U.S. Geological Survey 2018 data release DOI:10.5066/P9E9EFNE Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bfd6055e4b0815414ca39d9 Elizabeth A. Pendleton Wayne E. Baldwin David S. Foster Seth D. Ackerman Brian D. Andrews Laura L. Brothers William C. Schwab 2018 data release DOI:10.5066/P9E9EFNE Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Pendleton, E.A., Baldwin, W.E., Foster, D.F., Ackerman, S.D., Andrews, B.D, Brothers, L.L., and Schwab, W.C., 2018, Geospatial data layers of shallow geology, sea-floor texture, and physiographic zones from the inner continental shelf of Martha's Vineyard from Aquinnah to Wasque Point, and Nantucket from Eel Point to Great Point: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5afee3bfe4b0da30c1bfbd28 Geologic, sediment texture, and physiographic zone maps characterize the sea floor south and west of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket, Massachusetts. These maps were derived from interpretations of seismic-reflection profiles, high-resolution bathymetry, acoustic-backscatter intensity, bottom photographs, and surficial sediment samples. The interpretation of the seismic stratigraphy and mapping of glacial and Holocene marine units provided a foundation on which the surficial maps were created. This mapping is a result of a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management to characterize the surface and subsurface geologic framework offshore of Massachusetts. These sea floor physiographic zones were created from geophysical and sample data collected from south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket, and are used to characterize the sea floor in the area. Physiographic zone maps are important data layers for marine resource managers charged with protecting fish habitat, delineating marine boundaries, and assessing environmental change due to natural or human impacts. This data release is also a companion publication to USGS OFR 2018-1181 with the following citation: Pendleton, E.A., Baldwin, W.E., Ackerman, S.D, Foster, D.S., Andrews, B.D., Schwab, W.C., and Brothers, L.L. 2018, Sea-floor texture and physiographic zones of the inner continental shelf from Aquinnah to Wasque Point, Martha’s Vineyard, and Eel Point to Great Point, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1181, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181181. The data in the source contributions used for this compilation are from field activities 2007-011-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2007-011-FA), 2011-004-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2011-004-FA), and 2013-003-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2013-003-FA). 20070809 20130611 ground condition of the source data used for the interpretation Complete None planned -70.8627 -70.0341 41.3894 41.1958 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5bfd6055e4b0815414ca39d9 None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program CMGP Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center WHCMSC Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management CZM Sea floor Marine Geology Interpretation Bathymetry Backscatter Slope Topography Esri Shapefile Physiographic Zones Rocky Zone Hard-bottom Plain Nearshore Ramp Nearshore Basin Outer Basin Ebb-tidal Delta Coastal Embayment Shell Zone Shoal\Sand Wave U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1288 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1006 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1168 USGS Thesaurus marine geology unconsolidated deposits sea-floor characteristics sedimentology sieve-size analysis geospatial datasets scientific interpretation ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans geoscientificInformation None Vineyard Sound Nantucket Sound Atlantic Ocean Martha's Vineyard Nantucket Cape Cod Aquinnah Chilmark Squibnocket Point Squibnocket Beach Gay Head South Beach Katama Beach Wasque point Chappaquiddick Island Long Point Wildlife Refuge Tisbury Nomans Land Lucy Vincent Beach Tisbury Great Pond Beach Muskeget Island Tuckernuck Island Eel Point Dionis Beach Children's Beach Coatue Great Point Nantucket Harbor Wasque Shoal Muskeget Channel Tuckernuck Bank Tuckernuck Shoal Shovelful Shoal Massachusetts None Sea floor None Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Additionally, there are limitations associated with qualitative sediment mapping interpretations. Because of the scale of the source geophysical data and the spacing of samples, not all changes in sea-floor texture are captured. The data were mapped between 1:8,000 and 1:25,000, but the recommended scale for application of these data is 1:25,000. Elizabeth A. Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2226 508-457-2310 ependleton@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5bfd6055e4b0815414ca39d9/?name=MV_ACK_physiozone_browse.png Image of the physiographic zone shapefile for offshore of western and southern Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket. The browse graphic is derived from the companion OFR (Pendleton and others, 2018). PNG Kelley, J.T. Barnhardt, W.A. Belknap, D.F. Dickson, S.M. Kelley, A.R. 1998 Maine Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-6 Augusta, Maine Maine Geological Survey, Natural Resources Information and Mapping Center https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/explore/marine/seafloor/contents.htm Barnhardt, W.A. Kelley, J.T. Dickson, S.M. Belknap, D.F. 1998 Journal of Coastal Research 14(2) Royal Palm Beach, FL Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. McMullen, K.Y. Paskevich, V.F. Poppe, L.J. 2012 Open-File Report 2005-1001 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1001/ Ford, K.H. Voss, S.E 2010 Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries Technical Report TR-45 New Bedford, MA Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/dmf/publications/tr-45.pdf U.S. Geological Survey 2013 Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Geologic mapping of the Massachusetts inner continental shelf is a cooperative effort that was initiated in 2003 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-NOS) is also an important partner and contributes hydrographic data that are integrated into the maps. The overall goal of this cooperative is to determine the geologic framework of the sea floor inside the 3-mile limit of State waters, using high-resolution geophysical techniques, sediment sampling, and sea-floor photography. https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/coastal_mass/ Wayne E. Baldwin David S. Foster Elizabeth A. Pendleton Walter A. Barnhardt William C. Schwab Brian D. Andrews Seth Ackerman 2016 Open-File Report 2016-1119 Reston, VA US Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161119 David S. Foster Wayne E. Baldwin Walter A. Barnhardt William C. Schwab Seth D. Ackerman Brian D. Andrews Elizabeth A. Pendleton 2015 Open-File Report 2014-1220 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141220 Elizabeth E. Pendleton Walter A. Barnhardt Wayne E. Baldwin David S. Foster William C. Schwab Brian D. Andrews Seth D Ackerman 2015 Open-File Report 2015-1153 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151153 Elizabeth A. Pendleton Wayne E. Baldwin Walter A. Barnhardt Seth D. Ackerman David S. Foster Brian D. Andrews William C. Schwab 2013 Open-File Report 2012-1157 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1157/ The data were digitized between 1:8,000 and 1:25,000, but the recommended scale for application of these data is 1:25,000. These data were drawn and vetted for accuracy using the source input raster files and point sample data described in the processing steps and source contributions. Overlapping features and unintentional gaps within the survey area were identified using the topology checker in ArcMap (version 10.5) and corrected or removed. The boundaries of polygons are often inferred on the basis of sediment samples, and even boundaries that are traced on the basis of amplitude changes in geophysical data are subject to migration. Polygon boundaries should be considered an approximation of the location of a change in feature. All of the interpretive layer bounds in this report are a little short of the data bounds in western Vineyard Sound, this is because this dataset abuts the interpretive layers of Baldwin and others (2016), and are not redundant with that interpretation. These physiographic zones are defined for areas where source data exists. In general, gaps in the coverage coincide with gaps in the source data. However, some small data gaps were interpreted through extrapolation. Areas of lower data quality and incomplete coverage are noted in a data confidence attribute field. All of the interpretive layer bounds in this report are a little short of the data bounds in western Vineyard Sound, this is because this dataset abuts the interpretive layers of Baldwin and others (2016), and are not redundant with that interpretation. These data were produced qualitatively from acoustic and sample data with varying resolutions. Horizontal uncertainty associated with sample collection especially, can be quite high (100's of meters), much higher than positional uncertainty associated with acoustic data (usually less than 10's of meters). The date of sample collection and ship station positioning all contribute to sample position uncertainty. These qualitatively derived polygons outlining sea-floor features are estimated to be within 50 meters, horizontally, but locally may be higher when delineation is based on sample information alone. Denny, J.F. Danforth, W.W. Foster, D.S. Sherwood, C.R. 2009 Open-File Report 2008-1288 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1288/ online 20070809 20070813 ground condition Denny and others, 2009 This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan-sonar, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for the area south of Martha's Vineyard surrounding the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. The 2007 mapping was conducted on the M/V Megan T. Miller. High-resolution chirp seismic-reflection profiles were collected during U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2007-011-FA using an EdgeTech Geo-Star full spectrum sub-bottom (FSSB) system and SB-0512i towfish. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for the survey are provided by Denny and others (2009) in the report and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework and surficial geology were interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles. Andrews, B.D. Ackerman, S.D. Baldwin, W.E. Foster, D.S. Schwab, W.C. 2014 2.0 Open-File Report 2012-1006 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1006/ online 20110507 20110517 ground condition Andrews and others, 2014 This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for the study area on the western side of Martha's Vineyard. The 2011 mapping was conducted on the R/V Scarlett Isabella during U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2011-004-FA. Chirp seismic-reflection data were collected using an EdgeTech Geo-Star FSSB subbottom profiling system and an SB-0512i towfish. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for each survey are provided by Andrews and others (2014) in the methods section and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework was interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles Ackerman, S.D. Brothers L.L. Foster, D.S. Andrews B.D. Baldwin W.E. Schwab W.C. 2016 Open-File Report 2016-1168 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/ https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161168 online 20130522 20130611 ground condition Ackerman and others, 2016 This report provided source geophysical data (sidescan, bathymetry, and seismic-reflection profiles) for the majority of this study including offshore of southern Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket. These areas were surveyed on the Scarlett Isabella in 2013 during U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2013-003-FA. Seismic-reflection data were collected using an EdgeTech Geo-Star FSSB subbottom profiling system and an SB-0512i towfish. Thorough descriptions of acquisition and processing parameters for each survey are provided by Ackerman and others (2016) in the methods section and seismic-reflection metadata. Shallow geologic framework and surficial geology were interpreted from post-processed chirp seismic-reflection profiles. Brian Andrews Wayne Baldwin Daniel Sampson William Schwab 2018 data release DOI:10.5066/F72806T7 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/f72806t7 online 20110507 20130611 ground condition Andrews and others, 2018 This report provided source bathymetry for the study area including offshore of southern Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket. Thorough descriptions of the merging and processing parameters are provided by Andrews and others (2018) in the metadata. Ford, K.H. Huntley, E.C. Sampson, D.W. Voss, S. Unpublished Material This sample database has been compiled and vetted from existing samples and datasets by the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management. The data are currently unpublished, but may be acquired by contacting the CZM office: 251 Causeway St Boston, MA 02114 (617) 626-1000 czm@state.ma.us digital vector 19950101 20110101 ground condition CZM sample database Sediment sample databases of Ford and Voss (2010) and McMullen and others (2011) were combined then edited and supplemented with NOAA chart sampling data and bottom photos and descriptions by a group of GIS specialists at the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (Emily Huntley, personal communication). These data contained sediment laboratory statistics when available, visual descriptions if sediment analysis was not performed or if the site was a bottom photograph, and classification fields of Barnhardt and others (1998), Shepard (1954), and Wentworth (1922) as well as average sediment statistics and phi size, when laboratory analysis was conducted. Sea floor physiographic zones were qualitatively defined in ArcGIS, following the criteria defined by Kelley and others (1996), primarily on the basis of acoustic backscatter, bathymetrically derived slope and roughness, surficial geologic interpretations from seismic-reflection data, and textural information from bottom photographs and sediment samples. The interpretation was initiated by creating a new polygon feature class in an ArcMap 10.5 file geodatabase based on the extent of the regional bathymetric DEM (Andrews and others, 2018, and clipped to the extent of this study area). New fields called 'Confidence' and 'PhysioZo_1' were created in the attribute table. The polygon was then partitioned into multiple physiographic zone polygons using 'cut polygon' and 'auto-complete polygon' in an edit session. As each new polygon area was created, the 'PhysioZo_1' attribute field was populated with the appropriate physiographic zone label. In general, polygon editing was done at scales between 1:8,000 and 1:25,000, depending on the size of the interpreted zone and the resolution of the source data. All source geophysical data and sediment texture analysis data 2017 Elizabeth Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2259 508-457-2310 ependleton@usgs.gov The polygon feature class containing the physiographic zone units was assigned topology rules, (i.e. no gaps and no overlaps). Topology errors were identified and remedied using the topology toolbar in ArcMap (10.5). Finally, the physiographic zones were exported from the geodatabase as a shapefile polygon shapefile containing the physiographic zone units 2017 Elizabeth Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2259 508-457-2310 ependleton@usgs.gov The physiographic zone polygon feature class was exported to a shapefile and the 'Shape_Area' and 'Shape_Length' fields were deleted from its attribute table (ArcCatalog and ArcMap 9.3.1). Finally, the shapefile was reprojected from UTM zone 19 N, WGS84 to GCS WGS84 using ArcToolbox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Feature > Project. physiographic zone polygon feature class 2017 Elizabeth Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2259 508-457-2310 ependleton@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200807 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Vector G-polygon 184 0.0197427722 0.0261514554 Decimal seconds WGS_1984 WGS_84 6378137.0 298.257223563 MV_ACK_physiozone.shp Physiographic zones shapefile U.S. Geological Survey FID Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Feature geometry. Esri Coordinates defining the features. Confidence Each interpreted polygon was assigned an interpretation confidence value from 1-2 (more to less confident) on the basis of the quality and number of input data sources. U.S. Geological Survey 1 Physiographic zones that were defined on the basis of the highest resolution bathymetry (10m) and backscatter (1m), bottom photos, sediment samples, and seismic interpretations were given the highest data interpretation confidence value of 1. U.S. Geological Survey 2 Physiographic zones that were defined on the basis of the highest resolution bathymetry (10m) and/or lidar bathymetry, possibly bottom photos, possibly sediment samples, but no acoustic backscatter or seismic interpretations were given the data interpretation confidence value of 2. U.S. Geological Survey PhysioZo_1 Based on geologic maps produced for the Western Gulf of Maine (Kelley and others, 1996), the sea floor within the study area can be divided into geologic environments, or physiographic zones, which are delineated from sea-floor morphology and the dominant texture of surficial material. U.S. Geological Survey Rocky Zone Rocky zones are rugged areas of high bathymetric relief, characterized by fields of mounded boulders and cobble near the terminal moraines, to relatively flat, gravel-covered, and isolated till highs. Although boulders and coarse-grained sediment are found within most physiographic zones defined here, they dominate the sea floor in rocky zones. Kelley and others, 1996; modified by USGS Shelf Valleys Shelf valleys are elongate depressions that extend offshore, often perpendicular to the trend of the coastline, and slope gently seaward. Kelley and others, 1996; modified by USGS Nearshore Ramp Nearshore ramps are areas of gently sloping sea floor with generally shore-parallel bathymetric contours. This zone is covered by primarily sandy sediment, though patches of cobbles and boulders crop out on the sea floor in places. Nearshore ramps are typically adjacent to arcuate shoreline areas and grade into deeper-water. Kelley and others, 1996; modified by USGS Ebb Tidal Delta Ebb-tidal deltas are lobate sandy shoals found on the side of inlets that form through the interaction of waves and ebbing tidal currents. Ebb-tidal delta zones in the study area are located near Muskeget Channel U.S. Geological Survey Hard-Bottom Plains Hard-bottom plains are mostly low-relief but rough zones of sea floor composed primarily of coarse sands and gravels that are situated adjacent and between the shoal/sand wave zones in the sounds. Kelley and others, 1996; modified by U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Embayment Coastal embayments include small bays and harbors in the vicinity of Nantucket. U.S. Geological Survey Shell Zones Shell zones are areas that are nearly completely covered by carbonate shells. Portions of sea floor north of Nantucket Sound were mapped where high densities of slipper shells (Crepidula fornicata) cover the sea floor. Despite high acoustic backscatter in sidescan-sonar data, sediment samples recovered primarily muddy sediments beneath the shells. U.S. Geological Survey Shoal - Sand Waves Shoal/sand wave areas are sea-floor zones dominated by linear to sinuous, high relief bedforms primarily composed of sandy sediments that have been reworked from adjacent glacial deposits by energetic waves and tidal currents. The largest shoal extends between Aquinnah and Nomans. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - Science Base GS ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 United States 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov MV_ACK_physiozone shapefile components contains qualitatively derived polygons that define sea floor physiographic zones offshore of western and southern Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket, MA. The dataset also contains a browse graphic (MV_ACK_physiozone.png), and CSDGM metadata in XML format. Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government shapefile ArcGIS v. 10.5.1 shapefile 0.269 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bfd6055e4b0815414ca39d9 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5bfd6055e4b0815414ca39d9 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE To download the data, it is recommended that you go to the page containing the data and take advantage of the large file handler. The first link is to the page containing the data. The second is a direct link to download all data available from the page as a zip file. And the final link is to the publication landing page. WMS ArcGIS v. 10.5.1 shapefile provided through a WMS (web mapping service). https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/5aff06aae4b0da30c1bfcde2?service=wms&request=getcapabilities&version=1.3.0 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5aff06aae4b0da30c1bfcde2 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE The first link in the network resources accesses the data through a coverage service, the second is to the page containing the data, and the third link is to the publication landing page. WFS ArcGIS v. 10.5.1 shapefile provided through a WFS (web feature service). https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/5aff06aae4b0da30c1bfcde2?service=wfs&request=getcapabilities&version=1.0.0 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5aff06aae4b0da30c1bfcde2 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E9EFNE The first link in the network resources accesses the data through a mapping service, the second is to the page containing the data, and the third link is to the publication landing page. None These data are available in Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) shapefile format. The user must have software capable of importing and processing this data type. 20240319 2018 Elizabeth A Pendleton U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2259 508-457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time None None