Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Lee-Gray Boze Originator: Brett Thornton Originator: John W. Pohlman Originator: Carolyn D. Ruppel Publication_Date: 20241220 Title: Methane and carbon dioxide concentration data, environmental data, and calculations used to determine sea-air flux on the northern Greenland margin Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular Digital Data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P15TMWWP Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Other_Citation_Details: Boze, L.G., Thornton, B., Pohlman, J.W., and Ruppel, C.D., 2024, Methane and carbon dioxide concentration data, environmental data, and calculations used to determine sea-air flux on the northern Greenland margin: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P15TMWWP Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P15TMWWP Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/669955b7d34e9ac16e164c82 Description: Abstract: Determining how much methane and carbon dioxide cross the sea-air interface is critical when assessing marine greenhouse gas fluxes. This assessment is particularly important on Arctic Ocean continental margins, where rapid climate change is thawing glacial ice and permafrost; reducing sea ice cover; and changing water temperatures, salinities, nutrient loads, and ocean currents. This dataset was collected in the Sherard Osborn Fjord and adjacent areas of the Nares Strait and Lincoln Sea on the northern Greenland margin during the 2019 Ryder Expedition (known as SWEDARCTIC Ryder 2019), which is also identified as U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Field Activity 2019-042-FA. The University of Stockholm led the expedition aboard the Swedish icebreaker Oden (IB Oden), in collaboration with the University of New Hampshire and the USGS. The dataset contains 30-second interpolated methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in near-surface seawater and the atmospheric marine boundary layer and provides the calculations used to determine the sea-air flux. The dataset also contains environmental data, including seawater salinity, wind speed, water and air temperatures, water depth, seawater pH, seawater dissolved oxygen, seawater fluorescent dissolved organic matter, seawater oxidation-reduction potential, seawater phycoerythrin, and seawater chlorophyll. Purpose: Various datasets overlapping in space and time were collected for the purpose of calculating the rate of methane and carbon dioxide exchange (flux) across the sea-air interface. The measurements include ship's position, water depth, seawater temperature, and wind speed recorded by the ship's sensors; methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in near-surface seawater measured by the USGS cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS); concentrations of the same gases in the atmospheric marine boundary layer measured by a Los Gatos direct absorption spectrometer operated by University of Stockholm; and salinity and other parameters measured with a YSI sonde. The data were combined, interpolated at 30 second intervals, and edited to remove periods when the instruments were being calibrated with lab standards or when data streams were disrupted. The interpolated data were then used to calculate the saturation anomaly for methane in near-surface waters, sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide expressed in a variety of scientific units, and various intermediate constants (Schmidt number, Ostwald coefficient). Supplemental_Information: For more information about the WHCMSC Field Activity, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2019-042-FA. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20190807 Ending_Date: 20190906 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -66.5345 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -50.5381 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 82.5780 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 80.7655 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: sea-air gas flux Theme_Keyword: greenhouse gas flux Theme_Keyword: carbon dioxide concentrations Theme_Keyword: methane concentrations Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: marine chemistry Theme_Keyword: ocean temperature Theme_Keyword: ocean-atmosphere interaction Theme_Keyword: carbon cycling Theme_Keyword: ocean salinity Theme_Keyword: water temperature Theme_Keyword: oxygen content (water) Theme_Keyword: ocean salinity Theme_Keyword: air temperature Theme_Keyword: sea surface temperature Theme_Keyword: water pH Theme_Keyword: carbon flux Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: oceanographic observations Theme_Keyword: seepage studies Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:669955b7d34e9ac16e164c82 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Sherard Osborn Fjord Place_Keyword: Ryder Glacier Place_Keyword: Nares Straight Place_Keyword: Lincoln Sea Place_Keyword: Arctic Ocean Place_Keyword: northern Greenland margin Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common geographic areas Place_Keyword: Greenland Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Not for navigational use. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: Lee-Gray Boze Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2266 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lboze@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/669955b7d34e9ac16e164c82?name=oden2019_browsegraphic.jpg&allowOpen=true Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Thumbnail image showing the extent of underway measurements of near-surface and atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide and environmental parameters during the 2019 Ryder cruise during USGS Field Activity 2019-FA-042. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: These data were acquired during USGS field activity 2019-FA-042, which was part of the 2019 Ryder expedition on the icebreaker (I/B) Oden. USGS data acquisition was partially sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through USGS-DOE interagency agreement DE-FE0023495. The Swedish Polar Secretariat, the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at University of New Hampshire, and Stockholm University funded the cruise and provided access to ship's navigational and sensor data for this data release. The National Science Foundation provided in-kind transportation and accommodations for USGS shipboard scientist Lee-Gray Boze through the Arctic Support Program. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Data were recorded shipboard on a laptop running a Windows 7 Enterprise operating system and then ingested into a custom Labview 2018 program. Data streams were combined using Microsoft Excel 365 software running on an Apple computer(Monterey operating system). Interpolation onto even time points was completed using Matlab (version 2021a) on a laptop running Windows 10 Enterprise. Final calculations were completed in Excel 365 using the Apple computer. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jakobsson, Martin Originator: Mayer, Larry A. Originator: Nilsson, Johan Originator: Stranne, Christian Originator: Calder, Brian Originator: O'Regan, Matthew Originator: Farrell, John W. Originator: Cronin, Thomas M. Originator: Bruchert, Volker Originator: Chawarksi, Julek Originator: Eriksson, Bjorn Originator: Fredriksson, Jonas Originator: Gemery, Laura Originator: Glueder, Anna Originator: Holmes, Felicity A. Originator: Jerram, Kevin Originator: Kirchner, Nina Originator: Mix, Alan Originator: Muchowski, Julia Originator: Prakash, Abhay Originator: Reilly, Brendan Originator: Thornton, Brett Originator: Ulfsbo, Adam Originator: Weidner, Elizabeth Originator: Akesson, Henning Originator: Handl, Tamara Originator: Stahl, Emelie Originator: Boze, Lee-Gray Originator: Reed, Sam Originator: West, Gabriel Originator: Padman, June Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Ryder glacier in northwest Greenland is shielded from warm Atlantic water by a bathymetric sill Series_Information: Series_Name: Communications Earth and Environment Issue_Identification: 1, Article number 45 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: London Publisher: Springer Nature Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00043-0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: John W. Pohlman Originator: Jens Greinert Originator: Carolyn Ruppel Originator: Anna Silyakova Originator: Lisa Vielstadte Originator: Michael Casso Originator: Jurgen Mienert Originator: Stefan Bunz Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Enhanced CO2 uptake at a shallow Arctic Ocean seep field overwhelms the positive warming potential of emitted methane Series_Information: Series_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States Issue_Identification: doi:10.1073/pnas.1618926114 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618926114 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Carolyn Ruppel Originator: John W. Pohlman Originator: Michael Casso Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Data and calculations to support the study of the sea-air flux of methane and carbon dioxide on the West Spitsbergen margin in June 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7M906V0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7M906V0 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: All data and calculated values are within physically reasonable ranges. Sources of inaccuracies in the cleaned data set can include: bad satellite fixes for ship's navigation and high water content remaining in the headspace gas stream injected into the Picarro G-2301f CRDS for CH4 and CO2 concentrations (columns ch4watlo, ch4wathi, co2wat in data file). Sources of inaccuracies in the cleaned data set can also include values out of calibration for the YSO EXO2 sonde (e.g., columns ysipH, ysiDO, ysifDOM, ysiORP, ysiPE, and ysiChl in the data file). Interpolating data at 30 s intervals can also introduce artifacts. The ship's hull-mounted temperature sensor (column hullwatT) had accuracy of +/- 0.002 degrees Celsius and a resolution of 0.0001 degrees Celsius. The sonde (YSI EXO2) parameters have the following accuracy and resolution based on the owner's manual: salinity (column ysisal), measured in practical salinity units, converted from electrical conductivity internally in the sonde using Standard Method 2520 (www.standardmethods.org): accuracy 1% of conductivity measured in milliSiemens per centimeter and resolution 0.01 milliSiemens per centimeter; water temperature (column ysiwatT), accuracy +/- 0.01 degrees Celsius and resolution 0.00 degrees Celsius; pH (column ysipH), accuracy +/- 0.2 and resolution 0.01; dissolved oxygen (column ysiDO), measured optically, accuracy +/- 0.1 milligrams per liter and resolution 0.01 milligrams per liter; dissolved organic matter (column ysifDOM), accuracy not applicable and resolution of 0.01 quinine sulfate units (QSU); oxidation-reduction potential (column ysiORP), accuracy not applicable and resolution of 0.01 millivolts; phycoerythrin (column ysiPE), accuracy not applicable and resolution of 0.01 relative fluorescence units (RFU); chlorophyll (column ysiChl), accuracy not applicable and resolution of 0.01 relative fluorescence units (RFU). The accuracy of gas concentrations measured by the Picarro G-2301f CRDS was determined empirically based on 13 analyses of certified gas standards for methane and carbon dioxide. For the Picarro G-2301f CRDS, the methane and carbon dioxide concentrations have accuracy of +/- 0.01 parts per million and +/- 0.7 parts per million, respectively. The water vapor determination has accuracy of 0.004%. Logical_Consistency_Report: Time gaps are present throughout the data set. Time gaps are related to periods when the Picarro G-2301f CRDS was undergoing calibration or the ship's speed over ground was less than one knot (e.g., during icebreaking). During icebreaking, the flow of seawater through the supply system was too contaminated with ice or air to accurately represent near-surface waters. In limited instances, missing values for seawater salinity and seawater temperature (mostly from the YSI EXO2) were interpolated using data from adjacent time intervals. For other YSI EXO2 parameters, missing data were replaced by no data values (999.0) and not included in the interpolation algorithm. Completeness_Report: Because data were removed during periods of icebreaking or CRDS calibration, shiptracks and times are non-continuous in the data set. Otherwise, the data set is considered complete for the information collected, as described in the abstract and logical consistency report. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy of global positioning system used by the IB Oden is not known, but is expected to be within 10 m. As documented in Ruppel and others (2017), the estimated maximum horizontal inaccuracy that could be introduced by interpolating recorded positions at 30 second time intervals is 30 to 75 meters for ship's speed over ground of 4 to 10 knots, respectively. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The Marinsat Skipper GDS101 echosounder used for water depth measurements on the IB Oden has accuracy of ~1% of water depth, or ~0.5 m to 16.5 m for the range of water depths recorded here. The intake for the water used to measure gas concentrations is 7-8 m below the waterline. Thus, the vertical accuracy (water depth) is generally within 5 to 10 m for most of the dataset. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The following text is partially taken and then modified from the Supporting Information for Pohlman and others, 2017 (see cross-reference). The navigational data, meteorological parameters, water environmental parameters, and gas concentrations were collected by different instruments and correlated based on time stamping or acquisition of the data on a single computer with a program that provides a single, continuous time stamp based on a Network Time Protocol (NTP). Navigational data (latitude and longitude) and meteorological data (true wind speed) were recorded from IB Oden digital log files; instrument data were recorded at intervals ranging from three to seven seconds, conditional upon the data latency of the Picarro CRDS data stream. The ship's position is determined using global positioning system (GPS) receivers. The ship's meteorological sensors are located on top of the bridge. Because the standard method for determining sea-air flux depends on the square of the windspeed, small oscillations or quality problems in the true windspeed data are magnified by the flux calculation. Near-surface water temperature and salinity were measured with a YSI EXO2 sonde in a flow-through chamber using water pumped into the ship's laboratory. The chamber was located upstream of the equilibrator that forms the front-end to the USGS Gas Analysis System (USGS-GAS), which consisted of a G-2301f CRDS that received headspace gas from a Weiss-type equilibrator. The shipboard laboratory component of the surface water analysis element of the USGS Gas Analysis System consists of a seawater feed, a YSI EXO2 sonde, a Weiss-type equilibrator, a single-channel air-handler and a Picarro G-2301f CRDS. The intake of the seawater pump was located 3 meters below the waterline of the bow. Based on the characteristics of the shipboard plumbing and a pumping rate of 20 liters of seawater per minute to the wet lab, the water samples required time to traverse the distance between the pump intake at the bow and equilibrator in the shipboard laboratory. A split of the water pumped through the tubing from the seawater intake was directed to the YSI EXO2 sonde, which measured water temperature, salinity, and other parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen and fDOM). A second split of the flow sprayed into the equilibrator. Gas in the equilibrator was circulated continuously at a rate of 2 liters per minute through the single-channel air-handler, where it was dried and a fraction (80 milliliters per minute) fed continuously through the G-2301f. At the beginning of the expedition and prior to initiating the key surveys, the leak rate of the closed-loop gas analysis system that includes the Picarro G-2301f CRDS was measured. Tests were conducted by injecting 50 milliliters of a 1000 part per million methane certified gas standard into the 1.5 liter analytical loop with the equilibrator sealed at the base. The change in methane concentration over time (i.e., the leak rate) was then monitored. The much greater first order turnover time based on the measured leak rate means that system leakage did not meaningfully affect the methane concentrations measured in the equilibrator during this expedition. Concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide were measured with a Picarro G-2301f CRDS for near-surface water and the Los Gatos direct absorption spectrometer for air in the atmospheric marine boundary layer. The Los Gatos direct absorption spectrometer was operated by Brett Thornton of Stockholm University. Concentrations are determined from the 12C absorption spectrum for those species. The measured concentration of methane and carbon dioxide for the Los Gatos instrument and the G-2301f, as appropriate, were corrected using a slope and offset correction based on a linear best-fit regression between the measured values and standards of known concentration. The slopes and offsets for the concentration calibration were determined from Air Liquide certified gas standards that contained 1.21, 2.01 and 30 parts per million methane, and 198, 348 and 500 parts per million carbon dioxide (± 5%). Concentration standards were analyzed at least once per day during the expedition. Processing took place between 2019 and 2022. Process_Date: 2022 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Lee-Gray Boze Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2266 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lboze@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Data files created by the LabVIEW program were divided into sections of maximum length of one day, with additional smaller sections corresponding to continuous records between operational and calibration interruptions. The data were processed using Excel_2018 to filter out bad data, using the following thresholds: Beginning on day 3 of the expedition (08/10/2019), when the vessel slowed to less than 1 knot, data were not recorded from the CRDS, sonde, or Los Gatos spectrometer. Records with non-physical YSI sonde values were removed. Non-physical YSI measurements were those outside the following ranges: Salinity between 0 and 35 (consistent with Stranne and others, 2021); Temperature between -2 and 10 C (consistent with Stranne and others, 2021); DO between 0 and 17 (DO values outside this range are not environmentally reasonable); pH between 7 and 9 (pH outside this range is considered not physically possible); fDOM between -5 and 20 (values outside this range are beyond the sensor's calibration and not considered physically plausible for oceans); ORP between 0 and 250 (values outside the range are not physically possible for the oceans); Chlorophyll between 0 and 20 (values outside this range are not physically possible for the ocean). In addition, water depths recorded as 0 meters were removed and left as empty cells. Missing YSI values were interpolated from values collected one minute before and prior. In 6 instances, there were no data available to perform the interpolation. Those records (6 out of 47317) were deleted. Processing took place from 2019 to 2022. Process_Date: 2022 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Lee-Gray Boze Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2266 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lboze@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The data resulting from the Excel processing were read into Matlab (version 2021A). The data for each continuous period were linearly interpolated at 30 second intervals. The 30-second interpolation was done on discrete time snippets of data (polylines) split up into segments during which data were being collected between icebreaking or other activities. The interpolated data were written to spreadsheets using Matlab. Process_Date: 20221204 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Carolyn Ruppel Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2339 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: cruppel@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: In Excel 365, the interpolated data that had been written to the spreadsheet in the previous process step were used to calculate point-by-point intermediate and final values related to gas saturations in near-surface waters, sea-air fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane, and other parameters. The details of the calculations are given in the Supporting Information for Pohlman and others (2017), which documented operations on similar data for the West Spitsbergen margin. YSI EXO2 sonde temperature and salinity were used to determine (a) Bunsen solubility coefficients used to calculate dissolved gas concentrations from headspace measurements made by the CRDS and (b) the Schmidt number used to calculate gas fluxes. In previous data releases (Ruppel and others, 2017), surface water temperatures from the ship’s hull-mounted temperature sensor were used to calculate these parameters. The hull-mounted temperatures could not be used for the calculations for this data release because the values exceeded the known range of surface water temperatures present during the survey. The data were exported as a CSV file. Process_Date: 20230517 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Lee-Gray Boze Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2266 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: lboze@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 47310 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean Sea Level (MSL) Depth_Resolution: 0.01 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Attribute Table Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing attribute information associated with the dataset Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: polyline_id Attribute_Definition: Polyline_id is an integer that identifies a set of continuous data collected along a particular part of the ship’s track during a contiguous time period. The polyline id integers increase sequentially throughout the cruise. The minimum duration for a single polyline is 4 minutes. Intervals shorter than 4 minutes would have only 8-9 evenly spaced time query points at 30 second intervals and were deemed too short for the results to be meaningful, meaning that no polyline was formed from these data. Many polylines are longer than 4 minutes because data acquisition continued for a longer period without interruptions for icebreaking or holding station at one location. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 126 Attribute: Attribute_Label: seconds Attribute_Definition: Seconds elapsed since start of a polyline. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30 Range_Domain_Maximum: 81690 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: seconds Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 30 Attribute: Attribute_Label: daynumber Attribute_Definition: Decimal number representing the day within the year 2019. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 219.490 Range_Domain_Maximum: 249.491 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: day Attribute: Attribute_Label: date Attribute_Definition: Date of data collection. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 8/7/2019 Range_Domain_Maximum: 9/6/2019 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: MM/DD/YYYY Attribute: Attribute_Label: time Attribute_Definition: Time of day of data collection. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 00:00:00 Range_Domain_Maximum: 23:59:30 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: HH:MM:SS Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_lat Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated latitude as determined by ship's navigation system. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 80.76546 Range_Domain_Maximum: 82.57804 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees north Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_long Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated longitude as determined by ship's navigation system Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -66.5345 Range_Domain_Maximum: -50.5381 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal degrees east Attribute: Attribute_Label: waterdepth Attribute_Definition: Water depth as determined by ship's sonar. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: (blank) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's depths were initially recorded as zeros, which were then replaced with blank values. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 46.16 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1650.73 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_cog Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's course over ground, as determined by ship's navigation system (not used in any calculations). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 359.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_sog Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's speed over ground, as determined by ship's navigation system (used to identify polyline_id). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: .02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.45 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: knots Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_truewind Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's determination of true wind speed. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 18 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters per second Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_trwindir Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated ship's determination of true wind direction Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 360 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: baropress Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated barometric pressure measured by ship's meteorological system. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 996.69 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1023.30 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millibars Attribute: Attribute_Label: airT Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated air temperature measured by ship's meteorological system. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -4.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees C Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrch4wat Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) methane concentration in the equilibrator headspace after applying calibration factors to the value measured by the CRDS. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.99 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.7 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (v/v) Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrco2wat Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) carbon dioxide concentration concentration in the equilibrator headspace after applying calibration factors to the value measured by the CRDS. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 89.09 Range_Domain_Maximum: 434.61 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (v/v) Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrch4air Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) methane concentration in air after applying calibration factors to the value measured by the Los Gatos spectrometer. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1.93 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.00 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (v/v) Attribute: Attribute_Label: corrco2air Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) carbon dioxide concentration in air after applying calibration factors to the value measured by the Los Gatos spectrometer. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 396.87 Range_Domain_Maximum: 430.49 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: parts per million (v/v) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiwatT Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated temperature of seawater fed into the laboratory, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.45 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.77 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degreesC Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysisal Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated salinity (psu) of seawater fed into the laboratory, as determined by the YSI EXO2 sonde. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.21 Range_Domain_Maximum: 35.34 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: practical salinity units (psu) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysipH Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated pH of seawater fed into the laboratory, as determined by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 7.41 Range_Domain_Maximum: 8.47 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiDO Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated dissolved oxygen (mg/L) in seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 10.26 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.52 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligram per liter (mg L-1) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysifDOM Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) in seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.01 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.42 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: quinine sulfate units (QSU), where 1 QSU = 1 part per billion of quinine sulfate (ppb) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiORP Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated oxidation-reduction potential of seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 98.29 Range_Domain_Maximum: 193.66 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millivolts (mV) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiPE Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated phycoerythrin (pigment from cyanobacteria) content of seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.75 Range_Domain_Maximum: 25.24 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Relative flourescence units (RFU) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ysiChl Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated chlorophyll (pigment from phytoplankton) content of seawater fed into the lab, as measured by the YSI EXO2 sonde (not used in calculations) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -0.71 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.57 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Relative flourescence units (RFU) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ship_hullwatT Attribute_Definition: 30-second interpolated temperature of seawater measured with hull-mounted sensor on ship. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1.74 Range_Domain_Maximum: 16.84 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees C Attribute: Attribute_Label: OstCoeff Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) Ostwald coefficient. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0352871 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.0562325 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4_SatAnom Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) saturation anomaly (% departure from saturation value) for methane in near-surface waters. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.32 Range_Domain_Maximum: 142.53 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percentage Attribute: Attribute_Label: Schmidt_No Attribute_Definition: (calculated) Schmidt number Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1219.92 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2220.97 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: GasVel_mday Attribute_Definition: (calculated) gas transfer velocity Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00001 Range_Domain_Maximum: 10.6778 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4airequil_nM Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) concentration of dissolved methane in equilibrium with the measured atmospheric methane concentration. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.92 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.65 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nanomolar (nM) Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4flux_umolm2day Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air methane flux. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0001 Range_Domain_Maximum: 44.8295 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: micromole methane per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4flux_mgCH4m2day Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air methane flux. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.71727 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams methane per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: ch4flux_mgCm2day Attribute_Definition: (calculated) sea-air flux of methane (mg CH4-C m-2 d-1) Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.5371 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams methane carbon per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: WaterConc_ch4nM Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) concentration of methane in near-surface seawater. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.21050 Range_Domain_Maximum: 11.33201 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: nanomoles methane per liter water Attribute: Attribute_Label: Ko_co2 Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) carbon dioxide solubility coefficient. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: .04691 Range_Domain_Maximum: .07672 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: gastransCO2 Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air gas transfer coefficient for carbon dioxide. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.00126 Range_Domain_Maximum: 126.93193 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: dimensionless Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2flux_mmolm2day Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air flux of carbon dioxide (mmol m-2 d-1). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -700.25 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.33 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimoles of carbon dioxide per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2flux_mgCO2m2day Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air flux of carbon dioxide (mg CO2 m-2 d-1). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -30818.14132 Range_Domain_Maximum: 190.61811 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams of carbon dioxide per square meter per day Attribute: Attribute_Label: co2flux_mgCO2Cm2day Attribute_Definition: (Calculated) sea-air flux of carbon dioxide carbon(mg CO2-C m-2 d-1). Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -8410.74064 Range_Domain_Maximum: 52.02259 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milligrams of carbon dioxide carbon per square meter per day Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: GS ScienceBase Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The dataset includes the data in CSV format (Greenland2019_InterpolatedData_Release.csv), browse graphic (oden2019_browsegraphic.jpg) and CSDGM metadata. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-separated values (CSV) Format_Version_Number: Excel 365 and LabVIEW 2018 Format_Information_Content: CSV file of the data, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 12.3 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/669955b7d34e9ac16e164c82 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P15TMWWP Access_Instructions: The first link downloads the entire data release contents. The second link is the landing page of the data where individual files can be downloaded. Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20241220 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region Contact_Person: Lee-Gray Boze Contact_Position: Physical Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2266 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998