Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Originator: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Publication_Date: 2017 Title: GeoTIFF image of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef (2-m resolution, Mercator, WGS 84) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7J38RFK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bradford Butman Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Originator: Richard P. Signell Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef, offshore of New York Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7J38RFK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Butman, Bradford, Danforth, W.W., Clarke, J.E.H., and Signell, R.P., 2017, Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef, offshore of New York: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK Description: Abstract: The Atlantic Beach artificial reef, located on the sea floor 3 nautical miles south of Atlantic Beach, New York in about 20 meters water depth, was built to create habitat for marine life. The reef was originally created by placing heavy materials such as tires, automobile bodies and other vehicles, barges, and rock from a dredging project on the sea floor. In 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed the area using a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ship Frederick G. Creed. The purpose of this multibeam survey, done in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers when the Creed was in the New York region in April 2000, was to map the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor in the area of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef. The data from this survey are bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and navigation trackline. Purpose: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity provides qualitative information on the sediment texture and roughness of the sea floor. Backscatter intensity, a measure of the strength of the acoustic return from the sea floor, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. Supplemental_Information: Other datasets from the 2000 survey of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef may be found in Butman and others (2017) (see larger work citation). For more information on the field activity that collected these data, see the field activity page https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2000-015-FA. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20000420 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.741679 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.691746 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.543342 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.523364 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: backscatter intensity Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: multibeam Theme_Keyword: sea floor mapping Theme_Keyword: Simrad EM1000 Theme_Keyword: Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) ship Frederick G. Creed Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC field activity 2000-015-FA Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Theme_Keyword: USACE New York District Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Theme_Keyword: Canadian Hydrographic Service Theme_Keyword: University of New Brunswick Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: sea-floor acoustic reflectivity Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics Theme_Keyword: image mosaics Theme_Keyword: multibeam sonar Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Atlantic Beach artificial reef Place_Keyword: New York Bight Place_Keyword: Middle Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: mid-Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Atlantic Ocean Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Stratum_Keyword: sea floor Stratum_Keyword: seafloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 2000 Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x 2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc?name=abreef_backi2m_browsegraphic.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Publication_Date: Unknown Title: Artificial reef locations Online_Linkage: http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/71702.html Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam backscatter intensity data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include unnatural-looking features and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the tracklines is sometimes identified by the faint parallel stripes in the image. Line 2061 is about 800 m short on the eastern end which results in a strip of no data between adjacent lines 2059 and 2063. Completeness_Report: All data from the multibeam survey of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef are included in the mosaic. There are a few gaps in the image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data were navigated with a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS); they are accurate to +/- 3 meters, horizontally. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Canadian Hydrographic Service Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw multibeam data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20000420 Ending_Date: 20000420 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: none Source_Contribution: The multibeam data were collected with a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The multibeam system utilizes 60 electronically-aimed receive beams spaced at intervals of 2.5 degrees that insonify a strip of sea floor up to 7.5 times the water depth. The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor is approximately 10 % of the water depth. Vertical resolution is approximately 1 % of the water depth. Data were collected along tracklines spaced 5-7 times the water depth apart at a speed of 10-14 knots. The Atlantic Beach artificial reef area was surveyed in a Zamboni pattern (for efficient turns at high speed) with lines running east-west. The Zamboni pattern yields blocks of eastward-run lines adjacent to blocks of westward-run lines. The frequency of the sonar was 95 kHz. Sound velocity profiles were obtained and input into the Simrad processing system to correct for refraction. Navigation was by means of differential GPS. Operation of the Simrad EM1000 was carried out by hydrographers of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 2000-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=2000-015-FA). Process_Step: Process_Description: A suite of processing software, called SwathEd, developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, was used to process and grid the multibeam data and to produce images. The metadata for the grid (see larger work citation) describes the processing steps applied to the navigation and bathymetric soundings. The following processing steps produced the grayscale image of backscatter intensity for the Atlantic Beach artificial reef data set: 1. Create a blank 8 bit map file: Command line: make_blank mosaic_file This command commences a dialog to enable an 8 bit image and input the map boundaries and resolution (2 meters in this case). Then the "blank" file is copied to two files required by the mosaic program: Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.mos Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.ran 2. Create backscatter files that can be then mosaicked from the backscatter time series: Command line: getBeamPattern filename (prefix only) Command line: makess -pixel 1.0 -beam_patt beampatt filename (prefix only) output.ss Command line: glfill output.ss output.ss_fill (fills in data dropouts). 3. Mosaic all the backscatter files created in the last step (for each output.ss_fill). Command line: mos2 -autoseam -maxazi 10 -maxdist 10 mosaic_file output.ss_fill Process_Date: 2010 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Use a two-point linear contrast stretch (0-254; 255 no data) to enhance the backscatter image: Command line: stretchacres -low 180 -high 220 -in mosaic_file -out mosaic_file.stretch Create a TIFF from the backscatter mosaic file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/): Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height mosaic_file.stretch | pnmtotiff -none - > mosaic_grayscale.tif Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the mosaic TIFF image for import to ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution from the jview program output to the .tfw file. Command line: jview mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2010 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create GeoTIFF image from TIFF and TIFF world file using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Projection is custom Mercator, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x 2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 1118 Column_Count: 2132 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Mercator Mercator: Standard_Parallel: 40.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Backscatter intensity, the intensity of the acoustic return from the sea floor from the multibeam system, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. However, the micro-topography, such as ripples, burrows, and benthic populations also affect the reflectivity of the sea floor. Direct observations, using bottom photography or video, and surface samples, are needed to verify interpretations of the backscatter intensity data. The backscatter data have a striping that runs parallel to the ship trackline. Backscatter intensity is shown as an 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Resource_Description: abreef_backi2m.zip: contains the image of backscatter intensity (abreef_backi2m.tif), world file for image (abreef_backi2m.tfw), browse graphic (abreef_backi2m_browsegraphic.jpg), and associated FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the U.S. Geological Survey, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.3 Format_Information_Content: GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity from a multibeam survey of the Atlantic Beach artificial reef compressed in a zip file. File_Decompression_Technique: zip Transfer_Size: 1.2 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc?name=abreef_backi2m.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files, individual files, accessing the landing page of the data, or accessing the main landing page of the data release. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ArcGIS REST service Format_Information_Content: Atlantic Beach artificial reef GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity data provided through a service definition file in an ArcGIS REST service. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Catalog/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc/MapServer Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the option of accessing the data through a mapping service, accessing the landing page of the data, or accessing the main landing page of the data release. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WMS Format_Information_Content: Atlantic Beach artificial reef GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity data provided through a WMS (web mapping service). Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/arcgis/services/Catalog/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/599f1b95e4b0e5eb065e3cbc Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J38RFK Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the option of accessing the data through a mapping service, accessing the landing page of the data, or accessing the main landing page of the data release. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity and associated metadata from the Atlantic Beach artificial reef survey are available in a zip file (abreef_backi2m.zip). To utilize these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and GIS software capable of displaying a GeoTIFF image. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200807 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time