Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Marsh units and water and land boundaries inherit their accuracy from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory (USFWS NWI). However, the lineage of the source data indicates that the underlying data span multiple years and the mapped features may have changed since the date of imagery. Accuracy of marsh unit delineation depends on the vertical and horizontal accuracy of the elevation data (USGS CoNED, USGS 1-meter, and USGS NED). Accuracy of the vegetated and unvegetated polygons is based on the 0.6-meter resolution National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) products from 2018. Any vegetated or unvegetated polygons less than 9 square meters (m^2) were merged with the surrounding majority class. When creating marsh units, conterminous polygons smaller than 900 m^2 were merged with the larger polygon of the same type.
Topological errors that occurred during geoprocessing were automatically removed by the topological rules used for the analysis. The polygons were checked for correct geometry and do not overlap. Small polygons (less than 9 m^2) were assumed to be marginal and were assigned the classification from the surrounding majority value. In one area (around marsh unit 6125), there are marsh units that have straight lines for boundaries; this is due to larger areas of hydro-flattened bathymetry/elevation values that do not allow the basin analysis to identify ridge lines between basins. These marsh units have a flag that shows that the hydro-flattened area of the marsh unit is greater than 25 percent of the marsh unit area.
The marsh polygons are bound to the borders of the Massachusetts estuarine intertidal areas that include: 1) emergent wetlands, 2) scrub-shrub areas, 3) rooted vascular aquatic beds, 4) organic unconsolidated shores, and 5) channels of open water that are narrower than 10 meters. Sliver polygons of open salt water along the marsh edges may also be included in some instances as a result of geoprocessing. In some marsh units there are small sliver gaps due to coupling of artifacts of the NWI (e.g., NWI polygons for ditches that are classified as riverine) and geoprocessing when the marsh polygons were closer than 10 meters at a specific section that is followed by a wider distance (e.g., access roads, fringing forests, etc.). The effect of these slivers on the calculations is negligible. For example, in marsh units 5958 and 5965 the sliver gaps are a result of the geoprocessing steps that remove riverine polygons. Other examples include marsh units 165, 308, 648, 3441, 5613. A detailed on-the-ground analysis of a single site may result in a different interpretation of the wetland and marsh unit boundaries than those established through this analysis. Occasionally, marsh units are retained in this dataset even though the imagery displayed extreme change (e.g., partially or completely converted to water) from the NWI wetland delineation.
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Horizontal accuracy is inherited from USGS Digital Elevation Models (USGS 1m CoNED, USGS 1m DEM, and USGS 1/9 arc second NED). Vegetated and unvegetated polygons were based on the 0.6-meter resolution NAIP imagery. Although the analyses were performed at 1-meter resolution, the horizontal accuracy is superseded by NAIP imagery accuracy which is +/-6 meters.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Because the elevation values are averaged over delineated polygons, vertical accuracy depends on both the horizontal accuracy of the NWI dataset and the vertical accuracy of the source elevation datasets (USGS 1m CoNED, USGS 1m DEM, and USGS 1/9 arc second NED). The vertical accuracy is inherited from the source elevation datasets; it is reported to be 0.2 meters for the 1 meter elevation datasets, and is reported as "N/A" for the USGS 1/9 arc second NED dataset. No additional accuracy assessment of the vertical accuracy has been conducted.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Danielson, J.
Originator: Tyler, D.
Publication_Date: 20160501
Title:
Topobathymetric Model for the New England Region States of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, 1887 to 2016
Edition: First
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Raster Digital dataset
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://topotools.cr.usgs.gov/topobathy_viewer/
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 18870103
Ending_Date: 20160201
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS CoNED
Source_Contribution:
Downloaded CoNED Digital Elevation Model geodatabase. Projection was NAD 1983 UTM Zone 18N with the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Download date was 01/29/2020.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Woolpert
Publication_Date: 20150219
Title: New England CMGP Sandy Lidar
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://apps.nationalmap.gov/downloader/#/
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20131116
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS 1m DEM
Source_Contribution:
Downloaded Digital Elevation Model. Projection was NAD 1983 UTM Zone 19N with the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Download date was 09/11/2020.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 2012
Title: USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1/9 arc second
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://apps.nationalmap.gov/downloader/#/
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2012
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS NED
Source_Contribution:
Downloaded NED tiles in geographic coordinate system (NAD83) with the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Download date was 09/11/2020.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: NAIP Digital Ortho Photo Image
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Remote-sensing image
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Salt Lake City, Utah
Publisher: USDA-FSA-APFO Aerial Photography Field Office
Online_Linkage: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2018
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NAIP
Source_Contribution:
Downloaded NAIP 4-band, 0.6-meter resolution imagery from the USGS Earth Explorer. Projection was NAD 1983 UTM Zone 19N. Download date was 01/17/2020.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Publication_Date: 20191001
Title: National Wetland Inventory
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Vector Digital dataset (Polygon)
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Madison, WI
Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Online_Linkage: https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data/Data-Download.html
Type_of_Source_Media: Digital
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2019
Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NWI
Source_Contribution:
Downloaded wetlands data for the state of Massachusetts in shapefile format from the NWI download page. Projection was NAD 1983 Albers. Download date was 01/02/2020.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person, Kate Ackerman, in ArcMap (ver. 10.7.1) using tools from ArcToolbox, unless otherwise stated. For complex operations, names of specific tools used are given in CAPITAL letters (any critical parameters used are given in parentheses, separated by a semicolon, immediately after the tool name). The input and output file names are provided in [square brackets] when necessary. Units for length and area calculations are meters (m) and square meters (m^2) unless otherwise stated.
a) Set the data frame coordinate system and projection to NAD 1983 UTM Zone 19N.
b) Prepare elevation dataset. For the USGS NED tiles: MOSAIC TO NEW RASTER; PROJECT the new raster to NAD_1983_UTM_Zone_19N; and RESAMPLE the new raster to 1m. MOSAIC TO NEW RASTER the USGS 1m DEM tiles. PROJECT the USGS CoNED raster to NAD_1983_UTM_Zone_19N. MOSAIC TO NEW RASTER the USGS CoNED raster, USGS 1m DEM raster, and the USGS NED raster, with the order of precedence: the USGS CoNED, USGS 1m DEM raster, USGS NED raster.
c) Create a rectangular polygon that covers the domain [extent.shp]. CLIP the mosaicked elevation dataset by the boundaries polygon [elev_mosaic.tif].
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS CoNED
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS 1m DEM
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS NED
Process_Date: 2020
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: elev_mosaic.tif
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Kate Ackerman
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2331
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kackerman@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Prepare a mask polygon to define analysis boundaries. In order to account for the possible influence of the surrounding terrain on the analysis, a mask area larger than the salt marsh extent is first created [UVVR_mask.shp]. At the end of the analysis the results are clipped to the boundaries of the salt marsh area [MU_mask.shp]. Both [UVVR_mask.shp] and [MU_mask.shp] are edited to determine which interior polygons are removed.
a) EXPORT features (use the same coordinate system as the data frame) from NWI dataset after SELECT("ATTRIBUTE" LIKE 'E2%EM%' OR "ATTRIBUTE" LIKE 'E2AB3%' OR "ATTRIBUTE" LIKE 'E2EM%' OR "ATTRIBUTE" LIKE 'E2SS%' OR "ATTRIBUTE" LIKE 'E2US4%') to select from estuarine intertidal areas of 1) emergent wetland, 2) scrub-shrub area, 3) rooted vascular aquatic bed, 4) organic unconsolidated shore classes [NWI_exclusive_select.shp].
b) BUFFER(Input features=[NWI_exclusive_select.shp]; Linear unit=5 meters; Dissolve type=All) to obtain the mask polygon [buff5m.shp] and ELIMINATE POLYGON PART(Condition=Percentage; Percentage=99; Eliminate contained part only) to obtain [UVVR_mask01.shp]. Apply buffer with -5 meters to obtain [MU_mask01.shp].
c) EXPORT features from NWI dataset after SELECT("ATTRIBUTE" NOT LIKE 'E%' OR "ATTRIBUTE" LIKE '%FO') to obtain features that are not estuarine or are forested estuarine [NWI_inclusive_select.shp]. MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART to separate individual polygons [NWI_inclusive_single.shp].
d) To exclude the voids in the NWI map during the analysis, these interior polygons need to be removed from the mask. ERASE [NWI_exclusive_select.shp] from [extent.shp] and MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART to get [NWI_exc_voids_single.shp].
e) SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE(Input features=[buff5m.shp], Update features=[UVVR_mask01.shp], Join attributes= All) and MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART to obtain [UVVR_mask01_buff5m_diff_single.shp]. Do a SPATIAL JOIN(Target Features=[UVVR_mask01_buff5m_diff_single.shp], Join Features= NWI wetlands for all of MA; Join operation=join one to one; Keep all target features; match option= intersect) to obtain [UVVR_nwi_sjoin.shp]. Select records that have a null value for the “attribute” field and generate a shapefile of the selected records [NWI_voids_single.shp].
f) SELECT BY LOCATION from [NWI_inclusive_single.shp] that are completely within the [MU_mask01.shp] and SELECT BY LOCATION from [NWI_voids_single.shp] that are completely within the [MU_mask01.shp] and SELECT BY LOCATION from [NWI_exc_voids_single.shp] that are completely within the [MU_mask01.shp]. If any additional polygons need to be removed from the mask, include them in a new feature layer [erase_mask_manual.shp]. MERGE all four feature sets to get polygons to be excluded [erase_inside.shp] from the final masks.
g) ERASE [erase_inside.shp] from [MU_mask01.shp] to obtain [MU_mask.shp], and ERASE [erase_inside.shp] from [UVVR_mask01.shp] after BUFFER [erase_inside.shp] by -5 meters, to obtain [UVVR_mask.shp].
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NWI
Process_Date: 2020
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: MU_mask.shp
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: UVVR_mask.shp
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Define preliminary boundaries for marsh units by basin analysis:
a) EXTRACT BY MASK from elevation dataset [elev_mosaic.tif] using [UVVR_mask.shp] polygon.
b) FILL(no Z limit) sinks in extracted elevation raster.
c) Calculate FLOW DIRECTION(do not force edge cells to flow outward) raster.
d) Calculate BASIN based on flow direction raster [basin_buff5m.tif].
e) Apply MAJORITY FILTER(Number of neighbors=8) to clean the raster and convert RASTER TO POLYGON. CLIP the polygon with 1-meter buffered marsh units mask [MU_mask_buff1m.shp]. This additional buffer is necessary to prevent any polygon smoothing algorithm from changing the exterior boundaries and will be removed by clipping to the [MU_mask.shp] later. MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART and ADD GEOMETRY ATTRIBUTES(Geometry properties=Area_geodesic; Area unit=Square_meters) to get [basin_single.shp].
Process_Date: 2020
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
This step merges the "orphan marsh units," units that are smaller than 5000 m^2, to the nearest to "parent marsh units," units that are larger than 5000 m^2, to obtain the preliminary marsh units. A Python script that iteratively calls a list of ArcMap tools to aggregate orphan units on parent units is used.
a) Create orphan marsh units features by exporting marsh units with an area less than 5000 m^2 [inputfeatures.shp].
b) Create parent marsh units features by exporting marsh units with an area greater than or equal to 5000 m^2 [nearfeatures.shp].
c) Run Python script (hydUnitloop.py). At each iteration step, the script uses NEAR tool to find orphan marsh units within 1 meter of a parent marsh unit and merges them to the parent using UNION and DISSOLVE tools. The orphan units merged with a parent unit are removed from the orphan units dataset. The script will iterate until there is no change in the number of parent or orphan marsh units. The remaining orphan marsh units are those that are more than 1 meter away from any parent. DISSOLVE them to create larger orphan units by grouping the orphans attached together into larger units. MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART to have single part polygons with unique identifiers. UNION(with gaps) single part features with parent units to obtain preliminary marsh units [pMUopt1.shp]. SMOOTH POLYGON(Smoothing algorithm=PAEK; Smoothing tolerance=15 meters) to get the smoothed marsh units polygon [pMUopt1_smooth.shp].
d) CLIP the extra buffer around the smoothed marsh units using the marsh units mask [MU_mask.shp]. If this results in any additional marsh units with an area less than 5000 m^2, dissolve into the nearest parent units repeating the same steps above to obtain [pMUopt1_clip_final.shp].
e) Compute the final marsh units by removing any artifacts from [pMuOpt1_clip_final.shp] using ELIMINATE and REPAIR GEOMETRY tools. ELIMINATE(Expression="Area_geo" less than 900; Eliminating by border) polygon slivers smaller than 900 m^2 by merging them to the main polygon. MULTIPART TO SINGLEPART to get conceptual marsh units [CMU.shp]. This only applies to polygons that are bordering other polygons. Polygons that are not bordering other polygons are not affected as those are more likely to be real features as opposed to geoprocessing artifacts.
f) DISSOLVE the conceptual marsh units to get the final outlines for the marsh complex [CMU_mask_final.shp].
Process_Date: 2020
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Determine the vegetated and unvegetated areas by image processing.
a) MOSAIC TO NEW RASTER the NAIP tiles for this region.
b) EXTRACT BY MASK from the elevation raster [elev_mosaic.tif] and the NAIP imagery raster using [UVVR_mask.shp] polygon. Rescale the elevation raster values to the same range with 8-bit NAIP imagery (0 to 255) using min-max scaling. Perform ISO CLUSTER UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION with 5 input bands: the Near Infrared, Blue, Green, and Red from the NAIP imagery and the rescaled elevation raster; with 32 classes and a minimum class size of 5000 cells. RECLASSIFY the classified raster by visually comparing the NAIP imagery to obtain the unvegetated-vegetated raster [UVVc.tif].
c) Dissolve unvegetated regions smaller than a threshold value to the surrounding vegetated regions and vice versa to clean the UVV raster. For this purpose, use the REGION GROUP(Number of neighbors=4; Zone grouping method=Within; Add Link field to output) to get the [UVV_region.tif], and TEST("Count" < 9) to set a threshold value of 9 raster cells [lt9.tif]. Use RASTER CALCULATOR to toggle the value of the Link field in the region raster [Map algebra expression=Con("%lt9.tif%", ~Lookup("%UVVc_region.tif%","LINK"),Lookup("%UVVc_region.tif%","LINK"))], where the test raster indicates regions with areas smaller than the threshold.
d) RASTER TO POLYGON(Simplify polygons=False) and CLIP with the final marsh complex outline [CMU_mask_final.shp] to obtain [UVVc_filt_clip.shp].
e) REPAIR GEOMETRY, ADD GEOMETRY ATTRIBUTES(Geometry properties=Area_geodesic; Area unit=Square_meters), CALCULATE FIELD(Python_9.3 expression; Field name=gridcode, Expression=filt(!gridcode!, !AREA_GEO!), Code Block= def filt(gridcode, AREA_GEO):/if gridcode== 0 and AREA_GEO < 9:/return 1/else:/return gridcode) and DISSOLVE(Create multipart features=False) to get filtered, clipped and dissolved unvegetated-vegetated polygons [UVVc_filt_clip_diss.shp].
f) INTERSECT the final conceptual marsh units [CMU.shp] with unvegetated-vegetated polygons [UVVc_filt_clip_diss.shp], REPAIR GEOMETRY, and calculate the area of unvegetated and vegetated polygons in each marsh unit. To do this ADD GEOMETRY ATTRIBUTES(Geometry properties=Area_geodesic; Area unit=Square_meters) to get [UVV_poly.shp], and DISSOLVE(Input features=[UVV_poly.shp]; Dissolve fields=FID_CMU, gridcode; Statistics field=gridcode.MEAN) and REPAIR GEOMETRY to get [UVV_poly_diss.shp]. Edit the fields to have "TYP", "APGN_M2", and "ATOT_M2" fields for type of polygon indicating vegetated or unvegetated, surface area of the polygon, and total surface area of the marsh unit, respectively. Visually inspect and manually remove marsh units that are fully forested due to polygon artifacts that are a result of buffering.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NAIP
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: elev_mosaic.tif
Process_Date: 2020
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Finalize the conceptual marsh units.
a) Add field "COLORID" to cycle through integers from 0 to 9 to be used for coloring the marsh units. This field is used for display purposes only to distinguish between marsh units.
b) Add field "FLG" to flag anomalous marsh units based on absence of vegetation, elevation, surface area and tidal range extrapolation. The flags are calculated in their respective shapefile (i.e., elevation flags are calculated in the elevation shapefile). Set FLG to (-1) no vegetated area in the marsh unit; (-10) marsh unit elevation higher than the 99.8 percentile; (-100) marsh unit elevation less than the 0.2 percentile; (-200) greater than 25 percent of the marsh unit elevation is hydro-flattened; (-1000) marsh unit surface area less than 900 m^2; (-10000) mean tidal range of marsh unit is extrapolated; and (0) no flag. Combination of negative values indicates a combination of flags. For example, -1001 indicates no vegetated area and area less than 900 m^2.
c) Rearrange field names and change the projection for better performance of web services with online base maps. PROJECT(Input coordinate system=NAD 1983 UTM Zone 19N; Output coordinate system=WGS 1984 Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere; Geographic transformation=WGS 1984 (ITRF00) to NAD 1983) the feature dataset to obtain the final conceptual marsh units [CMU_MA.shp].
Process_Date: 2020
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: CMU_MA.shp
