161 13533 1 Mercator 40.000000 -75.000000 0.000000 0.000000 row and column 12.000000 12.000000 meters D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.000000 298.257224 hsv_srelief12m.tif shaded-relief bathymetry USGS The shaded-relief image (12 m resolution) was created by vertically exaggerating the topography four times and then artificially illuminating the relief from the north by a light source positioned 45 degrees above the horizon. In the resulting image, topographic features are enhanced by strong illumination on the northward-facing slopes and by shadows cast on southern slopes. The shaded-relief image accentuates small features that could not be effectively shown as contours alone. Shaded-relief bathymetry is shown as 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center

Building 810

Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov hsv_srelief12m.zip: contains hsv_srelief12m, hsv_srelief12m.tfw, hsv_srelief12m_browsegraphic.jpg browse graphic, and CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata in XML, HTML, and TXT formats. Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the U.S. Geological Survey, nor the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. GeoTIFF ArcGIS 9.3 Esri GeoTIFF image GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity at 12 m resolution and associated metadata from multibeam surveys of the Hudson Shelf Valley compressed in a zip file. zip 6.7 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3?name=hsv_srelief12m.zip https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/589a205ce4b0efcedb71a5a3 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C53J1Z The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files, individual files, or accessing the landing page of the data. none The GeoTIFF image of shaded-relief bathymetry is compressed into a zip file (hsv_srelief12m.zip). To use these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and ArcGIS or another GIS application package capable of viewing the data. 20240319 U.S. Geological Survey Bradford Butman mailing and physical address

Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2212 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time