Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2016 Title: GeoTIFF image of the backscatter intensity of the sea floor offshore of Fire Island Inlet, New York, in 1998 (3-m resolution, Mercator, WGS 84) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7Z899GG Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7Z899GG Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/56ba3370e4b08d617f649004?name=fire_backi3m.zip Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Bradford Butman Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Originator: Richard P. Signell Originator: William C. Schwab Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor south of Long Island, New York Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7Z899GG Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7Z899GG Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/56a8e8a2e4b0b28f1184dc54 Description: Abstract: Surveys of the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor south of Long Island, New York, were carried out in November 1998 using a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The purpose of the multibeam echosounder surveys was to explore the bathymetry and backscatter intensity of the sea floor in several areas off the southern coast of Long Island along the 20-meter isobath. Survey areas offshore of Fire Island Inlet, Moriches Inlet, Shinnecock Inlet, and southwest of Montauk Point were about 1 kilometer (km) wide and 10 km long. The area was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey with support from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the University of New Brunswick. Purpose: This data release makes multibeam echosounder data from the 1998 survey of the sea floor offshore of Fire Island Inlet, New York, available in digital form. The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity provides qualitative information on the sediment texture and roughness of the sea floor. Backscatter intensity, a measure of the strength of the acoustic return from the sea floor, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. Supplemental_Information: Other data sets from this survey may be found in Butman and others (2016) (see larger work citation). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19981106 Ending_Date: 19981107 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.250000 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.079999 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.640000 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.570008 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:56ba3370e4b08d617f649004 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: backscatter intensity Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: multibeam Theme_Keyword: 3-m resolution image Theme_Keyword: sea floor mapping Theme_Keyword: Simrad EM 1000 Theme_Keyword: Canadian Coast Guard ship (CCGS) Frederick G. Creed Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC field activity 1998-015-FA Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Theme_Keyword: Canadian Hydrographic Service Theme_Keyword: University of New Brunswick Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: sea-floor acoustic reflectivity Theme_Keyword: image mosaics Theme_Keyword: multibeam sonar Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Fire Island Place_Keyword: Long Island Place_Keyword: New York Bight Place_Keyword: Middle Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: mid-Atlantic Bight Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Atlantic Ocean Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 1998 Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: fire_backi3m_browse.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Backscatter intensity image of the sea floor offshore of Fire Island Inlet, New York. File is located in the compressed zip file. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Schwab, W.C. Originator: Thieler, E.R. Originator: Denny, J.F. Originator: Danforth, W.W. Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Seafloor sediment distribution off southern Long Island, New York Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 00-243 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-243/ Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All data were processed in the same manner. Some features in the multibeam data are artifacts of data collection and environmental conditions. They include unnatural-looking features and patterns oriented parallel or perpendicular to survey tracklines. The orientation of the survey tracklines is often identified in the image by parallel stripes of false high reflectivity that occur at nadir. The Long Island surveys were assigned a block of line numbers beginning with 3000. Completeness_Report: This image contains all data collected in the multibeam survey offshore of Fire Island Inlet, New York, in 1998. There are a few gaps in the image due to incomplete coverage by the multibeam system. Other data sets collected offshore of Long Island, New York, on WHCMSC field activity 1998-015-FA may be found in Butman and others (2016) (see larger work citation). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data were navigated with a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS); they are accurate to +/- 3 meters, horizontally. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Canadian Hydrographic Service Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: John E. Hughes Clarke Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw multibeam data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19981106 Ending_Date: 19981107 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: none Source_Contribution: The multibeam data were collected with a Simrad EM1000 multibeam echosounder mounted on the starboard pontoon of the Canadian Coast Guard ship Frederick G. Creed. The multibeam system utilizes 60 electronically-aimed receive beams spaced at intervals of 2.5 degrees that insonify a strip of sea floor up to 7.5 times the water depth. The horizontal resolution of the beam on the sea floor is approximately 10 % of the water depth. Vertical resolution is approximately 1 % of the water depth. Data were collected along tracklines oriented approximately northeast-southwest, parallel to the local isobaths, and spaced about 100 m apart. The frequency of the sonar was 95 kHz. Sound velocity profiles were obtained and input into the Simrad processing system to correct for refraction. Navigation was by means of differential GPS. Operation of the Simrad EM1000 was carried out by hydrographers of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. The data were collected on Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity 1998-015-FA. Process_Step: Process_Description: A suite of processing software (called SwathEd) (www.omg.unb.ca/~jhc/SwathEd.html), developed by the Ocean Mapping Group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, was used to process and grid the multibeam bathymetric soundings and backscatter intensity data, and to produce images. The metadata for the bathymetry grid (see link in larger work citation) describes the processing steps applied to the navigation and bathymetric soundings. The following processing steps produced the grayscale image of backscatter intensity for the Fire Island data set: > 1. Create a blank 8 bit map file: > Command line: make_blank mosaic_file > This command commences a dialog to enable an 8 bit image and input the map boundaries and resolution. The program also prompts for the projection type and parameters to be used creating the binary map file (custom Mercator projection, central longitude of -75 degrees, latitude of true scale 40 degrees north). Then the "blank" file is copied to two files required by the mosaic program: > Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.mos > Command line: cp mosaic_file.blank mosaic_file.ran > 2. Create backscatter files that can be then mosaicked from the backscatter time series: > Command line: getBeamPattern filename (prefix only) > Command line: makess -pixel 1.0 -beam_patt beampatt filename (prefix only) output.ss > Command line: glfill output.ss output.ss_fill (fills in data dropouts). > 3. Mosaic all the backscatter files created in the last step (for each output.ss_fill). > Command line: mos2 -autoseam -maxazi 10 -maxdist 10 mosaic_file output.ss_fill > 4. Use a two-point linear contrast stretch (0-254; 255 is no data) to enhance the shaded-relief image: > Command line: stretchacres -low 170 -high 210 -in mosaic_file -out mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF from the backscatter mosaic file using the netpbm utilities (http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/): Command line: rawtopgm -headerskip 1024 image_width image_height mosaic_file.stretch | pnmtoTIFF -none - > mosaic_grayscale.tif Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a TIFF world file (tfw) for the mosaic TIFF image for use in ArcGIS. Copy bounding box and resolution from the jview program output to the .tfw file. > Command line: jview mosaic_file.stretch Process_Date: 2015 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William W. Danforth Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2274 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wdanforth@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Create GeoTIFF image using the Define Projection Tool in Data Management Tools, Projections and Transformations in ArcToolbox 9.3. Custom Mercator projection, central meridian of -75.0 degrees, latitude of true scale 40.0 degrees north, false easting 0.0, false northing 0.0; Geographic Coordinate System WGS 1984. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section. Process_Date: 20180720 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200810 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 2614 Column_Count: 4839 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Mercator Mercator: Standard_Parallel: 40.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 3.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 3.0 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Backscatter intensity, the intensity of the acoustic return from the sea floor from the multibeam system, is a function of the properties of the surficial sediments and of the bottom roughness. Generally high backscatter intensity (strong return), shown as light gray tones, is associated with rock or coarse-grained sediment, and low backscatter intensity (weak return), shown as dark gray tones, with fine-grained sediments. However, the micro-topography, such as ripples, burrows, and benthic populations also affect the reflectivity of the sea floor. Direct observations, using bottom photography or video, and surface samples, are needed to verify interpretations of the backscatter intensity data. The backscatter data have a weak striping that runs parallel to the tracklines. Some of the striping is the result of poor data return at nadir that appears as evenly-spaced thin speckled lines. Backscatter intensity is shown as an 8-bit (0-255) grayscale image; 255 is no data. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: MS 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: fire_backi3m.zip: contains fire_backi3m.tif, fire_backi3m.tfw, and associated FGDC-compliant metadata (CSDGM format). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.3 Format_Specification: GeoTIFF image Format_Information_Content: GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity and associated metadata from multibeam survey offshore of Fire Island Inlet, New York, compressed in a WinZip (version 14) file File_Decompression_Technique: zip Transfer_Size: 1.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/56ba3370e4b08d617f649004?name=fire_backi3m.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7Z899GG Access_Instructions: The network resource directs to a landing page where the zip file containing the data can be downloaded. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: The GeoTIFF image of backscatter intensity is compressed into a WinZip (version 14) file (fire_backi3m.zip). To use these data, the user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and ArcGIS or another GIS application package capable of viewing the data. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200810 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Bradford Butman Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2212 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bbutman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time