Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2019 Title: 2-meter bathymetric data collected in 2016 by the U.S. Geological Survey off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, during field activity 2016-017-FA (GeoTIFF image) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9HZHXXV Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c926dc0e4b0938824573d57 Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: David S. Foster Originator: William W. Danforth Originator: Emily C. Huntley Publication_Date: 2019 Title: High-resolution geophysical and sampling data collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, 2016 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9HZHXXV Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Ackerman S.D., Foster D.S., Danforth W.W., and Huntley, E.C., 2019, High-resolution geophysical and sampling data collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c7fe3afe4b0938824443b00 Description: Abstract: Geophysical and geological survey data were collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in May and July 2016. Approximately 130 linear kilometers of subbottom (seismic-reflection) and 234-kilohertz interferometric sonar (bathymetric and backscatter) data were collected along with sediment samples, sea floor photographs, and (or) video at 26 sites within the geophysical survey area. Sediment grab samples were collected at 19 of the 26 sampling sites and video and (or) photographic imagery of the sea floor were taken at all 26 sites. These survey data are used to characterize the sea floor by identifying sediment-texture, seabed morphology, and underlying geologic structure and stratigraphy. Data collected during these 2016 surveys are included in this data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. More information can be found on the websites for the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activities at https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-017-FA and https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-037-FA. Purpose: This gridded bathymetry image represents approximately 3.7 square kilometers of interferometric sonar (Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. SWATHplus-M, now Bathyswath) data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in May 2016 during USGS field activity 2016-017-FA. These data can be used in conjunction with other geophysical and sample data to identify sea-floor morphology and sediment texture. Supplemental_Information: More information can be found on the WHCMSC Field Activity webpage: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-017-FA. Data collected during the 2016 survey can be obtained here: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160517 Ending_Date: 20160523 Currentness_Reference: Ground condition of survey dates: 20160517-20160523. No geophysical data were collected on May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016 ; see Completeness_Report for more information. Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.515463 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.440835 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.789678 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.758149 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:5c926dc0e4b0938824573d57 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: seafloor Theme_Keyword: sea floor Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: field activity 2016-017-FA Theme_Keyword: raster Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF Theme_Keyword: bathymetry Theme_Keyword: swath bathymetry Theme_Keyword: interferometry Theme_Keyword: SEA SWATHplus Theme_Keyword: SEA Submetrix Theme_Keyword: Bathyswath Theme_Keyword: R/V Rafael Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: bathymetry Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics Theme_Keyword: interferometric sonar Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: North America Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Place_Keyword: Gulf of Maine Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: Cape Cod Bay Place_Keyword: Cape Cod Place_Keyword: Sandwich Place_Keyword: Town Neck Beach Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: Seafloor Stratum_Keyword: Sea floor Stratum_Keyword: Surface Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: 2016 Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: These data are NOT to be used for navigation. Mariners should refer to the appropriate nautical chart. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c926dc0e4b0938824573d57/?name=2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88_browse.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Depth-colored hillshade image of bathymetry from off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, MA Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: This bathymetric surface represents interpolated data at 2-meter resolution. Bathymetric data were processed to account for gaps that occurred along-track and between adjacent lines. Quality control and data processing were conducted to remove spurious points and minimize refraction artifacts. Soundings from the survey were processed and edited using Computer Aided Resource Information System (CARIS) Hydrographic Information Processing System (HIPS; versions 10.1 and 10.3). Although the soundings were edited, small data spikes may still exist. While much effort was devoted to cleaning the data and minimizing survey artifacts, some artifacts may still be seen in the final gridded bathymetric surface including an along track artifact at nadir (the ship track) and at the far edges of a survey line where adjacent swaths overlap. These artifacts are especially noticeable in areas of little local relief. Completeness_Report: Nearly all survey line bathymetric data (generally surveyed parallel to the coastline) collected within the survey area were incorporated in this bathymetric surface. Tielines and transit lines were typically excluded from this bathymetric surface, especially if equal or higher quality survey line data were available. Any tieline and transit line data would be used to verify tide corrections during post-processing. Data from the patch test lines were imported but not processed and are therefore excluded from this dataset. Time gaps occur when no data were collected on 20160518, 20160521, and 20160522 (May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016) due to weather conditions, rough seas and equipment maintenance and (or) failure. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: USGS Field Activity 2016-017-FA: Navigation for the SWATHplus-M system was acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5), which blends Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with acceleration data from a Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and GPS azimuthal heading. The POS MV was configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented fore and aft and mounted atop the rigid pole on which the SWATHplus-M transducers were mounted at the bow of the R/V Rafael. DGPS positions were obtained from the primary antenna located on the forward end of the baseline, and the positional offsets between the antenna and the navigational reference point (the POS MV IMU) were accounted for in the Applanix POSView (version 8.60) acquisition software. DGPS positions are horizontally accurate to 0.5-2 meters, but accuracy can increase to less than 10 cm after post-processing with Applanix POSPac (version 8.1). Positional offsets were applied within the SWATHplus acquisition software (version 3.07.17.00) and stored within the SXR format data. Note that post-processed horizontal navigation data from the Applanix POS MV were applied during the bathymetry processing in CARIS software at a later date; see process step 3. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: USGS Field Activity 2016-017-FA: Vertical accuracy of the raw data based on system specifications may approximate 1% of water depth. In the Town Neck Beach survey area, 1% of the water depth (1-18 meters) translates to a vertical accuracy range of 1-18 centimeters. However, overall vertical accuracies on the order of 50 cm or better are assumed based on the following considerations: the Applanix POS MV Wavemaster, used to correct for vessel roll, pitch, heave, and yaw, has a theoretical vertical accuracy of a few mm; and tidal offsets were corrected using a NOAA-generated zone tidal model, which introduces some error into the depth measurements. USGS field tests (unpublished) using submerged targets suggest that the vertical accuracy of the RTK-GPS tidal correction is better than 30cm. Refraction artifacts were minimized by acquiring a range of sound velocity profiles with a hand-casted AML Minos X SVPT (Applied Microsystems) sound velocimeter (for the duration of survey 2016-017-FA). Sound velocity data were entered into the SWATHplus acquisition software to model the sound velocity structure of the water column. Changes in ship draft due to water and fuel usage were not considered. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw SWATHplus-M data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160517 Ending_Date: 20160523 Source_Currentness_Reference: Ground condition of survey dates: 20160517-20160523. No geophysical data were collected on May 18 (JD 139), 21 (JD 142), and 22 (JD 143), 2016; see Completeness_Report for more information. Source_Citation_Abbreviation: raw data Source_Contribution: USGS Field Activity 2016-017-FA: A 234-kHz Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. (SEA) SWATHplus-M (now Bathyswath) interferometric sonar was mounted on a rigid pole on the bow of the R/V Rafael. Data were acquired during May 2016. Configuration: Survey: Survey lines were run at an average speed of 5 knots and were generally spaced 30 m apart to obtain overlapping swaths of data and full SEABed coverage. Sonar: The SEA SWATHplus-M operates at a frequency of 234-kHz and a variable range (increased or decreased manually depending on water depth). The system was operated with a 60-percent transmit power, a 34-cycle transmit pulse length, 4096 samples per channel, and a ping range of 46 meters. Speed of Sound: Sound-velocity profiles were collected several times each survey day with a hand-casted AML Minos X SVPT (Applied Microsystems) sound velocimeter. Tides: Tides were originally corrected during post-processing to Mean Sea Level using a NOAA-generated zone tidal model (stellwagen_tides.zdf) and the nearest NOAA-observed tide dataset (Boston_MSL_8443970_June2016.tid) that included all the survey dates. The final bathymetry surface was transformed to the NAVD88 reference surface using VDatum (version 3.9). Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 1. Raw to processed conversion for USGS field activity 2016-017-FA: Each raw SWATHplus bathymetric sonar file (SXR) was converted to a SWATHplus processed file (SXP) using SEA SWATHplus Swath Processor (ver. 3.07.17.00). During the conversion process, sound velocity profiles were used to minimize potential refraction artifacts from fluctuations in the speed of sound within the water column. Various bathymetric filters were applied to eliminate sounding outliers. Predicted tidal information was merged into the processed file (SXP) during this conversion, however final tidal corrections were applied later in the processing flow. Bathymetric filtering typically included low amplitude (100%), range (0-4 m), box (3-50 m depth, 1.5-75 m horizontal), median (window size of 5), alongtrack 1 (depth difference of 5 m, window size of 5 m, and learn rate of 0.7), alongtrack 2 (depth difference of 1.5 m, window size of 1 m, and learn rate of 0.9), and mean filters (0.25 m). These represent the typical parameters used for the majority of the survey but slight adjustments were required for some areas. This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person - Seth Ackerman. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 2. CARIS preliminary processing for USGS field activity 2016-017-FA: A new CARIS HIPS project (ver. 10.1) was created for this field activity with projection information set to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 19N, WGS 84. Each SWATHplus processed file (SXP) was imported to the new CARIS project using the Import/Conversion Wizard. Delayed heave from raw POS MV files was used to update HIPS survey lines using the import auxiliary data function. Navigation was reviewed and edited as needed using the navigation editor tool. Data were merged selecting no tide and the delayed heave source. A 2-m resolution Swath Angle Weighted (SWATH) surface was created to incorporate survey lines as they were processed, and the SWATH surfaces were reviewed for inconsistencies and anomalies. Beam-to-beam slopes and across track angle filters were applied to the soundings line by line and then further edited manually as needed. The refraction editor was used to adjust sound speed values in areas where velocimeter data did not adequately correct depth profiles obviously influenced by local anomalies in speed of sound through the water column. Survey lines were remerged and the surface was recalculated to incorporate processing edits. Preliminary processing was done during the survey and additional processing was done post-survey with CARIS HIPS and SIPS version 10.1. This process step was done between 2016 and 2018. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 3. Prepare and apply POS MV and Zone Tidal Model data for USGS field activity 2016-017-FA: Post-processed navigation and vessel attitude data from POSPac SBET files were used to update HIPS survey lines using the import auxiliary data function in CARIS (version 10.3). Navigation source was set to Applanix SBET, and navigation was re-reviewed and edited as needed using the Navigation Editor tool. Tide data referenced to Mean Sea Level (MSL) were applied using the NOAA Zone Tidal Model (stellwagen_tides.zdf) and observed tide data from the nearest tidal station (Boston_MSL_8443970_June2016.tid). All survey lines were remerged selecting the Zone Tidal Model tides and delayed heave sources. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 4. Final CARIS bathymetry surface creation and export: A final 2-m resolution SWATH surface was created using the Swath Angle method with a maximum footprint of 5. Then, small "no data" holidays were filled using the "Fill Raster Holiday" tool and a 5x5 cell filter using data from a minimum of 5 neighboring cells. The CARIS SWATH surface was exported as a 2-m resolution ASCII file referenced to UTM Zone 19N, WGS 84 and MSL tidal heights. Process_Date: 201810 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2m_SWATH_MSL_v1.asc Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 5. Transform surface to NAVD88: The NOAA's Vertical Datum Transformation tool (VDatum v. 3.9) was used to transform the CARIS bathymetry surface (MSL) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Process_Date: 201810 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2m_SWATH_MSL_v1_NAVD88.asc Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 6. Convert NAVD88 ASCII to GeoTIFF: Global Mapper (version 18) was used to convert the ASC surface created from the VDatum software to a 32-bit GeoTIFF image representing the final bathymetry surface referenced to the NAVD 88 heights. Process_Date: 2018 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88_GeoTIFF.tif Process_Step: Process_Description: Processing Step 7. Sound velocity profile (SVP) data were bundled with this bathymetry dataset to archive the sonuds speed dataset. The SVP data can be found in a zip file (2016-017-FA_SVP.zip) that contains 13 SVP profiles in text format. Each SVP text file has a header line with the following format: SoundVelocity (file type), 1.00 (file format version number), cast number (XX), date/time of file creation ( YYYYMMDDhhmm), latitude (decimal degrees), longitude (decimal degrees), radii around the lat/long position for which the profile is valid (set to 1 meter), date of profile start ( YYYYMMDDhhmm), date of profile stop ( YYYYMMDDhhmm), source instrument of the profile (MVP P, where P stands for Probe), number of values in the profile. After the header line, there are 2 columns of data separated by a space. The first column is depth (in meters) and the second column is speed of sound (in meters per second). Process_Date: 201906 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2016-017-FA_SVP.zip Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200807 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 1698 Column_Count: 3073 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 19N Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 2.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 2.0 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: NAVD88 Depth_Resolution: 0.001 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: There are no attributes associated with a GeoTIFF, however, the pixel values of the 32-bit bathymetry image (2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88.tif) are depth values. Although the GeoTIFF images has a rectangular extent, areas outside the survey area have a no data value of "NoData" that should be recognized when using the image in GIS software. Data values represent depth in meters referenced to NAVD88. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey-ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: USGS data release 2016-017-FA bathymetry from offshore of Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, collected in May 2016. This dataset contains the 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image (2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88.tif) with a world file (2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88.tfw), browse graphic (2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88_browse.jpg), sound velocity profile data (2016-017-FA_SVP.zip) and metadata file (2016-017-FA_Bathymetry2m_NAVD88_meta.xml). The pixel values of the 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image are depth values. Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: Global Mapper (version 18) Format_Specification: 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image Format_Information_Content: This dataset contains a folder with a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image at 2-meter resolution and the associated metadata and world files. Transfer_Size: 4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5c926dc0e4b0938824573d57 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5c926dc0e4b0938824573d57 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV Access_Instructions: The first link is to the page containing the data. The second is a direct link to download all data available from the page as a zip file. The final link is to the publication landing page. The data page (first link) may have additional data access options, including web services. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: This dataset contains a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image with a world file and associated metadata. To utilize these data, an image processing or GIS software package capable of viewing a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image is needed. Standard image viewing software cannot translate a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20200807 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time