Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Carolyn Ruppel Originator: John Pohlman Originator: Michael Casso Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Data and calculations to support the study of the sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide on the West Spitsbergen margin in June 2014 Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular Digital Data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7M906V0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Ruppel, C., Pohlman, J., and Casso, M., 2017, Data and calculations to support the study of the sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide on the West Spitsbergen margin in June 2014: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M906V0. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M906V0 Description: Abstract: A critical question for assessing global greenhouse gas budgets is how much of the methane that escapes from seafloor cold seep sites to the overlying water column eventually crosses the sea-air interface and reaches the atmosphere. The issue is particularly important in Arctic Ocean waters since rapid warming there increases the likelihood that gas hydrate--an ice-like form of methane and water stable at particular pressure and temperature conditions within marine sediments--will break down and release its methane to the overlying ocean. Some researchers have even proposed the possibility of an Arctic methane catastrophe characterized by wholesale breakdown of gas hydrates in marine sediments and release of the methane to the atmosphere as climate warms. This dataset collected on the West Spitsbergen margin during U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program Field Activity 2014-013-FA, which was carried out in conjunction with the University of Tromso and the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel on the R/V Helmer Hanssen, records 30-second-gridded methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in near-surface seawater and the atmospheric marine boundary layer, the carbon-13 isotopic composition of methane and carbon dioxide in the near-surface waters, and also environmental parameters (e.g., seawater salinity, wind speed, water and air temperatures). The results of calculations required to determine the sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide are also provided. Purpose: The data were collected at shallow and deepwater seeps and in background (no seep) areas on the West Spitsbergen margin for the purpose of determining the rate of methane and carbon dioxide exchange (flux) across the sea-air interface. Determining sea-air gas fluxes requires combining various datasets in space and time. This analysis uses the ship's navigational parameters, a hull-mounted seawater temperature sensor, and wind speed sensors; an Airmar PB200 weather station to provide a check on the ship's navigational parameters and record air temperature; two Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometers that measure the concentration of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in (dried) samples of headspace gas obtained from near-surface seawater and in samples of air within the atmospheric marine boundary layer; and a YSI EXO2 sonde that measure physical and chemical parameters for the near-surface seawater pumped into the lab. The dataset also reports on the stable carbon (δ13C) isotopic composition of methane and carbon dioxide in the near-surface waters as measured by one of the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometers. Such isotopic data can be used to infer the processes that led to the formation of methane and carbon dioxide (for example, microbial processes). The data have been combined, gridded at 30 second intervals and edited to remove periods when the instruments were being calibrated with lab standards or when data streams were disrupted. This results in non-continuous shiptracks and non-continuous times in the file. Once edited, the data were used to calculate a variety of values related to sea-air gas flux, including the saturation anomaly for methane in near-surface waters, sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide expressed in a variety of units, and various intermediate constants (Schmidt number, Ostwald coefficient) needed for sea-air flux calculations. Supplemental_Information: Additional information regarding the field activity can be obtained from: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2014-013-FA Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20140621 Ending_Date: 20140627 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 5.20419 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 10.82283 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 78.76130 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 78.20683 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:58cc3750e4b0849ce97dcec5 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: marine chemistry Theme_Keyword: ocean temperature Theme_Keyword: ocean-atmosphere interaction Theme_Keyword: carbon cycling Theme_Keyword: carbon isotope analysis Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: oceanographic observations Theme_Keyword: seepage studies Theme_Keyword: seep and vent ecosystems Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: methane seep Theme_Keyword: sea-air gas flux Theme_Keyword: greenhouse gas flux Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common geographic areas Place_Keyword: Svalbard Place_Keyword: Norway Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Spitsbergen Place_Keyword: Arctic Ocean Place_Keyword: Prins Karls Forland Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: None. Users are advised to read the data set's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Carolyn Ruppel Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2339 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cruppel@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58cc3750e4b0849ce97dcec5?name=gasflux_basemap.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of the data point locations of the sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide on the West Spitsbergen margin. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: Data acquisition partially sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through USGS-DOE interagency agreements DE-FE0002911 and DE-FE0005806. The Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE) at University of Tromso, as well as the Research Council of Norway, provided access to the R/V Helmer Hanssen for this cruise and also contributed navigation and other shipborne data. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: John W. Pohlman Originator: Jens Greinert Originator: Carolyn Ruppel Originator: Anna Silyakova Originator: Lisa Vielstadte Originator: Michael Casso Originator: Jurgen Mienert Originator: Stefan Bunz Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Enhanced CO2 uptake at a shallow Arctic Ocean seep field overwhelms the positive warming potential of emitted methane Series_Information: Series_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States Issue_Identification: doi:10.1073/pnas.1618926114 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618926114 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Fenix Garcia-Tigreros Kodovska Originator: Katy J. Sparrow Originator: Shari A. Yvon-Lewis Originator: Adina Paytan Originator: Natasha T. Dimova Originator: Alanna Lecher Originator: John D. Kessler Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Dissolved methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in Subarctic and Arctic regions: Assessing measurement techniques and spatial gradients Series_Information: Series_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters Issue_Identification: Volume 436, 15 February 2016, Pages 43–55 Online_Linkage: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.002 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: All parameters were checked to ensure that they were within physically reasonable ranges. Sources of inaccuracies can include: bad satellite fixes (ship's navigation and Airmar positional data), icing on the Airmar PB200 (air temperature--no icing experienced on this cruise), high water content remaining in the dried headspace gas stream injected into the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2201i (ch4watlo, ch4wathi, co2wat) or in the gas flowing from the atmospheric intake to the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2301f (airch4, airco2), and sensors out of calibration for the YSO EXO2 sonde (ysipH, ysiDO, and ysifDOM). Gridding the data at 30 second intervals and smoothing selected datasets also can introduce inaccuracies. For example, for ship's speed over ground within the range of 4 knots to 10 knots could produce maximum horizontal inaccuracy of up to ~30 meters and ~75 meters (half the distance that the ship moves in 30 seconds), respectively, as a result of gridding and interpolation. The ship's hull-mounted temperature sensor has an accuracy of +/- 0.002 degrees Celsius and a resolution of 0.0001 degrees Celsius. YSI EXO2 parameters have the following accuracy and resolution: SALINITY (measured in practical salinity units, converted from electrical conductivity internally in the sonde using Standard Method 2520 (www.standardmethods.org): accuracy 1% of conductivity measured in milliSiemens per centimeter; resolution 0.01 milliSiemens per centimeter; WATER TEMPERATURE: accuracy +/- 0.01 degrees Celsius; resolution 0.00 degrees Celsius; pH (unitless): accuracy +/- 0.2 pH units; resolution 0.01 pH units; DISSOLVED OXYGEN (milligrams per liter), measured optically: accuracy +/- 0.1 milligrams per liter; resolution 0.01 milligrams per liter; FLUORESCENT DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER (quinine sulfate units): accuracy--not applicable; resolution: 0.01 quinine sulfate units. Accuracy of the cavity ring-down spectrometers (CRDS) was determined empirically based on 13 analyses of certified gas standards. For the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2201i, the methane and carbon dioxide concentration measurements have accuracy of +/- 0.01 parts per million and 4.4 parts per million, respectively. The δ13C carbon isotopic measurements on methane and carbon dioxide have accuracy of +/- 2 parts per mil and +/- 1.5 parts per mil, respectively. For the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2301f, the methane and carbon dioxide concentrations have accuracy of +/- 0.01 parts per million and +/- 0.7 parts per million, respectively. For both instruments, the water vapor determination has accuracy of 0.004%. Logical_Consistency_Report: 30 second interval times may not be continuous. The data for each day were individually gridded at this time interval, and the gridding routine normally does not have enough data at the beginning and end of each day to start and end at the first and last (respectively) time intervals for a given day. Data corresponding to time intervals when the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer instruments were undergoing calibration with standard gases were removed, as were data recorded when the ship was oriented with air intakes for the Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2301f within the ship’s smokestack exhaust. In limited instances, missing values for seawater salinity and seawater temperature (mostly from the YSI EXO2) were replaced with data from adjacent time intervals. For other YSI EXO2 parameters, missing data were replaced by no data values (999.0) Data lines were also deleted or no data values (999.0) used when the carbon isotopic data for methane were positive or less than -90 per mil or when those for carbon dioxide were large positive or negative values. Such spurious isotopic data were sometimes recorded after testing of concentration standards. Completeness_Report: Completeness_Report: The data have been combined, gridded at 30 second intervals and edited to remove periods when the instruments were being calibrated with lab standards or when data streams were disrupted. This results in non-continuous shiptracks and non-continuous times in the file. Otherwise, the data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract and logical consistency report. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy of Furuno GP-500/GP-300 global positioning system and the Furuno FSN 70 satellite navigation system used by the R/V Helmer Hanssen is not known, but is expected to be within 10 m. Estimated maximum horizontal inaccuracy that could be introduced by gridding recorded positions at 30 second time intervals is 30-75 meters for ship's speed over ground of 4 to 10 knots, respectively. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The following text in this processing step and the next one describes the acquisition and processing sequence for the data and is only slightly modified from that in the Supporting Information for Pohlman and others, 2017 (see cross-reference). Much of the text here and in the next processing step is used verbatim. The navigational data, meteorological parameters, water environmental parameters, and gas concentrations were collected by different instruments and correlated based on time stamping or acquisition of the data on a single computer with a program that provides a single, continuous time stamp based on a Network Time Protocol (NTP). Navigational data (latitude and longitude) and meteorological data (true wind speed) were recorded at 60 second intervals in the R/V Helmer Hanssen’s digital log files. The ship’s position is determined using various global positioning system (GPS) receivers. The ship’s positional data were checked against independently-recorded GPS fixes recorded by a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) receiver on an Airmar PB200 meteorological station and logged using Hypack navigational software or native Hyperterminal logging on laptop computers. In most case, the positional information recorded by the ship and by the Airmar PB200 GPS was found to be within a few meters, except during sharp turns. The ship’s meteorological sensors are located on top of the bridge, at an estimated 22.4 m above the water line. Although the U.S. Geological Survey independently recorded meteorological parameters using Airmar PB200 Weather Station at several positions on the ship, the true windspeed data obtained from these deployments were not reliable, possibly owing to problems with the directional calibration of the Airmar instrumentation. Because the standard method for determining sea-air flux depends on the square of the windspeed, small oscillations or quality problems in the true windspeed data are magnified by the flux calculation. The ship’s true windspeed record was therefore retained for use in flux calculations. Near-surface water temperature for this study was measured in two ways. First, a hull-mounted temperature sensor is part of the R/V Hanssen’s standard instrument package, with data recorded at 60 second intervals in the navigation files. Second, the temperature and salinity of the water pumped onto the ship's laboratory via the seawater feed were measured by a YSI EXO2 sonde just before the sample was injected into the equilibrator that forms the front-end to the USGS Gas Analysis System (USGS-GAS), which consisted of a 2201i cavity ringdown spectrometer that received headspace gas from a Weiss-type equilibrator. The nominal difference between these two water temperature measurements is ~0.4 °C for this dataset and represents warming of the water during transport to the YSI EXO2 sonde through the ship’s pipes. Various corrections applied to gas concentrations determined with the CRDS are carried out using the water temperature recorded by the YSI EXO2 sonde. Calculations that refer to the state of near-surface waters (e.g., Schmidt number) employ the hull-mounted water temperature determination. Concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide were measured with a Picarro G-2201i cavity ring-down spectrometer for near-surface water and a Picarro G-2301f cavity ring-down spectrometer for air. The G-2201i sequentially measures methane and carbon dioxide concentrations for 12C and 13C, in addition to water vapor. Concentrations are determined from the 12C absorption spectrum for those species, and δ13C values are determined from the ratio of the 13C/12C spectra. The measured concentration and δ13C values of methane and carbon dioxide for the G-2201i and the G-2301f, as appropriate, were corrected using a slope and offset correction based on a linear best-fit regression between the measured values and standards of known concentration and isotopic content. The slopes and offsets for the concentration calibration were determined from Air Liquide certified gas standards that contained 1.21, 2.01 and 30 parts per million methane, and 198, 348 and 500 parts per million carbon dioxide (± 5%). Concentrations standards were analyzed at least once per day during the expedition. The shipboard laboratory component of the surface water analysis element of the USGS Gas Analysis System consists of a seawater feed, a YSI EXO2 sonde, a Weiss-type equilibrator, a single-channel air-handler and a Picarro G-2201i cavity ring-down spectrometer. The intake of the seawater pump was located 3 meters below the waterline of the bow. Based on the characteristics of the shipboard plumbing and a pumping rate of 20 liters per minute seawater to the wet lab, the water samples required 22.5 seconds to traverse the distance between the pump intake at the bow and equilibrator in the shipboard laboratory. A split of the water pumped through the tubing from the seawater intake was directed to the YSI EXO2 sonde, which measured water temperature, salinity, and other parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen and fDOM). A second split of the flow sprayed into the equilibrator. Gas in the equilibrator was circulated continuously at a rate of 2 liters per minute through the single-channel air-handler, where it was dried and a fraction (80 milliliters per minute) fed continuously through the G-2201i. Gas exiting the cavity ring-down spectrometer was returned to the main circulation loop of the air handler and equilibrator. The 22.5 second lag was applied to the YSI data to correlate them with the correct spatial location. Transport time from the equilibrator to the cavity ring-down spectrometer added another delay of 30 seconds. Thus, the cavity ring-down spectrometer values were time-shifted by a total of 52.5 second to place them at the correct spatial position in near-surface waters. Accurate determination of the time-offset between when a parcel of water was sampled from surface water and when gas from that parcel was analyzed by the cavity ring-down spectrometer was necessary to realistically map the areas of high dissolved gas concentrations. The Picarro G-2301f cavity ring-down spectrometer measures methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and water vapor pressure. At the beginning of the expedition and prior to initiating the key surveys, the leak rate of the closed-loop gas analysis system that includes the Picarro G-2201i cavity ring-down spectrometer was measured. Tests were conducted by injecting 50 milliliters of a 1000 part per million methane certified gas standard into the 1.5 liter analytical loop with the equilibrator sealed at the base. The change in methane concentration over time (i.e., the leak rate) was then monitored. Measured leak rates of 0.060 and 0.048 part per million per minute for system-diluted concentrations of 32.0 and 29.9 parts per million methane equate to system turnover times of 533 and 623 minutes, respectively. By comparison, the time constant with the equilibrators in operation was much shorter at 598 seconds (see below). The much greater leak rate turnover time means that system leakage did not meaningfully affect the methane concentrations measured in the equilibrator during this expedition. To facilitate point-by-point calculation of sea-air gas fluxes, all time-corrected data were combined onto a common 30 second time grid. Processing took place over time, 2014-2016. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Carolyn Ruppel Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2339 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cruppel@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Relevant data columns from the navigation and CRDS files and from the serial feed log files were extracted using Unix command line processing, yielding separate files for geographic position and some meteorological parameters, the cavity ring-down spectrometer near-surface water and atmospheric boundary layer data, the YSI EXO2 sonde data, and other meteorological parameters. The data were read in with Matlab (version R2015B) routines, with a Savitsky-Golay filter applied to smooth some of the datasets where rapid oscillations could propagate through calculations and create nonphysical results, particularly in the determination of sea-air flux. The Savitsky-Golay filter is fast and retains more of the recorded signal than other filtering approaches. The Matlab version of the Savitsky-Golay filter was implemented here using a third-order polynomial and smoothed datasets on their original, uneven time grids over different-duration time windows, depending on the degree of oscillatory behavior in the original data. For example, air concentration data were smoothed with a 51-point filter (generally less than 2 minutes), water concentration data with a 31-point filter (31 minutes), hull-mounted temperatures with an 11-point filter (11 minutes), and δ13C values for CH4 and CO2 in near-surface waters, which constituted the noisiest dataset, with a 501-point filter (~20 minutes). Once the data were read in and smoothed, they were interpolated for each day of the cruise at common 30 second intervals using Matlab. Only navigation data and ship-supplied parameters (e.g., temperature of water at the hull) were recorded less frequently than 30 seconds. After gridding at 30 seconds, the interpolated data were written into spreadsheets where they were edited for quality control. Prior to determining the sea-air flux, concentrations measured by the cavity ring-down spectrometers were corrected to account for the delay related to time required for the headspace of the equilibrator to reach equilibrium with the incoming water. Four laboratory-based tests were conducted in 2014 and one shipboard-based test was carried out in 2015 to derive the time constant representing the amount of time required for the system to increase to e (exponential number = 2.71828) times its initial value when the ship enters an area of elevated methane. From these analyses, the estimated delay time is 598 seconds for the rising methane case, and this was doubled to 1196 seconds for times when concentrations are decreasing. The decreasing concentration scenario represents the time required for re-equilibration to 1/e of the highest value measured in an area of elevated methane. Following the method of Kodovska et al. (2016; see cross-reference), the lag correction was applied to the already-corrected methane values from the near-surface water measurements. To remove spikes and negative values caused by overcorrection of the data using this approach, the results were smoothed by 51 points (25 minutes) for the data acquisition on most days and by 71 points (35 minutes) for data acquisition on June 25, 2014. Given the greater solubility of carbon dioxide (and the faster response of the instrumentation), it was not necessary to lag-correct those data. The measured carbon dioxide values are assumed to be in equilibrium. Processing took place over time, 2014-2016. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Carolyn Ruppel Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2339 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cruppel@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Entity point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 17473 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Attribute Table Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: daynumber Attribute_Definition: integer number representing the number of the day within the year 2014 Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 172 Range_Domain_Maximum: 178 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: day number within current year Attribute: Attribute_Label: date Attribute_Definition: date of data collection Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 6/21/2014 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6/27/2014 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: month/day/year Attribute: Attribute_Label: seconds_in_day Attribute_Definition: seconds within day, after gridding at 30 second intervals Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30 Range_Domain_Maximum: 86340 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: seconds Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_lat Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated latitude as determined by ship's navigation system Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 78.20683 Range_Domain_Maximum: 78.76130 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees north Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_long Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated longitude as determined by ship's navigation system Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 5.20419 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.82283 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees east Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_sog Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's speed over ground, as determined by ship's navigation system (not used in any calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0. Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: knots Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_truewind Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's determination of true wind speed Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.7 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters per second Attribute: Attribute_Label: airmar_lat Attribute_Definition: latitude measured by internal Airmar PB200 GPS; no data value is 999. (not used in any calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 78.2068 Range_Domain_Maximum: 78.7613 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees north Attribute: Attribute_Label: airmar_long Attribute_Definition: longitude measured by internal Airmar PB200 GPS; no data value is 999. (not used in any calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 5.2033 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.8232 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees east Attribute: Attribute_Label: baropress Attribute_Definition: barometric pressure measured by Airmar PB200 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.03 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: atmospheres of pressure Attribute: Attribute_Label: airT Attribute_Definition: air temperature measured by the Airmar PB200 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees C Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4watlo Attribute_Definition: methane concentration in near-surface seawater (high precision, from CRDS 2201i), used in calculations when this value was less than 15 parts per million Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.90 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.13 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4wathi Attribute_Definition: concentration of methane in near-surface seawater (high range from CRDS 2201i; only used in calculations if ch4watlo is greater than 15 parts per million, which it never was for this dataset); no data value 999 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.26 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2wat Attribute_Definition: concentration of carbon dioxide in near-surface seawater (from CRDS 2201i) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 201.80 Range_Domain_Maximum: 415.51 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2iso Attribute_Definition: δ13C of carbon dioxide in near-surface seawater (from CRDS 2201i); no data value 999. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -7.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4iso Attribute_Definition: δ13C of methane in near-surface seawater (from CRDS 2201i); no data value 999. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -57.5 Range_Domain_Maximum: -46.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil Attribute: Attribute_Label: watvapwat Attribute_Definition: water content of dried gas stream from near-surface seawater (from CRDS 2201i) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.014 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.054 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrch4wat Attribute_Definition: (calculated) methane concentration in near-surface seawater after correction for lab calibration on standard gases applied to ch4watlo Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.95 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.33 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: laggedCH4 Attribute_Definition: (calculated) corrected methane concentration in near-surface water (corrch4wat) time-lagged to account for instrument's response (598 seconds for rise time and 1196 seconds when concentrations are decreasing), using the method of Kodovska et al. (2016; see cross-reference). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.36 Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.20 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: laggedCH4sm Attribute_Definition: (calculated) time-lagged methane concentrations in the near-surface waters (laggedCH4) smoothed using a Savitsky-Golay filter to eliminate spikes and non-physical values (e.g., negative values created by the mathematical calculation for the lagging); these values are the ones propagated through to methane flux calculations Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.86 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.66 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrco2wat Attribute_Definition: (calculated) carbon dioxide concentration in near-surface seawater after correction for lab calibration on standard gases was applied to co2wat Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 210.62 Range_Domain_Maximum: 436.26 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrch4iso Attribute_Definition: (calculated) δ13C in methane in near-surface seawater after correction for lab calibration on standard gases was applied to ch4iso; no data value 999 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -51.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: -39.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrco2iso Attribute_Definition: (calculated) δ13C in carbon dioxide in near-surface seawater after correction for lab calibration on standard gases was applied to co2iso; no data value 999 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -11.9 Range_Domain_Maximum: -0.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: per mil Attribute: Attribute_Label: airch4 Attribute_Definition: methane concentration in air (from CRDS 2301f) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.84 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.98 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: airco2 Attribute_Definition: carbon dioxide concentration in air (from CRDS 2301f); values greater than ~410 ppm that have been retained in the spreadsheet can be caused by contamination from smokestack emissions; very large values replaced by no data value 999 (not propagated in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 379.87 Range_Domain_Maximum: 701.83 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrch4air Attribute_Definition: (calculated) methane concentration in air after correction of airch4 using the results of the lab calibration on standard gases Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.86 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.00 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrco2air Attribute_Definition: (calculated) carbon dioxide concentration in air after correction of airco2 for lab calibration on standard gases Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 391.88 Range_Domain_Maximum: 724.08 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million Attribute: Attribute_Label: watvapair Attribute_Definition: water content of dried air sample (from CRDS 2301f) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.18 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.36 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiwatT Attribute_Definition: temperature of seawater fed into the laboratory, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.31 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.57 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees C Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysisal Attribute_Definition: salinity of seawater fed into the laboratory, as determined by the YSI EXO2 sonde; no data value 999. (when needed for calculations, 999 replaced by values at adjacent measurements) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 33.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 34.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: practical salinity units (psu) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysipH Attribute_Definition: pH of seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde; no data value 999. (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 8.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.36 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: pH units Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiDO Attribute_Definition: dissolved oxygen in seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde; no data value 999 (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 9.83 Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.69 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligram per liter Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiDOsat Attribute_Definition: percent saturation of seawater with respect to oxygen, as calculated by the YSI EXO2 sonde based on measurement of ysiDO; no data value 999 (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 98.27 Range_Domain_Maximum: 126.24 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage of saturation Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysifDOM Attribute_Definition: fluorescent dissolved organic matter in seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations); no data value 999 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.58 Range_Domain_Maximum: -0.96 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: quinine sulfate units (QSU), where 1 QSU = 1 part per billion of quinine sulfate, which has fluorescence properties similar to that of organic matter; no data value 999 (not used in calculations) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_hullwatT Attribute_Definition: temperature of seawater measured with hull-mounted sensor on ship Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.69 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.31 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees C Attribute: Attribute_Label: OstCoeff Attribute_Definition: (calculated) Ostwald coefficient Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.03590 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.04094 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4_SatAnom Attribute_Definition: (calculated) saturation anomaly (% departure from saturation value) for methane in near-surface waters Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.4 Range_Domain_Maximum: 522.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage Attribute: Attribute_Label: SchmidtNo Attribute_Definition: (calculated) Schmidt number Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1406.23 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1739.62 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: gasvel_mday Attribute_Definition: (calculated) gas transfer velocity Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.37 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4airequil_nM Attribute_Definition: (calculated) concentration of dissolved methane in equilibrium with the measured atmospheric methane concentration Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.45 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nanomoles per liter Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4flux_umolm2day Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air methane flux Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.027 Range_Domain_Maximum: 31.928 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromole methane per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4flux_mgm2day Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air methane flux Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -4.0e-04 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.1e-01 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligram of methane per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: WaterConc_ch4nM Attribute_Definition: (calculated) concentration of methane in near-surface seawater Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.19 Range_Domain_Maximum: 20.44 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nanomolar Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ko_co2 Attribute_Definition: (calculated) carbon dioxide solubility coefficient Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0430 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0574 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: gastrans_co2 Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air gas transfer coefficient for carbon dioxide Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.20 Range_Domain_Maximum: 54.45 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2flux_mmolm2day Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air flux of carbon dioxide Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -113.80 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.92 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimoles of carbon dioxide per square meter per day, using corrected carbon dioxide concentration value in air; no data value 999 corresponds to intervals when air CO2 values were set to 999 because they were out of range (e.g., in the smokestack emissions) Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2flux_407ppm Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air flux CO2 Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -100.97 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.73 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimole of carbon dioxide per square meter per day, using an assumed carbon dioxide concentration in air of 407 parts per million Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This table contains data re-sampled at 30 second intervals and the associated calculations for the study of sea-air methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at seep sites and background sites on the West Spitsbergen (Svalbard) margin, based primarily on data acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey in June 2014 aboard the R/V Helmer Hanssen. The U.S. Geological Survey data are supplemented by shipboard data recorded by the R/V Helmer Hanssen. The description of the procedure for combining and gridding the data sets at 30 second intervals, smoothing of data as necessary, and completing calculations related to determining sea-air methane and carbon dioxide fluxes is provided in the Supporting Information to Pohlman and others (2017; see cross-reference) The data were originally recorded by several instruments operating continuously and producing data at different, uneven time intervals: Ship's navigation, ship-determined true winds, and hull-mounted temperature readings; Airmar navigation (used only as a rough check on ship's navigation), air temperature, and barometric pressure (more information about parameters available at: http://www.airmartechnology.com/uploads/installguide/PB200UserManual.pdf). YSI EXO2 sonde environmental parameters (water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter) of near-surface seawater pumped through the ship's seawater feed system into the laboratory (more information about parameters measured at: https://www.ysi.com/File%20Library/Documents/Manuals/EXO-User-Manual-Web.pdf. Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2201i analyses of the concentration of methane and carbon dioxide and the δ13C of methane and carbon dioxide in headspace gas extracted from near-surface seawater pumped through the ship's seawater feed system into the laboratory and then dried before measurement; and Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer G-2301f analyses of the concentration of methane and carbon dioxide in air samples that were dried before analysis. The table also contains calculations related to the determination of sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide in the study area. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: gasfluxdata_spitsbergen2014.csv and gasfluxdata_spitsbergen2014.xlsx Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: Excel 2013 Format_Specification: Comma-Separated Values Format_Information_Content: CSV file containing the data. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58cc3750e4b0849ce97dcec5 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M906V0 Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files or accessing the landing page of the data where the user can download individual files. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: XLSX Format_Version_Number: Excel 2013 Format_Specification: Excel spreadsheet Format_Information_Content: Excel spreadsheet containing the data. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/58cc3750e4b0849ce97dcec5 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M906V0 Access_Instructions: The network resources offer the options of downloading all the files or accessing the landing page of the data where the user can download individual files. Fees: None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the data set. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200807 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Carolyn Ruppel Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2339 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cruppel@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998