Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Emily J. Sturdivant Originator: E. Robert Thieler Originator: Sara L. Zeigler Originator: Luke A. Winslow Originator: Megan K. Hines Originator: Jordan S. Read Originator: Jordan I. Walker Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Table and accompanying photographs for biogeomorphic classification of shorebird nesting sites on the U.S. Atlantic coast from March to September, 2016 Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data and JPEG photographs Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P98MI9C5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Sturdivant, E.J., Thieler, E.R., Zeigler, S.L., Winslow, L.A., Hines, M.K., Read, J.S., and Walker, J.I., 2018, Table and accompanying photographs for biogeomorphic classification of shorebird nesting sites on the U.S. Atlantic coast from March to September, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P98MI9C5. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P98MI9C5 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/59b00e00e4b020cdf7d4db31 Description: Abstract: Atlantic coast piping plover (Charadrius melodus) nest sites are typically found on low-lying beach and dune systems, which respond rapidly to coastal processes like sediment overwash, inlet formation, and island migration that are sensitive to climate-related changes in storminess and the rate of sea-level rise. Data were obtained to understand piping plover habitat distribution and use along their Atlantic Coast breeding range. A smartphone application called iPlover was developed to collect standardized data on habitat characteristics at piping plover nest locations. The application capitalized on a network of trained monitors that observe piping plovers throughout their U.S. Atlantic coast breeding range as part of the species’ recovery plan. Monitors used iPlover to document nest locations as well as randomly distributed points at beaches and barrier islands on over 930 miles of coast between Maine and North Carolina, USA. This work is one component of a larger research and management program that seeks to understand and sustain ecological value, ecosystem services, and habitat suitability of beaches in the face of storm impacts, climate change, and sea-level rise. Tabular digital data generated by field data collection with iPlover with accompanying site photographs in JPEG format are presented in this data release. Purpose: Data (tabular digital data of field data and JPEG images) were obtained to understand the biogeomorphic characteristics of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) habitat along their U.S. Atlantic coast breeding range. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160301 Ending_Date: 20160909 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Not planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -76.540406 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.94125 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 43.492116 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 34.640323 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Piping Plover Theme_Keyword: Charadrius Melodus Theme_Keyword: coasts Theme_Keyword: smartphone application Theme_Keyword: shorebird Theme_Keyword: shorebird nesting Theme_Keyword: point data Theme_Keyword: JPEG images Theme_Keyword: biogeomorphic Theme_Keyword: habitat Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: biota Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: habitats Theme_Keyword: birds Theme_Keyword: biogeography Theme_Keyword: migratory species Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: photography Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystems Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: wildlife biology Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: U.S. Atlantic East Coast Place_Keyword: continental United States Place_Keyword: east coast Place_Keyword: Atlantic Margin Place_Keyword: Maine Place_Keyword: Maryland Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Carolina Place_Keyword: Long Island Place_Keyword: Assateague Island Place_Keyword: Cape Lookout Place_Keyword: Marthas Vineyard Place_Keyword: Monomoy Island Place_Keyword: Rhode Island Place_Keyword: Virginia Place_Keyword: Cape Cod Place_Keyword: Parker River Place_Keyword: Fire Island Place_Keyword: Delmarva Peninsula Place_Keyword: Chincoteague Island Place_Keyword: Eastern Shore of Virginia Place_Keyword: Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge Place_Keyword: Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge Place_Keyword: Delmarva Peninsula Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: E. Robert Thieler Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2350 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rthieler@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447/?name=iplover_photo_browse.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Example photo taken by the iPlover app used to collect standardized data on habitat characteristics at piping plover nest locations with a screenshot and icon of the app. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Data_Set_Credit: Please acknowledge the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program as a data source in products developed from these data. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Klaus K.E. Neuendorf Originator: James P. Mhel Jr. Originator: Julia A. Jackson Publication_Date: 2011 Title: Glossary of Geology Edition: 5th edition Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Alexandria, VA Publisher: The American Geosciences Institute Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Originator: Natural Resources Conservation Service Publication_Date: 2015 Title: The PLANTS Database Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Greensboro, NC Publisher: National Plant Data Team Online_Linkage: https://www.plants.usda.gov Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Paul J. Godfrey Publication_Date: 1976 Title: Comparative ecology of East Coast barrier islands: hydrology, soil, vegetation. Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Annapolis, MD Publisher: The Conservation Foundation Other_Citation_Details: pages 5-31 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E. Robert Thieler Originator: Sara L. Zeigler Originator: Luke A. Winslow Originator: Megan K. Hines Originator: Jordan S. Read Originator: Jordan I. Walker Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Smartphone-based distributed data collection enables rapid assessment of shorebird habitat suitability Publication_Information: Publication_Place: San Francisco, CA Publisher: PLoS ONE Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164979 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Emily J. Sturdivant Originator: E. Robert Thieler Originator: Sara L. Zeigler Originator: Luke A. Winslow Originator: Megan K. Hines Originator: Jordan S. Read Originator: Jordan I. Walker Publication_Date: 2016 Title: Biogeomorphic classification and images of shorebird nesting sites on the U.S. Atlantic coast Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F70V89X3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F70V89X3 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/57dc687ae4b090824ffdd4ab Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: iPlover users selected attributes for Geomorphic Setting, Substrate Type, Vegetation Type, and Vegetation Density that best characterized each nest or random point location. As such, there may be some variation in the assessment of a category between individual users. The reliability of the user-chosen classification was estimated as described below. The formal accuracy assessment described below was performed for data collected with the same protocols in two prior years (Sturdivant and others, 2016). The accuracy of the classifications of Geomorphic Setting, Substrate Type, Vegetation Type, and Vegetation Density was evaluated using the classification of four subject-matter experts as validation (Thieler and others, 2016). The expert validation was performed on a 10 percent random sample of points collected using iPlover in 2014 and 2015 (k = 181, n = 1799). Attribute values were updated between 2014 and 2015 to provide greater specificity and conformance with biogeomorphic nomenclature. Thus, values in the 2014 dataset were first reclassified to 2015 values. Subject-matter experts used the photograph and geolocation of each sample point to assign the biogeomorphic classification (across all four variables). Experts were selected based on their experience and history of relevant publications on the geology and geomorphology of coastal environments in the study domain, as well as demonstrated expertise in the interpretation of remotely sensed data. Truth values for each sample point were selected according to expert consensus. The following percentages indicate the agreement between expert consensus and field user classification for all test points for which expert consensus could be determined: 58% for geomorphic setting (90 agreeing points out of 156 truth), 80% for substrate type (121 out of 151), 84% for vegetation type (141 out of 167), and 77% for vegetation density (118 out of 153) (see Table 2 and Supplemental Table 2 in Thieler and others, 2016). Of the 181 locations, an expert consensus could be reach in 151, 167, and 153 cases for substrate type, vegetation type, and vegetation density respectively. Systematic errors were more common for the substrate and vegetation variables compared to geomorphic setting (Table 3 in Thieler and others, 2016). What experts classified as Sand was frequently classified as Shell/Gravel/Cobble by iPlover field users and vice versa, accounting for 86% of the differences in this variable. Vegetation Type was frequently classified as Herbaceous by experts and as None by iPlover users and vice versa, accounting for 81% of the differences for this habitat variable. Finally, the most frequent differences in Vegetation Density were between None and Sparse (51% of differences) and between Sparse and Moderate (23%; Table 3 in Thieler and others, 2016). The most common differences between the classifications of iPlover field users and experts occurred at the "boundaries" of categorical habitat characteristics. Experts and iPlover field users also disagreed frequently over whether a point fell in no vegetation or sparse vegetation or whether a point fell within sparse or moderate vegetation cover. Experts and iPlover field users were instructed to visually estimate vegetation density and did not use field-based techniques such as quadrat sampling to quantify density. Therefore, differences in classifications between experts and iPlover field users would be expected in places where vegetation density was close to 20%, separating Sparse from Moderate vegetation, or close to 90%, separating Moderate from Dense vegetation. Logical_Consistency_Report: No additional checks for topological consistency were performed on this data. Completeness_Report: This dataset contains all of the points logged in the iPlover application in 2016 except 115 records logged for testing purposes. Some data records are missing photographs, which are noted with the value 'MISSING' in the imagefile column. Faces of individuals were blurred in all photos in which they appeared for privacy concerns. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Positional accuracy was estimated by comparing the smartphone geolocation data to that collected by a SpectraPrecision SP80 GNSS receiver at 44 piping plover nest points in Virginia and Massachusetts in 2015. We determined the horizontal difference between the geolocation data obtained from iPlover (i.e., the smartphone’s built-in geolocation functionality; Table 1 in Thieler and others, 2016) with high-resolution nest location data collected with the GNSS receiver. Smartphones from 2008 to 2016 (beginning with the 3G iPhone) use a hybrid positioning system that combines A-GPS, Wi-Fi, and cellular positioning methods that are generally accurate within 3-8 m (Zandbergen 2009; Boccardo and others 2015). GNSS data consist of a combination of real-time kinematic and post-processed positions that are accurate within 3±2 cm in the horizontal. GNSS data are thus two orders of magnitude more accurate than average smartphone GPS data, so we were able to evaluate smartphone accuracy easily. The differences in x (0.3 +/- 4.4 m) and y (0.08 +/- 5.7 m) UTM coordinates of the smartphone and GNSS locations are nearly distributed around zero. The average difference between the GNSS points and the smartphones was 5.8 +/- 4.2 m. We did not find spatial variability in accuracy from site to site. For one site where we had repeated measurements at different times on the same day, the difference in geolocation was well within the error reported here. The ‘accuracy’ attribute indicates the location accuracy reported by geolocation application program interface. These values tend to be imprecise. References: Boccardo, P., Chiabrando, F., Dutto, F., Tonolo, F.G., Lingua, A.: UAV Deployment Exercise for Mapping Purposes– Evaluation of Emergency Response Applications: Sensors, 2015;15(7):15717, doi:10.3390/s150715717. Zandbergen, P.A., 2009, Accuracy of iPhone Locations– A comparison of assisted GPS, WiFi and cellular positioning: Transactions in GIS, 2009;13:5-25, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2009.01152.x. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Data were collected in the field with the iPlover smartphone application. iPlover data were primarily collected during the breeding season, which is roughly April to July. Prior to field collection, all data collectors participated in a training seminar and were given written protocols (https://github.com/usgs/iplover/blob/master/iPloverUserGuide.pdf). Users recorded (i) information on the habitat characteristics at a given location, (ii) images of the habitat, and (iii) spatial coordinates of the location of either a piping plover nest or a random point. Users logged two types of sites: nest sites and random points. The nest sites were identified by users in the course of monitoring efforts. Random point locations were randomly generated and sent to data collectors by Sara L. Zeigler. Random point generation was constrained by the boundaries of pre-determined sub-sites. These boundaries usually were defined by the terrestrial extent of a barrier island. Random points were collected to represent unsuitable biogeomorphic characteristics. Once at the site, users logged a data point by selecting ‘Log a Nest Site’ within iPlover, version 2.0 (Figure 5 in Thieler and others, 2016). This opened a field survey page where they 1) logged the geolocation, date, and time, 2) took a photograph, and 3) categorized the biogeomorphology of the site. To log the geolocation, date, and time, they held the mobile device directly over the site and selected lock location, at which point the app recorded the geolocation coordinates, date, and time detected by the device’s internal sensors. They next stepped 5 m away from the site to take a photograph using the device’s built-in camera. Next, the user manually completed a simple habitat assessment according to a fixed set of variables and their potential categorical values listed in iPlover. Users were instructed to base their habitat assessment on the area within a 5x5 m area containing the nest site (or random point) at its center. Users assigned a value for each of the four habitat variables - Geomorphic Setting, Substrate Type, Vegetation Type, and Vegetation Density – by selecting a radio button (Figure 5 in Thieler and others, 2016). Users typed a site identification and notes in free text fields. iPlover records were locally stored on smartphones while users were in the field. Once an Internet connection was available, users uploaded locally-stored records to a central PostgreSQL (version 9.4) database. The data first passed through a Java parser on a server at the USGS EROS Data Center that converted the JSON data produced by the iPlover application into insert statements that are used against the PostgreSQL (version 9.4) table. The photos were uploaded to a separate server with greater storage capacity (Amazon Web Services S3 bucket). Most photographs uploaded through the application did not retain EXIF data because of the privacy practices of the individual users or the mobile operating systems. The process date indicates the beginning of the data collection. Process_Date: 20160301 Process_Step: Process_Description: At the end of the field collection season, the PostgreSQL (version 9.4) 'entries' table was exported into a comma-separated values (CSV) file. The photos were downloaded from the cloud server. The table was manipulated as a DataFrame object in the Pandas Python package (version 3.3) and saved as a CSV as follows: 1) Attributes that were of no further use were removed, i.e. 'OBJECTID', ‘altitude’, ‘altaccuracy’, ‘notes’, and ‘deleted’. Altitude and the associated altitude accuracy had no relationship to the data because altitude measurements of mobile devices were highly imprecise. 2) The attribute 'imagefile' was created and populated by concatenating the value for the ‘id’ attribute with the ‘.jpg’ extension. The image filenames from the 'imagefile' attribute were checked against the existing image files; when an image listed in 'imagefile' did not exist, the value was replaced with ‘MISSING’. Eleven photos were missing. 3) Any rows that did not record a unique piping plover nest site or random point were removed. These included records used for various tests, records of American oystercatcher nest sites, and records of duplicate sites. These points were identified using values in the collectiongroup, location and notes attributes and by viewing the photos. For example, all records for which the notes attribute value indicated that the record was logged as a test were eliminated. If faces of individuals were present in photos, they were blurred using a 20 pixel Field Blur filter to an area manually delineated with the Lasso tool in Adobe PhotoShop CS6 Version 13.0.6 x64. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Emily J. Sturdivant Contact_Position: GIS Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2230 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: esturdivant@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: When iPlover was updated between 2014 and 2015, choices used for the various biogeomorphic state classifications were reorganized, modified, and added to better reflect characteristics observed in the field. To enable analysis of the combined datasets, values logged in 2014 were reclassified to the choices used in 2015 and 2016. The coded values from 2015 and 2016 were also reclassified to a standard domain. The reclassified values are included in the columns of the table indicated by attribute names with the suffix “_2.” The data contain both identifiers to ensure compatibility with data released for previous years. The reclassification was performed using the following reclassification table developed by Sara L. Zeigler. Column 1 has values recorded by iPlover based on user choices and columns 2–5 indicate the reclassification to standard values for each biogeomorphic variable. > >Geomorphic Setting ('setting' --> 'setting_2') >backshore --> Backshore >barrier_interior --> BarrierInterior >beach --> Beach >dune --> Dune >marsh --> Marsh >swale --> RidgeSwale >washover --> Washover > >Substrate Type ('substrate' --> 'substrate_2') >mud_peat --> MudPeat >sandy --> Sand >shell_gravel_cobble --> ShellGravelCobble >unknown --> * >water --> Water > >Vegetation Density ('vegdens' -- 'vegdens_2') >dense --> Dense >moderate --> Moderate >none --> None >sparse --> Sparse > >Vegetation Type ('vegtype' --> 'vegtype_2') >forest --> Forest >herbaceous --> Herbaceous >none --> None >shrub --> Shrub Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Sara L. Zeigler Contact_Position: Project Scientist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2350 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: szeigler@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: EXIF data for the photographs were populated using the ASCII table of field collection data. This was necessary because most photographs uploaded through the application did not include EXIF data. The lack of EXIF data was caused by privacy practices of the users or the mobile operating systems. Attribute formatting was modified in the Pandas Python package (version 3.3) to match the requirements for EXIF data: The ‘datetime’ attribute was split into two attributes: ‘date’ and ‘time’ with all formatting removed. The attributes and final formatting was as follows: id = unique-id-string.jpg; lat = DD.dddddd; lon = -DD.dddddd; time = hhmmss; date = YYYYMMDD. A Python (version 2.7) script was then run that incorporated this information, along with additional information, into the appropriate locations in the EXIF header of each full-resolution JPEG file. If latitude or longitude was negative, the appropriate GPS tag was set to South or West. The script used ExifTool (version 9.4.6.0) to write the information to the image headers of the full-resolution images. The following tags were populated in the JPEG image headers. Information is duplicated in some tags. This was done because different software packages access different tags. GPS tags: The values populated are unique for each image and based on the information exported from the associated iPlover points CSV file. These positions and time actually represent when the data were recorded in the iPlover app, which should be 5 m and a few seconds offset from the location and time at which the photograph was actually taken according to standard iPlover data collection. >GPSLatitudeRef >GPSLatitude >GPSLongitudeRef >GPSLongitude >GPSTimeStamp >GPSDateStamp JPEG tags: The tag is listed along with the information used to populate it - which is the same for every image taken. >Comment: Photograph collected in iPlover, 2016 EXIF tags: The tag is listed along with the information used to populate it - which is the same for every image. >ImageDescription: Photograph collected in iPlover, 2016 >Artist: Anonymous iPlover user >Copyright: Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey IPTC tags: The tag is listed along with the information used to populate it - which is the same for every image. >Credit: U.S. Geological Survey >Contact: WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov >Keywords: Shorebird habitat, US Atlantic coast, USGS >CopyrightNotice: Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey >Caption-Abstract: Photograph collected in iPlover, 2016 XMP tags: The tag is listed along with the information used to populate it - which is the same for every image. >Caption: Photograph collected in iPlover, 2016 To extract the information from the image headers using ExifTool, the following command can be used (tested with ExifTool version 9.4.6.0): exiftool.exe -csv -f -filename -GPSDateStamp -GPSTimeStamp -GPSLongitude -GPSLatitude -n -Artist -Credit -comment –Contact -keywords -Caption -Copyright -CopyrightNotice -Caption-Abstract -ImageDescription *.jpg > out.csv The -csv flag writes the information out in a comma-delimited format. The -n option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Process_Date: 20171006 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Emily Sturdivant Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2230 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: esturdivant@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200806 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1044 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: iplover_fieldpts_2016.csv Entity_Type_Definition: This file contains attribute information for the classification of biogeomorphic attributes and imagery of coastal habitats associated with shorebird nesting sites for 2016. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: id Attribute_Definition: Unique identifying string generated by iPlover application. The id value is used as the prefix of the file name of the photo taken for the point. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover application Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: character set Attribute: Attribute_Label: clientversion Attribute_Definition: Textual description of the version of the iPlover application used by the user, i.e., installed on their device. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover application Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2.0-SNAPSHOT Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: 2.0-SNAPSHOT is the version of the iPlover application code used for data collection in 2016. It refers to the most updated form (snapshot, as termed in Maven java programming) of iPlover version 2.0. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: iPlover application Attribute: Attribute_Label: collectiongroup Attribute_Definition: Indicates the collection group of the data collector so that members of the one group may access points collected by other members of the same group. Collection group membership was assigned to each data collector by the application administrators prior to field collection. Group membership was determined by geographic region with the exception of the Field collection group, which applies to the researchers who collected data at various field sites around the study extent. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-assateague_island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Assateague Island National Seashore collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-cape_lookout Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Cape Lookout, North Carolina collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-chincoteague Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-eastern_shore_virginia Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Eastern Shore Virginia collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-edwin_b_forsythe Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-field Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Field collection group, which includes members of the research team who collected data at locations around the study extent. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-fire_island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Fire Island, New York collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-marthas_vineyard Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-massachusetts Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Massachusetts collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-monomoy_island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Monomoy Island, Massachusetts collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-new_jersey Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the New Jersey collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-parker_river Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Parker River, Massachusetts collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-rachel_carson Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Maine collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-rhode_island Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the Rhode Island collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: IPLOVER-tnc_virginia_coast Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Data point was collected by a user in the The Nature Conservancy - Virginia Coast collection group. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: deviceinfo Attribute_Definition: Specifications of the mobile device on which data were collected, generated by the iPlover application. Attribute_Definition_Source: Smartphone Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: character set Attribute: Attribute_Label: datetime Attribute_Definition: Date and time on which the data were recorded in the field in local time (usually Eastern Daylight Time, which started March 13, 2016) in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM format. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2016-03-01 14:34:02 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2016-09-09 13:55:14 Attribute: Attribute_Label: latitude Attribute_Definition: Latitude coordinate, in decimal-degrees, of data point. Attribute_Definition_Source: Smartphone GPS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 34.64032974 Range_Domain_Maximum: 43.49211595 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: signed decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.0E-8 Attribute: Attribute_Label: longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitude coordinate, in decimal-degrees, of data point. West longitude is recorded as negative values Attribute_Definition_Source: Smartphone GPS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -76.5404059 Range_Domain_Maximum: -69.9412504 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: signed decimal degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.0E-8 Attribute: Attribute_Label: accuracy Attribute_Definition: The location accuracy reported by the smartphone in meters. These values tend to be imprecise. In iPhones, values are reported in 5m increments. Attribute_Definition_Source: Smartphone GPS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 30 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 1.0E-8 Attribute: Attribute_Label: site Attribute_Definition: Identifier given to the nest either by iPlover user or by the generator of the random point. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover user defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: character set Attribute: Attribute_Label: setting Attribute_Definition: Geomorphic setting of data point as identified by the user selecting one of seven radio button choices within the iPlover application. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover user Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: backshore Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The upper, usually dry, zone of the shore or beach, lying between the high-water line of mean spring tides and the upper limit of shore-zone processes; it is acted upon by waves or covered by water only during exceptionally severe storms or unusually high tides (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, the Backshore geomorphic setting occurred between the mean high water line and either (i) the dune toe, (ii) the edge of developed areas, or (iii) the edge of dense vegetation (or forest). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: barrier_interior Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Described all areas spanning the interior boundary of the dunes (or backshore in the absence of dunes) on the ocean-side to the interior boundary of the marsh, dunes, or backshore on the back-barrier side. This setting was typically used to describe areas that did not fall into any other geomorphic setting (e.g., washovers, ridge/swale complexes). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The relatively thick and temporary accumulation of loose, water-borne material (usually well-sorted sand and pebbles, accompanied by mud, cobbles, boulders, and smoothed rock and shell fragments) that is in active transit along, or deposited on, the shore zone between the limits of low water and high water (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, the Beach geomorphic setting occurred between the ocean- or sound-side study area boundary and the mean high water line (approximated for by the upper-most wrack line in the field). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: dune Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material (generally sand), either bare or covered by vegetation, capable of movement from place to place but retaining its characteristic shape (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, “dune” also describes low-lying areas between dunes (or “interdune” regions) that are part of the larger dune complex. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: marsh Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A relatively flat, low-lying, intermittently water-covered area with generally halophytic grasses existing landward of a barrier island (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: swale Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Long sub-parallel ridges and swales aligned obliquely across the regional trend of the contours. In this study area, these occur typically at the downdrift ends of barrier islands or spits (e.g., a low peninsula or barrier ending in a recurved spit such as the southern end of Assateague Island) (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: washover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A fan of material deposited from the ocean landward on a mainland beach or barrier island, produced by storm waves breaking over low parts of the mainland beach or barrier and depositing sediment either landward (mainland beaches) or across a barrier island into the bay/sound (barrier islands). A washover typically displays a characteristic fan-like shape (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute: Attribute_Label: vegtype Attribute_Definition: Predominant vegetation type within 5x5 m area around point as identified by the user selecting one of four radio button choices within the iPlover application. Vegtype may not always agree with vegdens due to confusion of user. In some cases, users selected vegtype none and vegdens other than none or vegdens none, but categorized a vegtype. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover user Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: herbaceous Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas containing primarily herbaceous vegetation and lacking shrubs, trees, or any other vegetation with woody stems (Forb/herb growth habit; U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015). In this study, the herbaceous vegetation type typically described the vegetation cover found in Godfrey’s (1976) (i) “grassland” ecological zone along the backshore and dunes, dominated by beach grasses (e.g., Ammophila breviligulata) or (ii) “intertidal marsh” ecological zone dominated by cordgrass (e.g., Spartina patens). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Godfrey, 1976 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: none Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas lacking vegetation of any type. Such areas were common on beaches, backshores, and washovers that frequently or recently experienced wave-action. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: shrub Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas containing low (less than 5m), multi-stemmed woody plants (subshrub and shrub growth habits; U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015). In this study, the shrub vegetation type typically described vegetation cover found in Godfrey’s (1976) heath-like “shrublands” ecological zone in stable dune systems. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Godfrey, 1976 Attribute: Attribute_Label: vegdens Attribute_Definition: Predominant vegetation density within 5x5 m area around point as estimated by the user and selected from one of four radio button choices within the iPlover application. Vegdens may not always agree with vegtype due to confusion of user. In some cases, users selected vegtype none and vegdens other than none or vegdens none, but categorized vegtype. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover user Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: dense Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation covered more than 90% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: moderate Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation covered 20-90% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: none Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: No vegetation observed in the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: sparse Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation was apparent and covered less than 20% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: substrate Attribute_Definition: Predominant substrate type within 5x5 m area around point as identified by the user selecting one of five radio button choices within the iPlover application. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover user Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: mud_peat Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A sticky, fine-grained, predominantly clay- or silt-sized marine detrital sediment (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: sandy Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Rock or mineral grains with diameters between 0.074 and 4.76 mm (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, a predominantly “sandy” substrate consisted of finer grains with no discernible shells fragments or large rock fragments. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: shell_gravel_cobble Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Substrate containing a mixture of sand, shell or rock fragments, or large rocks. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: unknown Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Substrate type unknown or missing. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Substrate type for any iPlover data point or location that (i) is always submerged (e.g., points several meters into the ocean, bay, or inland water body) or (ii) was submerged at the time of iPlover point collection (i.e., intertidal regions of beaches). Typically, only random points are classified as water. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: setting_2 Attribute_Definition: Geomorphic setting of the data point recoded to the standard value used in analysis. The setting and setting_2 attributes are both provided to ensure compatibility with previous versions. Attribute_Definition_Source: Sara L. Zeigler Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Backshore Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The upper, usually dry, zone of the shore or beach, lying between the high-water line of mean spring tides and the upper limit of shore-zone processes; it is acted upon by waves or covered by water only during exceptionally severe storms or unusually high tides (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, the Backshore geomorphic setting occurred between the mean high water line and either (i) the dune toe, (ii) the edge of developed areas, or (iii) the edge of dense vegetation (or forest). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BarrierInterior Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Describes all areas spanning the interior boundary of the dunes (or backshore in the absence of dunes) on the ocean-side to the interior boundary of the marsh, dunes, or backshore on the back-barrier side. This setting was typically used to describe areas that did not fall into any other geomorphic setting (e.g., washovers, ridge/swale complexes). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Beach Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The relatively thick and temporary accumulation of loose, water-borne material (usually well-sorted sand and pebbles, accompanied by mud, cobbles, boulders, and smoothed rock and shell fragments) that is in active transit along, or deposited on, the shore zone between the limits of low water and high water (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, the Beach geomorphic setting occurred between the ocean- or sound-side study area boundary and the mean high water line (approximated for by the upper-most wrack line in the field). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dune Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material (generally sand), either bare or covered by vegetation, capable of movement from place to place but retaining its characteristic shape (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, “dune” also describes low-lying areas between dunes (or “interdune” regions) that are part of the larger dune complex. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Marsh Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A relatively flat, low-lying, intermittently water-covered area with generally halophytic grasses existing landward of a barrier island (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: RidgeSwale Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The point occurs in a ridge/swale complex: long sub-parallel ridges and swales aligned obliquely across the regional trend of the contours. Common on the “hooks” (i.e., a low peninsula or barrier ending in a recurved spit and formed at the end of a bay; e.g., the hook of Chincoteague Island) of barrier islands of the Mid-Atlantic, USA (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Washover Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A fan of material deposited from the ocean landward on a mainland beach or barrier island, produced by storm waves breaking over low parts of the mainland beach or barrier and depositing sediment either landward (mainland beaches) or across a barrier island into the bay/sound (barrier islands). A washover typically displays a characteristic fan-like shape (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute: Attribute_Label: vegtype_2 Attribute_Definition: Predominant vegetation type at the data point recoded to the standard value used in analysis. The vegtype and vegtype_2 attributes are both provided to ensure compatibility with previous versions. Attribute_Definition_Source: Sara L. Zeigler Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Herbaceous Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas containing primarily herbaceous vegetation and lacking shrubs, trees, or any other vegetation with woody stems (Forb/herb growth habit; U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015). In this study, the Herbaceous vegetation type typically described the vegetation cover found in Godfrey’s (1976) (i) “grassland” ecological zone along the backshore and dunes, dominated by beach grasses (e.g., Ammophila breviligulata) or (ii) “intertidal marsh” ecological zone dominated by cordgrass (e.g., Spartina patens). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Godfrey, 1976 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: None Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas lacking vegetation of any type. Such areas were common on beaches, backshores, and washovers that frequently or recently experienced wave-action. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Shrub Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas containing low (less than 5m), multi-stemmed woody plants (subshrub and shrub growth habits; U.S. Department of Agriculture 2015). In this study, the Shrub vegetation type typically described vegetation cover found in Godfrey’s (1976) heath-like “shrublands” ecological zone in stable dune systems. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Godfrey, 1976 Attribute: Attribute_Label: vegdens_2 Attribute_Definition: Predominant vegetation density at the data point recoded to the standard value used in analysis. The vegdens and vegdens_2 attributes are both provided to ensure compatibility with previous versions. Vegetation density may not always agree with vegetation type due to confusion of user. Attribute_Definition_Source: Sara L. Zeigler Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Dense Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation covered more than 90% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Moderate Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation covered 20-90% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: None Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: No vegetation observed in the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sparse Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vegetation was apparent and covered less than 20% of the 5x5 m area surrounding an iPlover data point or map cell. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: substrate_2 Attribute_Definition: Predominant substrate type at the data point recoded to the standard value used in analysis. The substrate and substrate_2 attributes are both provided to ensure compatibility with previous versions. Attribute_Definition_Source: Sara L. Zeigler Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MudPeat Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: A sticky, fine-grained, predominantly clay- or silt-sized marine detrital sediment (Neuendorf and others, 2011). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Rock or mineral grains with diameters between 0.074 and 4.76 mm (Neuendorf and others, 2011). In this study, a predominantly “sandy” substrate consisted of finer grains with no discernible shells fragments or large rock fragments. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: modified from Neuendorf and others, 2011 Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: ShellGravelCobble Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: In this study, Shell/Gravel/Cobble described substrate containing a mixture of sand, shell or rock fragments, or large rocks. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Water Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Water is the substrate type for any iPlover data point or location that (i) is always submerged (e.g., points several meters into the ocean, bay, or inland water body) or (ii) was submerged at the time of iPlover point collection (i.e., intertidal regions of beaches). Typically, only random points are classified as water because plovers would not nest there. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: * Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Substrate type unknown or missing. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: imagefile Attribute_Definition: JPEG photo filename if the image is present in the dataset. Value of 'MISSING' indicates that the file was not retrieved by the server. Attribute_Definition_Source: iPlover application Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: character set Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MISSING Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Image file is not present in the dataset because it could not be retrieved from the server. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the CSV file is a header line with column headings that are equivalent to the attributes defined here. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The USGS data release contains the biogeomorphic classification and accompanying photographs of points recorded in the citizen science application iPlover. The data release includes a comma-separated values file and a zip file with corresponding site photographs (JPEG) collected by the users on their mobile devices. Additionally, the CSDGM FGDC metadata in XML format is included. Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the U.S. Geological Survey, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: JPEG Format_Information_Content: The zip file contains a comma-separated values (CSV) text file and a folder of images. The 'imagefile' attribute in the CSV table indicates the file name of the accompanying photograph in the folder of photos. The CSV is also available for separate download. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip, pkUnzip or Archive Utility Transfer_Size: 2910 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447/?name=iplover_fieldpts_2016_photos.zip Access_Instructions: The first link is to the page containing the data, which is also the publication landing page. The second URL is a direct link to download a zipped file with the photos. If the download link fails, users must download the data from the landing webpage. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Information_Content: The 'imagefile' attribute in the CSV indicates the file name of the accompanying photograph in the folder of photos. The CSV is also included in the images zip file with the image folder. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip, pkUnzip or Archive Utility Transfer_Size: 0.391 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5aeaf3a1e4b0860c0f727447 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P98MI9C5 Access_Instructions: The first link is to the page containing the data, which is also the publication landing page. The second is a direct link to download a zipped file with the data. If the download link fails, users must download the data from the landing webpage. The final link is an alternative URL for the publication landing page. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: The user must have software capable of uncompressing archived zip files, such as WinZip or Pkware. These data are available as a generic ASCII formatted data file. The user must have a software program capable of reading the comma-delimited data file. An image viewer can be used to see the JPEG images. JPEG header information can be viewed with an image metadata viewer, such as with ExifTool as described above. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211119 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Emily Sturdivant Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: GIS Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2230 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the metadata contact is no longer with the USGS or the email is otherwise invalid. Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None