U.S. Geological Survey 2019 1.0 raster digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P9HZHXXV Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c926dc4e4b0938824573d5b Seth D. Ackerman David S. Foster William W. Danforth Emily C. Huntley 2019 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/P9HZHXXV Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Ackerman S.D., Foster D.S., Danforth W.W., and Huntley, E.C., 2019, High-resolution geophysical and sampling data collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c7fe3afe4b0938824443b00 Geophysical and geological survey data were collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in May and July 2016. Approximately 130 linear kilometers of subbottom (seismic-reflection) and 234-kilohertz interferometric sonar (bathymetric and backscatter) data were collected along with sediment samples, sea floor photographs, and (or) video at 26 sites within the geophysical survey area. Sediment grab samples were collected at 19 of the 26 sampling sites and video and (or) photographic imagery of the sea floor were taken at all 26 sites. These survey data are used to characterize the sea floor by identifying sediment-texture, seabed morphology, and underlying geologic structure and stratigraphy. Data collected during these 2016 surveys are included in this data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. More information can be found on the websites for the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities at https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-017-FA and https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-037-FA. This backscatter image represents approximately 3.7 square kilometers of interferometric sonar (Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. SWATHplus-M, now Bathyswath) backscatter data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in May 2016 during USGS field activity 2016-017-FA. These data can be used in conjunction with other geophysical and sample data to identify sea-floor morphology and sediment texture. More information can be found on the WHCMSC Field Activity webpage: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-017-FA. Data collected during the 2016 survey can be obtained here: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. 20160517 20160523 Ground condition of survey dates: 20160517-20160523. No geophysical data were collected on May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016 ; see Completeness_Report for more information. Complete None planned -70.495891 -70.450406 41.791132 41.756820 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:5c926dc4e4b0938824573d5b None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center WHCMSC seafloor sea floor marine geology field activity 2016-017-FA raster GeoTIFF backscatter interferometry SEA SWATHplus SEA Submetrix Bathyswath R/V Rafael USGS Thesaurus marine geophysics marine geology sea-floor acoustic reflectivity sea-floor characteristics interferometric sonar ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans imageryBaseMapsEarthCover geoscientificInformation None North America United States Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Maine Massachusetts Cape Cod Bay Cape Cod Sandwich Town Neck Beach None seafloor sea floor surface None 2016 None Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c926dc4e4b0938824573d5b/?name=2016-017-FA_Backscatter_browse.jpg Gray-scale image of interferometric backscatter collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, MA JPEG Image pixel values contain gray-scale acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255). Low backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high backscatter is represented by light tones (high values). The NoData value is set to 0. This GeoTIFF represents interferometric backscatter imagery collected along main survey lines at 16-centimeter resolution. Sonar data were nominally collected at 30-meter trackline spacing to ensure nearly 100 percent coverage of the survey area. Gaps may occur along-track and between adjacent lines, especially where the ship had to maneuver to avoid obstacles during surveying. Backscatter data, along tracklines generally oriented parallel to the beach, were incorporated in this backscatter image. Backscatter data collected during the bathymetric patch test, along the transit lines in and out of the Sandwich Marina and along tielines (1-4) were not incorporated in this image. Data from some survey lines have been omitted where they overlapped with equal or better quality data from adjacent lines. Small cross-track gaps can occur as a result of the ship pitching and rolling; between-track gaps can occur where overlapping swaths were not achieved. Very few of these types of gaps occurred in this dataset. No data were collected on 20160518, 20160521, and 20160522 (May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016) due to weather conditions, rough seas and equipment maintenance and (or) failure. USGS Field Activity 2016-017-FA: Navigation for the SWATHplus-M system was acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5), which blends Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with acceleration data from a Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and GPS azimuthal heading. The POS MV was configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented fore and aft and mounted atop the rigid pole on which the SWATHplus-M transducers were mounted at the bow of the R/V Rafael. DGPS positions were obtained from the primary antenna located on the forward end of the baseline, and the positional offsets between the antenna and the navigational reference point (the POS MV IMU) were accounted for in the Applanix POSView (version 8.60) acquisition software. Note that although the final backacatter image has a pixel resolution of 16-cm, the horizontally accuracy of the DGPS positions are 0.5-2 meters. Positional offsets were applied within the SWATHplus acquisition software (version 3.07.17.00) and stored within the SXR format data. Note: During bathymetric processing, using Teledyne CARIS hydrographic software, the Applanix POS MV post-processed navigation data were applied to the bathymetric data, increasing navigational accuracies of the bathymetric data. However, during backscatter processing, using Chesapeake Technologies SonarWiz, the DGPS position data stored in the SXR headers were used, yielding horizontal accuracies of 0.5 – 2 m. U.S. Geological Survey Unpublished Material disc 20160517 20160523 Ground condition of survey dates: 20160517-20160523. No geophysical data were collected on May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016; see Completeness_Report for more information. raw data USGS Field Activity 2016-017-FA: A 234-kHz Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. (SEA) SWATHplus-M (now Bathyswath) interferometric sonar was mounted on a rigid pole on the bow of the R/V Rafael. Data were acquired during May 2016. Configuration: Survey: Survey lines were run at an average speed of 5 knots and were generally spaced 30 m apart to obtain overlapping swaths of data and full seabed coverage. Sonar: The SEA SWATHplus-M operates at a frequency of 234-kHz and a variable range (increased or decreased manually depending on water depth). The system was operated with a 60-percent transmit power, a 34-cycle transmit pulse length, 4096 samples per channel, and a ping range of 46 meters. Additional system configuration information that is not necessarily applicable to the backscatter imagery can be found in the metadata for the bathymetry included with this data release (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV). 1. Each raw SWATHplus sonar file (SXR format) was imported (channels 1 and 2) into Chesapeake Technologies Inc. SonarWiz software (version 6.01.0032). SonarWiz has an automatic bottom-tracking algorithm (i.e. slant-range correction) that generally performs well in most coastal settings and effectively removes the water column from each sonar file. For some lines, additional manual editing of the altitude was required in the SonarWiz Bottom Tracker. The only gain function applied in SonarWiz was an empirical gain normalization function (EGN). The Overlap Mode in the SonarWiz project was set to average, which blends the backscatter data in the far range of a line with the overlapping data from the adjacent line, producing a final backscatter mosaic. 201608 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov 2. The backscatter imagery generated in the previous process step exhibited a processing anomaly at nadir (directly below the sonar) as a result of the bottom-tracking algoritm (slant-range correction) that was not properly removing the water column in the earlier version of SonarWiz software. Using a newer version of SonarWiz (version 7.02.05), the slant-range correction and EGN were reapplied and a new backscatter image was created for the Town Neck Beach survey area. The backscatter image was exported as a 32-bit GeoTIFF image (UTM Zone 19N, WGS 84) at 16-cm resolution. This created a GeoTIFF image and world file (tfw) of the survey area. High backscatter intensity values are shown by light tones and low backscatter intensity values are shown by dark tones in the imagery. 201804 William W. Danforth U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2274 508-457-2310 bdanforth@usgs.gov 3. The backscatter GeoTIFF from the SonarWiz software has a NoData value of 0 but also has another NoData value of -32767. The valid backscatter values were normalized in SonarWiz to a range from 0 - 250, where 0 is the NoData. Using gdal_calc.py (installed with Python 3.6 -- /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/bin/gdal_calc.py) the NoData value was set to simply 0 using the following code: gdal_calc.py -A 2016-017-FA_Backscatter_TEMP.tif --outfile=2016-017-FA_Backscatter.tif --calc="A*(A>0)" --NoDataValue=0 201806 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 sackerman@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200807 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Raster Pixel 23553 23366 Universal Transverse Mercator 19N 0.9996 -69 0 500000 0 row and column 0.16 0.16 meters D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.000000 298.257224 Image pixel values contain acoustic backscatter intensity values normalized to an 8-bit range (0 – 255). The NoData value is set to 0 (zero) for the areas where no data were collected. Low-backscatter intensity is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter intensity is represented by light tones (high values). U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey-ScienceBase mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 USA 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov USGS data release 2016-017-FA backscatter imagery collected off Town Neck Beach. This dataset contains a 32-bit GeoTIFF image (2016-017-FA_Backscatter.tif) with a world file (2016-017-FA_Backscatter.tfw), browse graphic (2016-017-FA_Backscatter_browse.jpg) and metadata file (2016-017-FA_Backscatter_meta.xml). Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. GeoTIFF 042018 32-bit GeoTIFF image This dataset contains a 32-bit GeoTIFF image derived from interferometric data collected by the USGS off of Town Neck Beach, Sandwich, MA and the associated metadata and world file. 150 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c926dc4e4b0938824573d5b https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c926dc4e4b0938824573d5b https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV The first link is to the page containing the data. The second link downloads all data available from the page as a zip file. The final link is to the publication landing page. Because backscatter image is over 1 GB, the user should go to the landing page containing the data (first link) and use the large file download option to obtain the data. The second link above (direct download of all data available from the page as a zip file) may or may not work appropriately. The landing page containing the data (first link) may have additional data access options, including web services. None This dataset contains a GeoTIFF image with a world file and associated metadata. To utilize these data an image processing or GIS software package capable of viewing a 32-bit GeoTIFF image is needed. 20240319 Seth Ackerman U.S. Geological Survey Geologist mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2315 508-457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time