Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kate V. Ackerman Originator: Zafer Defne Originator: Neil K. Ganju Publication_Date: 20231023 Title: Mean tidal range of marsh units in Connecticut salt marshes Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital dataset (polygon) Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P96QND48 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P96QND48 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kate V. Ackerman Originator: Zafer Defne Originator: Neil K. Ganju Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Geospatial characterization of salt marshes in Connecticut Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P96QND48 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Ackerman, K.V., Defne, Z., and Ganju, N.K., 2023, Geospatial characterization of salt marshes in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P96QND48. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P96QND48 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64c406bdd34e70357a33d413 Description: Abstract: This data release contains coastal wetland synthesis products for the state of Connecticut. Metrics for resiliency, including the unvegetated to vegetated ratio (UVVR), marsh elevation, tidal range, wave power, and exposure potential to environmental health stressors are calculated for smaller units delineated from a digital elevation model, providing the spatial variability of physical factors that influence wetland health. The U.S. Geological Survey has been expanding national assessment of coastal change hazards and forecast products to coastal wetlands with the intent of providing federal, state, and local managers with tools to estimate the vulnerability and ecosystem service potential of these wetlands. For this purpose, the response and resilience of coastal wetlands to physical factors need to be assessed in terms of the ensuing change to their vulnerability and ecosystem services. This project has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement DW-014-92531201-1 to N. Ganju. Purpose: The purpose of this shapefile is to calculate mean tidal range in each marsh unit. Analysis of mean tidal range (MN) is part of a comprehensive assessment to identify the factors and their weights in determining the vulnerability and resiliency of salt marshes. Biomass production is positively correlated with mean tidal range in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Recent studies support the idea that enhanced stability of the marshes can be attributed to increased vegetative growth due to increased tidal range. This dataset displays the spatial variation of mean tidal range of marsh units in Connecticut salt marsh complexes. Mean tidal range is based on the calculated difference in height between mean high water (MHW) and mean low water (MLW) using the VDatum (v.4.4.2) database (http://vdatum.noaa.gov/). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2023 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.658477 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.831904 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.532199 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.983874 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: wetland ecosystems Theme_Keyword: wetland functions Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystems Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: vegetation Theme_Keyword: tides (oceanic) Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: salt marsh Theme_Keyword: marsh health Theme_Keyword: estuary Theme_Keyword: tidal range Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:64c408e0d34e70357a33d424 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Connecticut Place_Keyword: Long Island Sound Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: The mean tidal range for each marsh unit is defined for scientific research purposes and should not be used as a sole source of reference for any regulations and policy making. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the source of this information. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kate Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2331 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kackerman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424/?name=MN_CT_Browse.png&allowOpen=true Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Graphic that shows mean tidal range of conceptual marsh units in Connecticut salt marshes. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 10; Esri ArcGIS Pro (version 2.8.8) Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: NOAA Publication_Date: 20221116 Title: VDatum (v.4.4.2) Edition: version 4.4.2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: NOAA Online_Linkage: http://vdatum.noaa.gov Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Marsh unit, water, and land boundaries inherit their horizontal accuracy from the accuracy of the source data, the conceptual marsh units, and their vertical accuracy from the elevation datasets (1-meter 2016 CT Lidar DEM). Mean tidal range is calculated from the VDatum database, then interpolated on a raster surface and averaged at each marsh unit. If a marsh unit does not overlap with any raster cell center, it is assigned the value of the raster cell with the largest overlap. Logical_Consistency_Report: Polygons do not overlap and mean tidal range is positive. During processing of conceptual marsh units, small polygons (less than 9 square meters) were assumed to be marginal and were assigned the classification from the surrounding majority value. Completeness_Report: The marsh polygons are bound to the borders of Connecticut's estuarine intertidal areas that include: 1) emergent wetlands, 2) scrub-shrub areas, 3) rooted vascular aquatic beds, 4) organic unconsolidated shores, and 5) channels of open water that are narrower than 10 meters. Occasionally, marsh units are retained in this dataset even though the imagery displayed extreme change (e.g., partially or completely converted to water) from the NWI wetland delineation (e.g., marsh units 2172, 2402). In a few areas, there are no marsh units where there is visible marsh plain (e.g., northwest of marsh unit 1682), because the areas are classified in the NWI as estuarine intertidal unconsolidated shore, which is not included in our salt marsh boundaries. A detailed on-the-ground analysis of a single site may result in a different interpretation of the wetland and marsh unit boundaries than those established through this analysis. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy for the polygon boundaries is inherited from the source layer, the conceptual marsh units, and is considered to be +/- 6 meters. The point cloud used for calculating tidal range with VDatum had a 0.0005 arc degree (~50-meter) resolution that was interpolated over a 0.0001 arc degree raster prior to clipping and calculating the mean value for each marsh unit. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: For the eastern Long Island Sound operational VDatum region, the maximum cumulative uncertainty is 0.094 meters; for the western Long Island Sound operational VDatum region, it is 0.091 meters. See VDatum's "estimation of vertical uncertainties" for more information (https://vdatum.noaa.gov/docs/est_uncertainties.html). Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: K.V. Ackerman Originator: Z. Defne Originator: N.K. Ganju Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Conceptual marsh units of Connecticut salt marshes in Geospatial characterization of salt marshes in Connecticut Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital dataset (polygon) Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P96QND48 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: This dataset (Conceptual marsh units of Connecticut salt marshes) is within the larger data release (Geospatial characterization of salt marshes in Connecticut). The first link below is to the conceptual marsh units data and the second link is to the data release. Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64c40893d34e70357a33d41f Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P96QND48 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2023 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CMU_CT Source_Contribution: Used conceptual marsh units, generated as part of this data release, to delineate marsh unit boundaries and areas of vegetation. Process_Step: Process_Description: This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person, Kate Ackerman, in ArcGIS Pro (ver. 2.8.8), unless otherwise stated. For simple operations the name of the geoprocessing tool used is given in capital letters; for complex operations, the name of geoprocessing tool used is given in capital letters and any critical parameters used are given in parentheses, separated by a semicolon, immediately after the tool name. The input and output file names are provided in [square brackets] when necessary. Units for length and area calculations are meters (m) and square meters unless otherwise stated. a) Set the data frame coordinate system and projection to NAD 1983 UTM Zone 18N (2011). b) Establish marsh unit boundaries. Dissolve the vegetated and unvegetated classes in each marsh unit to have only one class for each marsh unit. DISSOLVE (Input features=[CMU_CT.shp]; Dissolve field=FID_CMU; Statistics field=ATOT_M2 and FLG, with Statistics type= First). PROJECT (Input coordinate system=WGS 1984 Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere; Output coordinate system=GCS NAD 1983) the feature dataset to obtain dissolved marsh units [mu_diss.shp]. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CMU_CT Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: mu_diss.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kate Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2331 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Generate a point cloud of coordinates indicating calculation locations for the mean range of tides (MN). a) CREATE CONSTANT RASTER with 50 m spacing (Constant value= 0; Output cell size: 50) that surpasses the marsh unit boundaries by 300m. b) RASTER TO POINT to generate an array of points [pts.shp]. PROJECT [pts.shp] to GCSNAD 1983. Calculate latitude and longitude of each point [pts.shp]. Export the shapefile to a text file (TABLE TO TABLE (output table= [Tidal_Points.txt])). This text file includes latitude, longitude and height (set to zero). Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Tidal_Points.txt Process_Step: Process_Description: Calculate Mean Range of Tides (MN) using the VDatum (v.4.4.2) database covering this region. Mean range of tides (MN) = mean high water level (MHW)- mean low water level (MLW) in the VDatum database. Interpolate MN to the point dataset. a) Input point cloud file [Tidal_Points.txt] to VDatum. Set the REGION (contiguous US), HORIZONTAL INFORMATION (Reference Frame (NAD83-2011), Coordinate System (Geographic)) to be the same for the source and target. Set the VERTICAL INFORMATION (Source Reference Frame: MHW (meters); Target Reference Frame: MLW (meters)). Choose ASCII FILE CONVERSION (exclude NODATA points) and save output [MN.txt]. The resulting text file includes latitude, longitude and MN. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Tidal_Points.txt Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: MN.txt Process_Step: Process_Description: Create a raster surface dataset from the feature points. a) Convert points from [MN.txt] to a shapefile using MAKE XY EVENT LAYER (Z field= Value; Spatial Reference: GCS_NAD_1983; Layer Name: MN_lyr) and COPY FEATURES [MN.shp]. b) Create a raster surface with inverse distance weighting. IDW (Input point features: [MN.shp]; Output Cell Size=0.0001 degree; Power=2; Search Radius=Variable; Number of Points=12; Input barrier polyline features – if necessary) to obtain [MN_raster_idw.tif]. After running this tool, it may be apparent that input barrier polyline feature(s) need to be created to separate areas of unrelated tidal range data (e.g., where values from one body of water cross land to another body of water); in those cases, this tool was re-run with the input barrier polyline features specified. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: MN.txt Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: MN_raster_idw.tif Process_Step: Process_Description: Clip the raster to marsh boundaries. A buffer zone is created around the marsh boundaries to facilitate alternative interpolation and clipping options in future studies. a) Create 300 m buffer around the marsh units polygons [mu_diss.shp] to create a clipping mask [mu_buff300m.shp]. BUFFER (Side type= Full; Method =Geodesic; Dissolve type= All). b) CLIP the raster [MN_raster_idw.tif] with the clipping mask. EXTRACT BY MASK (Mask=[mu_diss.shp]) to obtain [MN_IDW_MU.tif]. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: mu_diss.shp Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: MN_raster_idw.tif Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: MN_IDW_MU.tif Process_Step: Process_Description: Calculate mean tidal range value for each marsh unit and flag the marsh units that have tidal range values that are extrapolated. a) ZONAL STATISTICS AS TABLE (Feature Zone Data=[mu_diss.shp]; zone field=FID_CMU; Value Raster=[MN_IDW_MU.tif]; Output Table=[mn]; Statistics type=MEAN). b) JOIN FIELD (Input table=[mu_diss.shp]; Input join field=FID_CMU; Join Table=[mn]; Output join field=FID_CMU; Join Field= MEAN). Export dataset as a shapefile [mu_MN_CT.shp] and change “MEAN” to “MN.” c) Identify marsh units that are greater than 25 m from the VDatum data. SELECT BY LOCATION (Input feature= [mu_diss.shp]; Relationship=within_a_distance; Selecting Features: [MN.shp]; Search distance= 25m; Selection type= New_Selection; Invert Spatial Relationship). Assign the marsh units with a distance greater than 25 m from VDatum data a tidal range value of -9999 and a “flag” of -10000. d) Add field "FLG" to flag anomalous marsh units based on absence of vegetation, elevation, surface area, and tidal range extrapolation. The flags are calculated in their respective shapefile (i.e., elevation flags are calculated in the elevation shapefile). Set FLG to: (-1) no vegetated area in the marsh unit; (-10) marsh unit elevation higher than the 99.8 percentile; (-100) marsh unit elevation less than the 0.2 percentile; (-200) greater than 25 percent of the marsh unit elevation is hydro-flattened; (-1000) marsh unit surface area less than 900 square meters; (-10000) mean tidal range of marsh unit is extrapolated; and (0) no flag. Combination of negative values indicates a combination of flags; for example, -1001 indicates no vegetated area and area less than 900 square meters. e) Rearrange fields and change the projection for better performance of web services with online base maps. PROJECT (Output coordinate system=WGS 1984 Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere) the feature dataset to obtain the final mean tidal range dataset [mu_MN_CT.shp]. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: MN_IDW_MU.tif Process_Date: 2023 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: mu_MN_CT.shp Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 2499 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: WGS 1984 Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (Esri full name: WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere) Map_Projection_Parameters: False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 0.0 Standard_Parallel: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.6096 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.6096 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: mu_MN_CT.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing attribute information associated with the dataset. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Feature geometry. Marsh units are polygon features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID_CMU Attribute_Definition: Unique whole numbers used to identify each conceptual marsh unit. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2498 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: none Attribute: Attribute_Label: ATOT_M2 Attribute_Definition: Total surface area of a marsh unit. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 164.768742142 Range_Domain_Maximum: 511079.279508 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: square meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: AVEG_M2 Attribute_Definition: Surface area of the vegetated part of a marsh unit. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 476006.471534 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: square meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: MN Attribute_Definition: Mean tidal range in meters averaged over a marsh unit. A no data value of -9999 is assigned to marsh units that are greater than 25m from a VDatum data point. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.732001911849 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.21111460994 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: m Attribute: Attribute_Label: FLG Attribute_Definition: Marsh unit flag indicating anomalous marsh units based on absence of vegetation, elevation, surface area and tidal range extrapolation. FLG values indicate: (-1) no vegetated area in the marsh unit; (-10) marsh unit elevation higher than the 99.8 percentile; (-100) marsh unit elevation less than the 0.2 percentile; (-200) greater than 25 percent of the marsh unit elevation is hydro-flattened; (-1000) marsh unit surface area less than 900 square meters; (-10000) mean tidal range of marsh unit is extrapolated; and (0) no flag. Combination of negative values indicates a combination of flags. For example, -1001 indicates no vegetated area and area less than 900 square meters. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -11200 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: In this dataset, tidal range for each conceptual salt marsh unit in Connecticut salt marshes has been calculated based on a 0.0005 arc degrees interpolated VDatum dataset. Decimal values in the attribute table are a result of double precision calculations while significant digits are considered in defining the attribute measurement resolutions. Therefore, the smallest unit increment for area and tidal range values is assumed to be 1 meter and 0.01 meter, respectively. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: mu_MN_CT.zip (ZIP file contains the shapefile mu_MN_CT.shp and the additional shapefile components), a browse graphic (MN_CT_Browse.png), and FGDC CSDGM metadata in xml format. Distribution_Liability: Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency. Not for navigational use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS Pro 2.8.8 Format_Information_Content: This dataset contains a polygon shapefile and its components and metadata in xml format. Transfer_Size: 7 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P96QND48 Access_Instructions: The first link in network resources is to download data directly. The second link points to a landing page with metadata and data. The third link is to the main page of the data release. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WMS Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424?service=wms&request=getcapabilities&version=1.3.0 Access_Instructions: The link in network resources points to the Web Mapping Services (WMS) end point. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WFS Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/64c408e0d34e70357a33d424?service=wfs&request=getcapabilities&version=1.0.0 Access_Instructions: The link in network resources points to the Web Feature Service (WFS) end point. Fees: None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20231023 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kate V. Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2331 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998