Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Junbong Jang Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Sedimentation Rate Dependence on Pore Fluid Chemistry for Sediment Collected From Area B, Krishna-Godavari Basin, During India's National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition NGHP-02 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Junbong Jang Originator: William F. Waite Originator: Laura A. Stern Originator: Timothy S. Collett Originator: Pushpendra Kumar Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Dependence of Sedimentation Behavior on Pore-Fluid Chemistry for Sediment Collected From Area B, Krishna-Godavari Basin, During India's National Gas Hydrate Program, NGHP-02 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Stern, L.A., Collett T.S., and Kumar, P., 2018, Dependence of sedimentation behavior on pore-fluid chemistry for sediment collected from Area B, Krishna-Godavari Basin, during India's National Gas Hydrate Program, NGHP-02: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FXJ1VX. This dataset supports the following publication: Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Stern, L.A., Collett T.S., and Kumar, P., 2018, Field- to grain-scale physical property characterization of gas hydrate-bearing reservoir and associated seal sediment collected during NGHP-02 in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Area B: Marine and Petroleum Geology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.09.027. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b2170a3e4b092d9652873ce Description: Abstract: One goal of the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program's NGHP-02 expedition was to examine the geomechanical response of marine sediment to the extraction of methane from gas hydrate found offshore eastern India in the Bay of Bengal. Methane gas hydrate is a naturally occurring crystalline solid that sequesters methane in individual molecular cages in a lattice of water molecules. Methane gas hydrate is a potential energy resource, but whether extracting methane from gas hydrate in the marine subsurface is technically and economically viable remains an open research topic as of 2018. This data release provides insight about a poorly quantified aspect of this process: the reaction of fine-grained sediment particles (fines) to the change in pore water chemistry that occurs when methane is extracted from gas hydrate. Fines are an issue for production because they can get resuspended in the flow of fluid and gas toward the extraction well. As fines move, they can cluster and subsequently clog pore throats in the sediment, reducing permeability (which controls how easily methane can flow toward the extraction well). There are two main factors in determining the cluster structure (the size and fabric of the cluster) and the cluster formation and settling rates: the type of fine-grained particle and the chemistry of the surrounding pore water. Data in this study provide insight into both factors. Fine particles interact with each other primarily in response to electrical forces, and changes in pore water chemistry can significantly alter how those forces are communicated between particles. In marine systems, in situ pore water is an electrically conductive brine. As gas hydrate dissociates, however, fresh water is released along with the methane, making the pore water less conductive. Depending on the type of fine-grained particles involved, the pore water chemistry change enhances or diminishes the clustering and changes the rates at which the clusters form and settle. For this data release, specimens from the NGHP-02 expedition are observed during sedimentation (settling) tests in pore fluids of differing chemistry. The results included in this data release can (1) provide insight into the types of fines present, which can be difficult to quantify if using the more standard x-ray diffraction method for identifying fines and (2) indicate whether the in situ fines are likely to increase or decrease their capacity to clog pore throats as the pore water transitions from higher to lower salinity during gas hydrate dissociation. Purpose: As sediment settles in fluid, one or more fluid-sediment interfaces tend to form and move over time. Tracking the position of the accumulated and depositional interfaces (defined in the attribute labels below and in the browse graphic) over time in different fluids yield insights into the dependence of interparticle interactions on fluid chemistry. Sedimentation data contained in this report include NGHP-02 sediment specimens from a gas hydrate-bearing reservoir, as well as from the overlying and underlying seal sediment. Additionally, pore fluid chemistry is varied to reveal sediment behavior trends, particularly with regard to the pore-fluid freshening that will occur if methane is extracted as an energy resource from gas hydrates hosted by these reservoir sediments in situ. Results presented here are used to support discussions of anticipated behaviors in the natural system offshore India as presented in the related journal article [Jang and others, 2018]. Supplemental_Information: In addition to funding from the U.S. Geological Survey Gas Hydrate Project, this work is sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, both through an interagency agreement (DE-FE0026166) and a grant awarded to Louisiana State University (DE-FE0028966). More information about the project can be found at: https://www.netl.doe.gov/research/oil-and-gas/project-summaries/methane-hydrate/fe0028966-lsu-fe0026166-usgs. This work is also part of the NGHP-02 expedition. Links to related data and publications within the NGHP-02 project are collected in the USGS Field Activity Report 2015-023-FA, found at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2015-023-FA. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20150518 Ending_Date: 20150527 Currentness_Reference: ground condition of the field activity when the samples were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 84.19200167 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 84.19757167 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.43830167 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.43391500 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: fine-grained sediment Theme_Keyword: deionized water Theme_Keyword: brine Theme_Keyword: kerosene Theme_Keyword: settling Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: earth material properties Theme_Keyword: soil sciences Theme_Keyword: core analysis Theme_Keyword: laboratory experiments Theme_Keyword: gas hydrate resources Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Indian Ocean Place_Keyword: Krishna-Godavari Basin Place_Keyword: Bay of Bengal Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2278 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a?name=NGHP02_AreaB_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Sedimentation dependence on pore fluid chemistry for the overburden seal (Depositional interface, open symbols; Accumulation interface, solid symbols). Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a?name=LandingPage_BrowseGraphic.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Four sediment settling tubes, imaged at the end of the sedimentation test for the fine reservoir sand. From left to right, the settling fluid is: freshened pore water (DWF), dissolved salt water (DSW), 2-Molar brine and kerosene. The accumulation and depositional interfaces tracked in this data release are defined as follows: accumulation interface (white arrows) separates the settled particles from the overlying particles that have yet to settle; the depositional interface (yellow arrows) separates the cloudy, particle-filled fluid from the overlying clear fluid out of which the particles have already settled. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: The settlement tubes used in this work were all cut from the same acrylic tube, and thus are all nominally the same diameter. Equal heights of sediment and liquid were used in each test, and agitation times prior to allowing the system to settle were equivalent. This dataset covers the point-by point measurements over time. A second dataset in this data release (Characteristic Settling Time and Interface Height Dependence on Pore Fluid Chemistry for Sediment Collected From Area B, During India's National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition NGHP-02) provides the characteristic time and interface heights for each experiment listed here. Consequently, the process steps and many of the spreadsheet columns are the same in the metadata descriptions of the two datasets. Completeness_Report: Not all sediment types were measured in every fluid, so not all spreadsheet columns contain data for each sediment. Unless otherwise stated in the column descriptions, blank interface height entries within a column of measured data occur for one of two reasons: either the interface height in question could not be resolved at the stated measurement time, or that particular measurement time was not utilized for the given sediment-fluid pairing. For kerosene, the accumulation interfaces could never be observed, so there is no column for an accumulation interface in kerosene. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal position was determined by GPS satellite data, which provided guidance information for the dynamic positioning system (DPS) utilized by the D/V Chikyu. The DPS also utilizes inputs from tidal, wind and wave data to control six azimuthal thrusters beneath the hull of the ship. The thrusters are capable of 360 degree adjustment. Given the DPS capabilities, borehole locations for the D/V Chikyu are considered to be accurate to a radius of 15 meters. Details are provided in: Chikyu Hakken - Earth Discovery, Volume 1, Spring 2005, published by JAMSTEC’s Center for Deep Earth Exploration: https://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/e/magazine/backnum/pdf/hk_01_e.pdf Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Coring depth measurements used on the D/V Chikyu during NGHP-02 followed standard International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) protocols. Assessment of these protocols by IODP had determined the vertical position accuracy is on the order of centimeters to meters. Additional information about the depth conventions and accuracy are on pages 8 and 9 of the IODP report “IODP Depth Scales Terminology”: http://www.iodp.org/policies-and-guidelines/142-iodp-depth-scales-terminology-april-2011/file. The depth resolution ranges from 0.01 to 1 meter. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Deployment sample collection: All specimens were collected from the working half of split cores collected from 201500518 – 20150527. Specimens were stored in heat-sealed plastic specimen bags and refrigerated during the expedition. Depth below sea floor was determined from centimeter scales running alongside the cores during processing, then tied to the continuous downhole depth log using both the IODP standard depth terminologies, which are each based on drilling records of the drill pipe length: CSF-A (total depth from sea floor to target sediment, with any gas expansion gaps included in the depth), CSF-B (total depth from sea floor to target sediment, after all gas expansion gaps have been removed). The sea floor depth reference (mudline) was determined from a combination of noting when the drill string contacted the sea floor and increased the measured weight-on-bit, and visual verification of the drill bit position using an ROV. Process_Date: 20150527 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Laboratory sampling: After the shipboard specimen collection, the specimens were shipped in coolers (nominally at refrigerated, not frozen, temperatures) with cold packs to the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), where they were subsampled for the sediment settling tests. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Specimen set-up: After oven-drying one of the seven sediment types, sediment was spooned into a 25.4 mm diameter acrylic settling tube (settling tube pictured in the landing page browse graphic). Gentle pluviation of the sediment into the settling tube using the spoon created a loose-packed (maximum void ratio) fabric with a sediment height of 25.4 mm. The sediment was then mixed with a one of the test fluids to a final height of 152.4 mm to obtain a ratio of one to six in the diameter to height of the fluid column. The mixture was allowed to stabilize for more than twelve hours before the cylinder was evacuated in order to remove gas from the fluid. After degassing the fluid, the headspace was reopened to the atmosphere momentarily before a new stopper was inserted into the cylinder top to seal the specimen and water for the duration of the test. The sealed cylinder was shaken for one minute before being left to settle undisturbed. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2278 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Measurement: Heights of the depositional interface and the accumulated sediment interface were measured as functions of time until the interface locations stabilized (one to four days, see browse graphic for example of sedimentation behavior). Measurement intervals increased with time in an approximately logarithmic fashion over the course of a complete test to capture time-varying behavior of the sedimentation. Time measurements were made with a stopwatch, and had a precision of ± 0.2 min. Height measurements were made with a ruler affixed to the cylinder, and had a precision of ± 0.1 mm. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2278 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Fluid preparation: Each specimen was tested in more than one fluid. When the original marine sediment was dried, salt from the in situ pore-fluid precipitated as a solid material. Thus, the initial laboratory mixture of dry sediment with deionized water contained dissolved salt from the in situ pore water, and was identified as a “deionized water with salt” sample (DWS). In order to reduce the effect of salt, approximately 80% of the supernatant fluid in the cylinder was removed after the initial sedimentation test. The cylinder was refilled with deionized water, so the mixture contained freshened water and was identified as a “deionized water, freshened” sample (DWF). The sedimentation test was repeated with the freshened water mixture. Separately, subsamples of the original marine sediment were dried and tested with their in situ salts, using a 2M-brine solution (2M-brine = 2 Molar brine = 2 moles of NaCl in 1 liter of water) and kerosene. Sediment mixtures with 2M-brine and kerosene were not recycled in the sedimentation tests. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2278 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Data archiving: Microsoft Excel version 15.33 was used to consolidate all data in a spreadsheet. Measured interface heights and elapsed times were arranged by sediment and pore fluid type. Results were then exported to a comma-separated values (csv) file format. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2278 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Meters below sea floor Depth_Resolution: 1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: NGHP02_AreaB_Sedimentation_Data Entity_Type_Definition: Depositional and accumulated sediment interface heights of NGHP-02 (Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India) sediment specimens allowed to settle in various fluids. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: Site: NGHP-02 site name designation. Format is: Expedition Name (NGHP-02)-Site Number and Hole Designation Letter. Hole A was used only for logging-while-drilling (no core recovery). Holes B and C were used for coring. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: J-CORES sample ID Attribute_Definition: sampleID: Unique, sequential identifier given at the time of collection to any shipboard subsample taken for any measurement type. Specimens were collected on the D/V Chikyu, so each ID begins with CKY. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Chikyu Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Latitude_DMS: Latitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Chikyu Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 17°26'02.094" Range_Domain_Maximum: 17°26'17.886" Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Longitude_DMS: Longitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Chikyu Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 84°11'31.206" Range_Domain_Maximum: 84°11'51.258" Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Lat_DD: Latitude coordinate, in decimal-degrees, of sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 17.43391500 Range_Domain_Maximum: 17.43830167 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Long_DD: Longitude coordinate, in decimal degrees, of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 84.19200167 Range_Domain_Maximum: 84.19757167 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Average Depth (m CSF-A), mbsf Attribute_Definition: CSFA_Depth_mbsf: Depth of sample in meters below the sea floor (mbsf), using the CSF-A convention in which gas expansion gaps, if present, are included in the depth. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Chikyu Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 262.96 Range_Domain_Maximum: 286.25 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Average Depth (m CSF-B), mbsf Attribute_Definition: CSFB_Depth_mbsf: Depth of sample in meters below the sea floor (mbsf), using the CSF-B convention in which gas expansion gaps, if present at the time of core recovery, have been removed. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Chikyu Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 262.60 Range_Domain_Maximum: 285.62 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Sediment Type Attribute_Definition: Sed_Type: Description of which lithology is represented by the specimen. The five lithology descriptions are given in the enumerated domain definitions. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Reservoir: Fine Sand Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The find sand layer where gas hydrate is primarily hosted. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Reservoir: Clay Interbed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fine-grained sediment with little-to-no gas hydrate that is interbedded with the fine sand layer. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Reservoir: Sandy Interbed Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Transition between the two lithologies of find sand (Reservoir: Fine Sand) and find-grained sediment (Reservoir: Clay Interbed) Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Overburden Seal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fine-grained sediment that bounds the top of the gas hydrate-bearing reservoir. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Underlying Seal Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Fine-grained sediment that bounds the base of the gas hydrate-bearing reservoir. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: Elapsed Time [min] Attribute_Definition: Time_min: Time elapsed since well-mixed specimen was allowed to begin settling. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0833 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5760.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: minutes Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depositional Interface, Freshened Water, mm Attribute_Definition: DWF_DepInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. Explanation of "Freshened Water" is as follows: sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. As described in the process steps, the original specimen is dried, then saturated with deionized water to create the DWS specimen. That specimen is tested, then approximately 80% of the supernatant fluid in the cylinder was removed after the initial sedimentation test. The cylinder was refilled with deionized water, so the mixture contained freshened water and was identified as a “deionized water, freshened” sample (DWF). Thus, the DWF specimen is considered to be the test with the freshest (lowest salt content) water. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 38.735 Range_Domain_Maximum: 152.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Accumulation Interface, Freshened Water, mm Attribute_Definition: DWF_AccInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. As noted above, the DWF specimen is considered to have the freshest (lowest salt concentration) water. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 38.735 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depositional Interface, Dissolved Salt Water, mm Attribute_Definition: DWS_DepInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. Explanation of "Dissolved Salt Water" is as follows: sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. As described in the process steps, the original specimen is dried, then saturated with deionized water to create the DWS specimen. Because the salts in the original specimen remain in the specimen for this test, this specimen has a higher salt content than the DWF specimen. Because of the amount of fluid used for the settling test compared to the amount of sediment, the DWS fluid has a salinity that is less than the in situ salinity, however. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 30.48 Range_Domain_Maximum: 152.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Accumulation Interface, Dissolved Salt Water, mm Attribute_Definition: DWS_AccInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. As noted above, the DWS specimen is considered to have a higher salt content (salinity) than the DWF specimen, but less than the in situ salinity. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 44.45 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depositional Interface, 2M Brine, mm Attribute_Definition: 2M_DepInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. Explanation of "2M Brine" is as follows: sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. Because this test is run on the original sediment after drying, the specimen still contains the salt from the in situ environment. This salt is then dissolved in the 2M brine, so the final salinity is higher than 2M. The 2M Brine specimen has the highest salinity of any of the specimens tested here. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 28.067 Range_Domain_Maximum: 152.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Accumulation Interface, 2M Brine, mm Attribute_Definition: 2M_AccInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. Sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. As noted above, the 2M Brine specimen has the highest salinity of any of the specimens tested here. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 29.21 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Depositional Interface, Kerosene, mm Attribute_Definition: Kerosene_DepInt_mm: Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid (kerosene). Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. The kerosene test could not be run on the Reservoir Fine Sand or Underlying Seal specimens for lack of material, so all entries are blank for those specimens. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 31.496 Range_Domain_Maximum: 146.05 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: millimeters Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: These data are available in a Microsoft Excel XLSX as well as a CSV format. The first two rows in the XLSX file are header rows, where the second row is an abbreviated column label intended for software packages that are unable to cope with longer labels available in the first row of the XLSX file. The first part of the attribute definition (before the colon) indicates the abbreviated column label. The first row of the CSV file is a header line and is the same as the abbreviated column label on the second row of the XLSX file. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: This dataset contains four files: NGHP02_AreaB_Sedimentation_Data.xlsx (data in an Excel spreadsheet), NGHP02_AreaB_Sedimentation_Data.csv (same data in a comma-separated text file), NGHP02_AreaB_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png (browse graphic), and FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML format. Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: XLXS Format_Version_Number: Microsoft Excel version 15.33 Format_Information_Content: The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: Microsoft Excel version 15.33 Format_Specification: Comma-Separated Values exported from Excel Format_Information_Content: The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b22815fe4b092d9652a211a Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FXJ1VX Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data are available in XLSX and CSV formats, and a browse graphic in PNG format. The user must have software capable of reading the data formats. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200807 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998