Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 20211117 Title: Historical Shorelines for Puerto Rico from 1901 to 1987 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9CLXCEG Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: suggested citation: Heslin, J.L., Henderson, R.E., Himmelstoss, E.A., 2021, Historical Shorelines for Puerto Rico from 1901 to 1987: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CLXCEG. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CLXCEG Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0 Description: Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains shoreline positions for the United States coasts from both older sources, such as aerial photos or topographic surveys, as well as contemporary sources like lidar point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs). These shorelines are compiled and analyzed in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software to compute rates of change. It is useful to keep a record of historical shoreline positions as a method of monitoring change over time to identify areas most susceptible to erosion or accretion. These data can help coastal managers understand which areas of the coast are vulnerable. This data release and other associated products represent an expansion of the USGS national-scale shoreline database to include Puerto Rico and its islands, Vieques and Culebra. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI, part of the Graduate School of Planning at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus) has derived and compiled a database of historical shoreline positions using a variety of methods. These shorelines are used to measure the rate of shoreline change over time. Purpose: An interpreation of the original shoreline data, similar to what can be found in this data release, were part of a previously published Open File Report (OFR 93-574). The rates and images of the shoreline extents were published in this OFR but the shoreline shapefiles themselves were not published. This data release is an effort to recover, edit, and add to the existing shoreline data through a thorough quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) workflow. Shorelines were digitized from georeferenced T-sheets and air photographs, using the high-water line and wet-dry line, respectively, as a shoreline reference. These data are used in conjunction with other shoreline files to calculate rates of shoreline change. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19010701 Ending_Date: 19870225 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -67.2714 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -65.4403 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.5161 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.9131 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: DSAS Theme_Keyword: Digital Shoreline Analysis System Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Theme_Keyword: Historical Shorelines Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Change Theme_Keyword: High Water Line Theme_Keyword: HWL Theme_Keyword: Wet/Dry Line Theme_Keyword: WDL Theme_Keyword: T-Sheets Theme_Keyword: Aerial Photos Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Atlantic Coast Place_Keyword: Caribbean Place_Keyword: Puerto Rico Access_Constraints: None. Please see 'Distribution Info' for details. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L. Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2230 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0?name=PR_1901-1987_Shorelines.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Map view of data Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1909 (OS Build 18363.1500) Service Pack N/A; Esri ArcGIS 10.7.1.11595 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E.R. Thieler Originator: W.W. Danforth Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 93-574 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93574 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Meredith G. Kratzmann Originator: Amy S. Farris Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 5.0 User Guide Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2018-1179 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181179 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Charles H. Fletcher Originator: Bradley M. Romine Originator: Ayesha S. Genz Originator: Matthew M. Barbee Originator: Matthew Dyer Originator: Tiffany R. Anderson Originator: S. Chyn Lim Originator: Sean Vitousek Originator: Christopher Bochicchio Originator: Bruce M. Richmond Publication_Date: 2012 Title: National assessment of shoreline change: Historical shoreline change in the Hawaiian Islands Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2011-1051 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111051 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Aaron L. Shalowitz Publication_Date: 1964 Title: Shore and Sea Boundaries: With Special Reference to the Interpretation and Use of Coast and Geodetic Survey Data Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: NOAA Issue_Identification: Vol. II Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC, United States Publisher: United States Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey Online_Linkage: https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/shore-and-sea-boundaries.html Online_Linkage: https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps63041/index.htm Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Cheryl J. Hapke Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Originator: Meredith G. Kratzmann Originator: Jeffrey H. List Originator: E. Robert Thieler Publication_Date: 2011 Title: National Assessment of Shoreline Change: Historical Shoreline Change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coasts Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2010-1118 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101118 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mark Crowell Originator: Stephen P. Leatherman Originator: Michael K. Buckley Publication_Date: 1991 Title: Historical Shoreline Change: Error Analysis and Mapping Accuracy Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: Vol. 7, No. 3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. Online_Linkage: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4297899 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julia L. Heslin Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines for Puerto Rico from 2015 to 2018 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9AZYW74 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/610abe37d34ef8d70568937a Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Loderay Bracero-Marrero Originator: Maritza Barreto-Orta Originator: Nias Hernández-Montcourt Originator: Ruben Maldonado-González Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Originator: Julia L. Heslin Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: A GIS compilation of Vector Shorelines and Shoreline Classification for Puerto Rico from 1970 and 2010 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9SEUAHC Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/610ae914d34ef8d70568fba9 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Julia L. Heslin Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: Puerto Rico Shoreline Change: A GIS Compilation of Shorelines, Baselines, Intersects, and Change Rates using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 5.1 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9FNRRN0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61255b87d34e40dd9c03f390 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The data provided are a compilation of shorelines from multiple sources spanning 86 years. The attributes are based on the requirements of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software and have gone through a series of quality assurance procedures. Logical_Consistency_Report: Adjacent shoreline segments do not overlap and are not necessarily continuous. Shorelines were quality checked for accuracy. Any slight offsets between adjacent segments due to georeferencing and digitizing error are taken into account in the uncertainty calculations referenced in the process steps. Completeness_Report: This shoreline file is complete and contains historical shoreline segments used to calculate shoreline change rates along sections of the Puerto Rico coastline where shoreline position data were available. These data adequately represented the shoreline position at the time of the survey. Remaining gaps in these data, if applicable, are a consequence of non-existing data or existing data that did not meet quality assurance standards. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal accuracy of the shorelines is varied and depends on the data source from which they were digitized. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: E.R. Thieler Originator: W.W. Danforth Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 93-574 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93574 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1901 Ending_Date: 1987 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: OFR 93-574 Source_Contribution: Used shoreline shapefiles, quadrangles, T-sheets, and aerial photos referenced in the open file report (OFR). While the rates and images of the shoreline extents were published in an appendix of the OFR, the shapefiles themselves were previously unpublished. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey Publication_Date: 2020 Title: NOAA Historical Surveys (T-Sheets) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey Online_Linkage: https://shoreline.noaa.gov/data/datasheets/t-sheets.html Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1901 Ending_Date: 1980 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Georeferenced T-Sheets Source_Contribution: Used to QA/QC and redigitize historical shorelines. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Non-georeferenced NOAA Shoreline Survey Scans website Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Online_Linkage: https://nosimagery.noaa.gov/images/shoreline_surveys/survey_scans/NOAA_Shoreline_Survey_Scans.html Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1901 Ending_Date: 1980 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Non-Georeferenced T-Sheets Source_Contribution: Used to fill in gaps of T-sheet shorelines. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Publication_Date: 202002 Title: NGS Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool (NCAT) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Online_Linkage: https://geodesy.noaa.gov/NCAT/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2020 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NCAT Source_Contribution: Used to convert T-sheet coordinates from historical to updated datum. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey Publication_Date: 20200102 Title: NGS Geodetic Marks Shapefile, Puerto Rico, 2020 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geodetic Survey Online_Linkage: https://geodesy.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/sf_archive.prl Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20200102 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Geodetic Marks Source_Contribution: The triangulation stations in the shapefile were used to georeference T-sheets from 1901, which referenced an outdated datum. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Publication_Date: 20080217 Title: 2006-2007 natural color orthophotos covering the islands of Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing images Publication_Information: Publication_Place: 2234 South Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405-2413 Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management (NOAA/OCM) Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#/imagery/search/where:ID=394 Source_Scale_Denominator: 2400 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 200611 Ending_Date: 200703 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Orthophotos Source_Contribution: These orthophotos were used as basemap imagery to help in georeferencing historic aerial photos. The accompanying tile index shapefile was used to identify necessary aerial photos to download. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) Publication_Date: 2021 Title: NOAA Tides and Currents Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Silver Spring, MD Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) Online_Linkage: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2021 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Tides and Currents Source_Contribution: Used to derive the average great diurnal tide range for Puerto Rico. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) Publication_Date: 20190702 Title: 2018 USACE FEMA Topobathy Lidar: Main Island, Culebra, and Vieques, Puerto Rico Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: 2234 South Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405-2413 Publisher: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management (NOAA/OCM) Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#/lidar/search/where:ID=8560 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20180703 Ending_Date: 20180725 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2018 Lidar Source_Contribution: Used to derive the average beach slope for Puerto Rico. Process_Step: Process_Description: Original shoreline shapefiles and source data (including ungeoreferenced topographic sheets [T- or TP-sheets], aerial photos, and USGS quadrangles) from OFR 93-574, Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987 (Thieler and Danforth, 1993), were acquired from the archives of internal USGS data. The shapefiles received were separated by year based on the corresponding source information. The first step of this QA/QC process was to make preliminary edits and additions to the original shoreline shapefiles. One of the first noticeable errors was the prevalence of duplicate features across the shorelines. For instance, identical features existed within the same shoreline shapefile, but each feature had its own unique attributes within the attribute table. To identify and delete these duplicate features, a "Length" field was added to each of the shapefiles. Using the Calculate Geometry tool within each shapefile's attribute table, the length of each shoreline feature was derived. With this new length field, a visual inspection the shapefiles' attribute tables with these identical shoreline lengths helped identify the duplicate shorelines. There were also instances where there were identical features across multiple shoreline feature classes. In this case, a visual inspection was made in ArcMap and the Select by Location tool was used to identify these duplicate shorelines. If the target layer (meaning the feature class that contained the incorrectly duplicated shoreline) was spatially identical to the source layer (the feature class with the correct shoreline), then those selected shorelines were reviewed and deleted. Each of these edited shapefiles was then exported as a feature class to a personal geodatabase for two reasons: for organizational purposes; and DSAS requires shorelines to be stored in a personal geodatabase (Himmelstoss and others, 2018). Fields that are necessary for the shoreline change analysis through DSAS as well as fields pertaining to other relevant information were added to each of the feature classes. These are described in the Attribute section of the metadata. The historical shorelines were then assessed based on their accuracy by georeferencing the source data from which they originated. Two different shoreline sources are referenced: T-sheets and aerial photos. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: OFR 93-574 Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Historical Shoreline Geodatabase Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The T-sheet shorelines were the first to be assessed. The T-sheets from OFR 93-574 (Thieler and Danforth, 1993) were cross-referenced with NOAA georeferenced T-sheets available through the NOAA Shoreline website (https://shoreline.noaa.gov/data/datasheets/t-sheets.html). Upon further investigation of NOAA's georeferenced T-sheets, original shoreline data, and Esri's World Imagery basemap all viewed together in ArcMap, there was a roughly 200-meter offset that existed in the georeferenced T-sheets from NOAA. This offset is likely due to a datum error. Most historical T-sheet surveys were conducted in the continental United States and reference the North American Datum of 1927. T-sheets in Puerto Rico, however, reference the Puerto Rico Datum of 1940. Therefore, we needed to georeference all T-sheets by using the non-georeferenced T-sheets. While most of these T-sheets were already acquired from the internal data transfer, a few T-sheets were searched for and replaced based on their quality (e.g. part of the T-sheet may have been clipped) using the Non-georeferenced NOAA Shoreline Survey Scans website (https://nosimagery.noaa.gov/images/shoreline_surveys/survey_scans/NOAA_Shoreline_Survey_Scans.html). A total of 31 T-sheets were included from the original OFR and used to validate shorelines. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: OFR 93-574 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Georeferenced T-Sheets Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Non-Georeferenced T-Sheets Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Historical Shoreline Geodatabase Process_Date: 2020 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, NORTHEAST REGION Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: After all T-sheets were acquired, additional T-sheets adjacent to the original T-sheets were also acquired. To locate these additional T-sheets, an index to adjoining T-sheets on the bottom left of each T-sheet was used. The T-sheets were downloaded from the Non-georeferenced NOAA Shoreline Survey Scans website. 27 additional T-sheets were used to add to the existing shoreline data. Some of these additional T-sheets from 1966 were only available as PiCture eXchange (PCX) image files, which are not compatible with ArcMap. These files were converted from PCX to TIF files using GIMP software (version 2.10.22, https://www.gimp.org/), an open-source graphics editor. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Non-Georeferenced T-Sheets Process_Date: 2020 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: T-sheets dating from 1959 and beyond in this dataset were georeferenced using the NGS Coordinate Conversion and Transformation Tool (NCAT, https://geodesy.noaa.gov/NCAT/) and ArcMap. After opening up an ArcMap document, the data frame's coordinate system was set to NAD 1983 StatePlane Puerto Rico Virgin Isl FIPS 5200 (Meters). Each non-georeferenced T-sheet was added to the ArcMap document. Eight well distributed control points were selected using the coordinates indicated along the edges of the T-sheets. These coordinates were transformed using the NCAT Tool from the Puerto Rico datum (PR40) to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) Puerto Rico State Plane Coordinate System. After the eight control points were georegistered, adding or removing control points from the link table was considered to obtain an optimal root mean square error (RMSE). No less than six control points were used to georeference each of these T-sheets. It is important to note that the RMSE conforms to the National Map Accuracy Standards. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NCAT Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced T-Sheets, 1959-1980 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: In this dataset, T-sheets from 1901 needed to be georeferenced using a different method than the relatively newer T-sheets. These T-sheets reference an older Puerto Rico datum that was not available for conversion through the NCAT tool. These older T-sheets include triangulation stations which can also be used in the georeferencing process. Locations of these triangulation stations were determined by using a shapefile of NGS known geodetic marks in Puerto Rico (https://geodesy.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/sf_archive.prl). This shapefile was projected to NAD 1983 StatePlane Puerto Rico Virgin Isl FIPS 5200 (Meters). Then, the non-georeferenced T-sheets were georeferenced by matching the name of the triangulation station to the name of the geodetic mark ("NAME" field) in the shapefile's attribute table. If there were multiple geodetic marks by the same name, the fields "FIRST_RECV" and "LAST_RECV," which indicate the years that the geodetic mark was first observed and last recovered, respectively, were used to select the appropriate mark based on the time frame. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Geodetic Marks Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced T-Sheets, 1901 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: After all T-sheets were georeferenced, a visual inspection in ArcMap determined further edits that needed to be made to the shoreline features. Some of the features contained errors as a result of the software that was used to digitize the original shorelines (Thieler and Danforth, 1993). There were a series of clustered vertices and rough, jagged edges within some shoreline features that required deletion. These were likely artifacts of the digitizing track mode that may have inadvertently added erroneous vertices not reflective of the shoreline. There were also errors regarding the alignment of the shoreline features to the georeferenced T-sheets. In some cases, the digitized shoreline did not line up with the shoreline delineated on the T-sheets. In other cases, there were T-sheet shoreline features that were omitted from the digitized shoreline as they may have been cut off when stitching together overlapping T-sheets. Based on this assessment, it was determined that the majority of these shorelines would be re-digitized. In a few instances, only the vertices from the digitized shorelines were adjusted to match the shoreline delineated on the T-sheet as there was little spatial discrepancy between the digitized shoreline and the georeferenced T-sheet. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced T-Sheets 1959-1980 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced T-Sheets 1901 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Historical Shoreline Geodatabase Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Updated T-Sheet Shoreline Feature Classes Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The next shoreline features to be QA/QC'd were the aerial photo shorelines. Unlike the T-sheets, the control points for the aerial photos were established using orthorectified imagery downloaded from the NOAA Data Access Viewer (DAV, https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#/imagery/search/where:ID=394). In an effort to reduce the uncertainty values for the aerial photos, natural color orthophotos were used as opposed to the quadrangles mentioned in the OFR (Thieler and Danforth, 1993). Like the T-sheets, the aerial photos were acquired through an internal data transfer. These aerial photos were not georeferenced but were separated by municipality and year. The aerial photos were georeferenced using ArcMap. In the ArcMap document, the data frame's coordinate system was set to match the shoreline data (NAD 1983 StatePlane Puerto Rico Virgin Isl FIPS 5200 (Meters)). In order to retrieve the corresponding natural color orthophoto, a few data sources were needed. First, even though the quadrangles were not used directly in the georeferencing process, they were used to help locate the general vicinity of the aerial photos. The quadrangles were georeferenced using the same method as the T-sheets as the quadrangles contained latitude and longitude points in the Puerto Rico datum of 1940 (see Step 4). Then, the tile index shapefile downloaded from the bulk download page on the NOAA DAV (https://chs.coast.noaa.gov/htdata/raster1/imagery/PuertoRico_RGB_2007_394/) was brought into the ArcMap document. The tiles from this shapefile contained the associated orthophoto direct download link. These along with the Esri basemap imagery helped determine the approximate location of the non-georeferenced aerial photos. The aerial photos were georeferenced using consistent ground points available in the orthophotos (e.g. road intersections, man-made structures, rocks along the shoreline). At least four ground control points for a first order polynomial transformation and at least six points for a second order polynomial transformation were selected for each of the aerial photos to achieve an acceptable RMSE. It is important to note that the RMSE conforms to the National Map Accuracy Standards. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: OFR 93-574 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Orthophotos Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced Aerial Photos, 1936-1987 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced Quadrangles Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: After all available aerial photos were georeferenced, a visual inspection in ArcMap determined further edits that needed to be made to the shoreline features. Some of the features contained errors as a result of the software that was used to digitize these original shorelines (Thieler and Danforth, 1993). There were a series of clustered vertices and rough, jagged edges within some shoreline features that would require deletion. These were likely artifacts of the digitizing track mode that may have inadvertently added erroneous vertices not reflective of the shoreline. Based on this assessment, it was determined that many of these shorelines would be re-digitized. In some instances, only the vertices from the digitized shorelines were adjusted to match the shoreline delineated on the aerial photo as there was little spatial discrepancy between the digitized shoreline and the georeferenced aerial photo. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Georeferenced Aerial Photos, 1936-1987 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Historical Shoreline Geodatabase Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Updated Aerial Photo Shoreline Feature Classes Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Additional fields that were added to the attribute table needed to be calculated. All fields except "UNCY" were calculated using information provided in the OFR or directly from the source itself. The uncertainty calculations were largely adapted from the uncertainty equations created by Fletcher and others 2012. The following summation in quadrature equation was used to calculate the uncertainty for the T-sheet shorelines: Sqr(([U_SURVEY]^2) + (([U_CELL_SIZE] * [U_RMSE])^2) + ([U_CELL_SIZE]^2) + ([U_DIGITIZE]^2) + ([U_SHORE]^2)) where U_SURVEY = error associated with the T-sheet survey (10 meters for T-sheets before the year 1960, 3 meters after 1960; see Shalowitz, 1964), U_CELL_SIZE = the pixel cell size of each rectified T-sheet, U_RMSE = the unitless root mean square error value of each T-sheet recorded from the georeferencing link table, U_DIGITIZE = the maximum error associated with digitizing as represented in past studies (1 meter; see Hapke and others, 2010), U_SHORE = the estimated uncertainty in the shoreline position due to the fact that the high water line varies with tide. U_SHORE was estimated to be 3 meters and was derived by taking the average great diurnal tide range (or the difference between mean higher high water and mean lower low water) and dividing it by the average beach slope. The tide range values were taken from six well-distributed tide stations from NOAA Tides and Currents (https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/). The average beach slope was calculated using the average slope value from the 2018 Lidar data. Dividing the great diurnal tide range (an approximation of the water level's vertical range) by the average beach slope (represented as rise/run) yields the horizontal range of where the water meets the beach. It is presumed that the shoreline proxies derived from historical sources will fall within this horizontal range, thus an appropriate value to apply to the uncertainty equation. The following summation in quadrature equation was used to calculate the uncertainty for the aerial photo shorelines: Sqr(([U_AIR_PHOTO] ^2) + ([U_BASEMAP] ^2) + (([U_CELL_SIZE]* [U_RMSE])^2) + ([U_CELL_SIZE]^2) + ([U_DIGITIZE]^2) + ([U_SHORE]^2)) where U_AIR_PHOTO = the average aerial photo error due to distortion and cartographic error (3 meters; see Crowell and others, 1991), U_BASEMAP = the horizontal accuracy from the orthophotos' metadata (5 meters), U_CELL_SIZE = the pixel cell size of each rectified aerial photo, U_RMSE = the unitless root mean square error value of each aerial photo recorded from the georeferencing link table, U_DIGITIZE = the maximum error associated with digitizing as represented in past studies (1 meter; see Hapke and others, 2010), U_SHORE = the estimated uncertainty in the shoreline position due to the fact that the wet/dry line varies with tide. U_SHORE was estimated to be 3 meters. While all T-sheets were available to cross-reference with the original digitized shorelines, only a sample of the aerial photos were available for the QA/QC. In the event that there was not an aerial photo available for a digitized shoreline, the originally reported uncertainty value from the OFR (9.25 meters) was left as the uncertainty value. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: NOAA Tides and Currents Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2018 Lidar Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Orthophotos Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Updated T-Sheet Shoreline Feature Classes Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Updated Aerial Photo Shoreline Feature Classes Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: T-Sheet Shorelines with Attributes Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Aerial Photo Shorelines with Attributes Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: After all the individual shoreline feature classes within the personal geodatabase were evaluated a final time, they were exported as shapefiles and merged together into one shapefile (ArcToolbox >> Data Management >> General >> Merge). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: T-Sheet Shorelines with Attributes Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Aerial Photo Shorelines with Attributes Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Merged Historical Shorelines Shapefile Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The data were projected to WGS 84 using ArcToolbox >> Data Management Tools >> Projections and Transformations >> Feature >> Project (Parameters: Input Coordinate System = NAD_1983_StatePlane_Puerto_Rico_Virgin_Isl_FIPS_5200; Output Coordinate System = GCS_WGS_1984; Geographic Transformation = Puerto_Rico_To_NAD_1983 + Puerto_Rico_To_WGS_1984_4). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Merged Historical Shorelines Shapefile Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: PR_Historical_Shorelines Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 624 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0198254503 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0207092681 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal seconds Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: PR_Historical_Shorelines.shp Attribute Table Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing attribute information associated with the dataset. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: DATE_ Attribute_Definition: Date of shoreline position; date of survey as indicated on source material. A default date of 07/01 was assigned to shorelines where only the year was known (month and day were unknown). Using July, the mid-point month of the calendar year, minimizes the potential offset to the actual shoreline date by a maximum of six months. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 07/01/1901 Range_Domain_Maximum: 02/25/1987 Attribute: Attribute_Label: UNCY Attribute_Definition: Estimate of shoreline position uncertainty. Actual shoreline position is within the range of this value (plus or minus, meters) of this value. The uncertainty was determined by the equation presented in the process steps. A default value of 9.25, which was the average reported uncertainty from OFR 93-574 (Thieler and Danforth, 1993), is applied for shorelines that do not have a reference image available. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.99 Range_Domain_Maximum: 12.84 Attribute: Attribute_Label: PROXY Attribute_Definition: Method used to determine the shoreline Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Wet/Dry Line Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: This is defined as the most recent swash line and is delineated as the boundary between the wet and dry beach. All aerial photo shorelines are wet/dry lines. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: HWL Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: High Water Line. This is distinguished as the last high tide swash line, usually found more landward of the wet/dry line. All T-sheet shorelines are high water lines. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: SOURCE Attribute_Definition: File name or registry number associated with the aerial photos or T-/TP-Sheets reference data. Some rows in this field may be left empty, which indicates that these shorelines were originally derived from OFR 93-574 (Thieler and Danforth, 1993) and no reference image available to verify the original source. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Alphanumeric identifier found printed on the corresponding aerial photo or T-/TP-Sheet. Attribute: Attribute_Label: AGENCY Attribute_Definition: The agency that provided the source data to create the shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: PRDRN Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Departamento de Recursos Naturales (Department of Natural Resources), San Juan, Puerto Rico Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: USDA-SCS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service, Salt Lake City, Utah Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: USGS, PRDC Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: U.S. Geological Survey, National Cartographic Information Center, Rockville, Maryland; Departamento de Carreteras (Department of Transportation), San Juan, Puerto Rico Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: PRDC Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Departamento de Carreteras (Department of Transportation), San Juan, Puerto Rico Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NOAA Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: TYPE Attribute_Definition: The type of source data used to create the shoreline Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Aerial Photo Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Aerial Photo Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NOS TP-Sheet Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: National Oceanic Service topographic sheet, TP series Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NOS T-Sheet Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: National Oceanic Service topographic sheet, T series Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: YEAR Attribute_Definition: The year of each shoreline feature as noted in the DATE_ field Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1901 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1987 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.7 Format_Specification: Esri Polyline Shapefile Format_Information_Content: Dataset contains the shapefile, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 3.64 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CLXCEG Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0 Access_Instructions: The first link is to the USGS publication page, the second link downloads all the data on the landing page, and the third link is to the dataset landing page. Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211117 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L. Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2230 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-547-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998