Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Alfredo L Aretxabaleta Originator: Zafer Defne Originator: Neil K Ganju Publication_Date: 20210910 Title: Wave thrust values at point locations along the shorelines of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9LFGKFW Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Aretxabaleta, A.L., Defne, Z., and Ganju, N.K., 2021, Wave thrust values at point locations along the shorelines of Massachusetts and Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LFGKFW. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LFGKFW Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Description: Abstract: This product provides spatial variations in wave thrust along shorelines in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Natural features of relevance along the State coast are salt marshes. In recent times, marshes have been eroding primarily through lateral erosion. Wave thrust represents a metric of wave attack acting on marsh edges. The wave thrust is calculated as the vertical integral of the dynamic pressure of waves. This product uses a consistent methodology with sufficient spatial resolution to include the distinct features of each marsh system. Waves under different climatological wind forcing conditions were simulated using the coupled ADCIRC/SWAN model system. The estuarine and bay areas are resolved with horizontal resolutions of order hundreds of meters. The simulations provide the wave height, period, and direction needed to calculate wave thrust. We consider the frequency of occurrence of each wind magnitude and direction bin for each location to reconstruct a weighted-average wave thrust that considers coastal orientation with regard to dominant wave direction. The resulting wave thrust is then mapped along the shoreline of the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island to generate the present product. Purpose: The wave thrust data were created to be used in evaluating the spatial variation of the response and resiliency of the salt marsh to wave attack. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2021 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.887823 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.928842 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.873259 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.146666 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: biota Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Salt marsh Theme_Keyword: Wave attack Theme_Keyword: Vulnerability Theme_Keyword: Wave thrust Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: ocean waves Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: wetland ecosystems Theme_Keyword: wetland functions Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: Rhode Island Place_Keyword: United States of America Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: These data are defined for scientific research purposes and should not be used as a sole source of reference for any regulations and policy making. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the source of this information. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alfredo Aretxabaleta Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 X2204 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7?name=Mass_wavethrust_1km.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Graphic that shows wave thrust along the shoreline of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with points at a 1 kilometer resolution. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7?name=Mass_wavethrust_100m.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Graphic that shows wave thrust along the shoreline of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with points at a 100 meter resolution. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The wave thrust values represent model climatological conditions simulated along the shoreline. Climatological wind conditions used as forcing could have inaccuracies due to resolution restrictions and physical processes misrepresentations. We take the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-5) simulations as our best guess for the climatological conditions in the area. The accuracy of the wave model simulations is also limited by resolution and the choice of physical parameters. The model parameters were chosen following the expert opinion of the modeling group that conducts forecast simulations for the east coast of the United States on the same unstructured grid. Finally, a visual comparison between the current wave thrust analysis data and published results of wave attack in Massachusetts and Rhode Island was conducted to qualitatively assure accuracy. Logical_Consistency_Report: The data provided matches the wave source information and falls within the expected ranges for wave thrust. The geospatial data were checked for integrity during the shoreline extraction process and the shoreline points were verified to make sure that they fall on the shorelines. Possible data duplicates have been checked and eliminated. Completeness_Report: The wave thrust data for Massachusetts and Rhode Island are bound to the input shoreline data, which represent shorelines along the entire States from the Rhode Island-Connecticutt border to the New Hampshire-Massachusetts border. A detailed on-the-ground analysis of a single site may result in a different wave thrust than established through this analysis. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The horizontal accuracy is inherited from the source shoreline dataset, the 1:24,000 scale National Environmental Sensitivity Index Shoreline (Contiguous U.S. shoreline) dataset from NOAA Office of Response and Restoration's Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) shorelines. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), Emergency Response Division (ERD), Seattle, Washington. Publication_Date: 201705 Title: National Environmental Sensitivity Index Shoreline: GULF/ATLANTIC ESI, PACIFIC ESI: ESIL (ESI Shoreline Types - Lines) Edition: Second Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: National ESI Shoreline Issue_Identification: Gulf_Atlantic ESI, Pacific ESI Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Seattle, Washington Publisher: NOAA's Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), Emergency Response Division (ERD) Online_Linkage: https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/esimaps/gisdata/NationalESI_Shoreline.zip Source_Scale_Denominator: 24000 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1996 Ending_Date: 2017 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GULF_ATLANTIC_ESI Source_Contribution: Source input was used in generating points along the shoreline. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: ECMWF copernicus-support@ecmwf.int Publication_Date: 20180614 Title: ERA-5 hourly east-west and north-south wind components at 10 meters height Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: tabular digital data Other_Citation_Details: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2000 Ending_Date: 2018 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ERA5_WIND Source_Contribution: The east-west and north-south wind components are combined to produce bins of wind speed and direction Process_Step: Process_Description: This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person, Alfredo Aretxabaleta in Matlab (ver. 2016b), unless otherwise stated. The latest European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-5, https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5) model solution was extracted for all areas around the US east coast shoreline. The hourly data for the east-west and north-south wind components at 10 m height were downloaded from https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 on 20 November 2019. Data for the period January 2000 to December 2018 was used for each location. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: ERA5_WIND Process_Date: 2020 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alfredo Aretxabaleta Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x. 2204 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The east-west and north-south wind components are combined to produce wind speed and direction (degrees from True North) using a Matlab code that transforms and rotates vectors from the vector components to magnitude and direction. The wind speeds and directions were binned to create a set of wind roses for each coastal location. Wind direction was binned in 12 intervals using 30-degree intervals: Bin 1: -15 (345) to 15 deg N; Bin 2: 15 to 45 deg N; Bin 3: 45 to 75 deg N; Bin 4: 75 to 105 deg N; Bin 5: 105 to 135 deg N; Bin 6: 135 to 165 deg N; Bin 7: 165 to 195 deg N; Bin 8: 195 to 225 deg N; Bin 9: 225 to 255 deg N; Bin 10: 255 to 285 deg N; Bin 11: 285 to 315 deg N; Bin 12: 315 to 345 deg N and wind speeds were binned with the following ranges: Bin 1: 0-2 m/s; Bin 2: 2-4 m/s; Bin 3: 4-6 m/s; Bin 4: 6-8 m/s; Bin 5: 8-12 m/s; Bin 6 12-38 m/s Process_Date: 2020 Process_Step: Process_Description: A matrix of model simulations (72 total simulations) of the ADCIRC/SWAN (version 53.04; https://adcirc.org/home/documentation/users-manual-v53/; Dietrich et al. [2011]) modeling system were conducted with different wind directions (12) and intensities (6). A constant wind for each direction centered on the mid-value (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 deg N) and with speeds centered at the mid-value of each bin (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 25 m/s) were imposed for the entire model domain. The unstructured grid is the one from the Hurricane Surge On-demand Forecast System (HSOFS, https://www.weather.gov/sti/coastalact_surgewg; Moghimi et al. [2020]). HSOFS is an unstructured finite element grid that extends westward to the 65 W longitude and resolves the entire east coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico. The grid contains 1.8 million grid points resulting in horizontal resolutions as low as 130m with most coastal grid elements being 300-400m in size. The grid extends overland to approximately the 10 m elevation (NAVD88). The model was run in coupled mode, initialized from rest, and run until steady-state was achieved. The maximum water levels, significant wave heights, and peak periods were extracted from the end of each simulation. Many papers describe the development and usage of the ADCIRC computational model, but basic details can be found in Luettich et al. (1992) and Dietrich et al. (2011). References: Dietrich, J.C., Zijlema, M., Westerink, J.J., Holthuijsen, L.H., Dawson, C., Luettich Jr, R.A., Jensen, R.E., Smith, J.M., Stelling, G.S. and Stone, G.W., 2011, Modeling hurricane waves and storm surge using integrally-coupled, scalable computations. Coastal Engineering, Vol 58(1), pp.45-65. Luettich, R.A.; Westerink, J.J.; Scheffner, N.W. 1992, ADCIRC: An Advanced Three-Dimensional Circulation Model for Shelves, Coasts, and Estuaries; Report 1: Theory and Methodology of ADCIRC-2DDI and ADCIRC-3DL; Technical Report CERC-TR-DRP-92-6; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army: Washington, DC, USA. Moghimi, S., Van der Westhuysen, A., Abdolali, A., Myers, E., Vinogradov, S., Ma, Z., Liu, F., Mehra, A. and Kurkowski, N., 2020. Development of an ESMF based flexible coupling application of ADCIRC and WAVEWATCH III for high fidelity coastal inundation studies. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol. 8(5), p.308. Process_Date: 2020 Process_Step: Process_Description: In order to estimate wave thrust, the orientation of the shoreline with regard to the incident waves causing thrust needed to be determined. We calculated shoreline orientation from the unstructured grid by following these steps: a) We extracted shoreline segments (zero meter mean sea level contour) from grid using a Matlab code. b) We calculated the angle with respect to True North of each shoreline segment. c) We determined the wet (ocean) side of each segment by comparing the bathymetric/topographic elevation of the segment (0 m) with that of a point perpendicular to the segment and 100m from it. If the perpendicular point is deeper, then the ocean is to that side. Depth_100m_perpen = depth(xmid+abs((y2-y1)/100), ymid+abs((x2-x1)/100)), where xmid, ymid are the coordinates of the center point of the segment, x1, y1 are the coordinates of one of the endpoints of the segment, and x2,y2 are the coordinates of the other endpoint of the segment. Depth_100m_perpen is the depth at a point perpendicular to the segment and 100m from it. d) Finally, we determine the angle between the shore-normal direction and the incoming wave. Process_Date: 2020 Process_Step: Process_Description: The climatological wave thrust was calculated as the weighted average of the wave conditions from each direction that was exposed to the waves coming from the ocean side. The weights for each location were extracted from the wind distribution of directions and magnitudes from the climatological wind roses. Based on the shoreline orientation, the incident directions coming from land were assigned a weight of zero. The rest of directions were adjusted so that maximum weights correspond to the direction perpendicular to shore. The wave thrust estimation was conducted following the equations: Based on Tonelli et al. (2010), first, the above mean sea level component (accounting for the hydrostatic pressure from wind waves) is defined as: WTasl = 0.5*ρ*g*Hwave^2, where ρ is the density of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity and Hwave is the significant wave height Second, the dynamic pressure of wind waves can be calculated as WTbsl = ρ*g*Kp*Hwave, where Kp is the pressure-response factor accounting for the dynamic component due to water particle acceleration and can be calculated as Kp = cosh(k*(h+z)) / cos(k*h), where h is the marsh elevation with respect to mean sea level, z is the water level, and k is the wave number. As wave thrust from dynamic pressure depends on water depth, we followed the approach of Tonelli et al. (2010) with a reduction in wave thrust proportional to the water depth on the marsh platform. Next, the thrust from the two components can be added to give the total thrust due to wave attack. WTtotal = WTasl + WTbsl Based on the direction of the waves and grid orientation, the fraction of total thrust that is normal to the marsh edge is calculated The model solutions provided significant wave height, peak wave period, and wave direction. As the below sea level expression requires wave number, the dispersion relationship was used to calculate wave number from wave period and water depth. Reference: Tonelli, M., Fagherazzi, S., and Petti, M., 2010, Modeling wave impact on salt marsh boundaries: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, C09028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006026. Process_Date: 2020 Process_Step: Process_Description: This processing step was performed by Zafer Defne in ArcMap (ver. 10.7.1) using tools from ArcToolbox. For complex operations, names of specific tools used are given in CAPITAL letters (any critical parameters used are given in parentheses, separated by a semicolon, immediately after the tool name). The input (GULF_ATLANTIC_ESI) and output file names are provided in [square brackets] when necessary. Units for length and area calculations are meters (m) and square meters (m2) unless otherwise stated. In this step we generate points along the high resolution (1/24,000 scale) shoreline. We generate a 1-km spaced and a 100-m spaced dataset. Download the 2017 National Environmental Sensitivity Index Shoreline (Contiguous U.S. shoreline) dataset from NOAA Office of Response and Restoration's Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps inventory. See https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/esi_download. Crop the [GULF_ATLANTIC_ESI] line features in the GULF_ATLANTIC_ESI geodatabase file from the Connecticutt-Rhode Island border to the Massachusetts-New Hampshire border. GENERATE POINTS ALONG LINES (Point Placement =Distance; Distance=0.009 Decimal degrees) along the cropped shoreline approximately with 1-km spacing to generate the point features [Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp]. GENERATE POINTS ALONG LINES (Point Placement =Distance; Distance=0.0009 Decimal degrees) along the cropped shoreline approximately with 100-m spacing to generate the point features [Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp]. The distance along the shoreline is calculated straight out from the source data. Therefore, the spacing between adjacent points in either the 100m or 1km datasets might be much smaller than 100m or 1km, as the spacing is from the original data and not between points in the extracted points. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GULF_ATLANTIC_ESI Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Zafer Defne Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2254 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x. 2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: zdefne@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: In the final step, the wave thrust calculated on the ADCIRC grid (HSOFS) is linearly interpolated onto the shoreline positions for the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with either the 100-meter spacing or the 1-km spacing between shoreline points. The interpolation was conducted using the scatteredInterpolant function in Matlab with the linear interpolation option. In Matlab v2016b, the function dlmwrite.m was used to export the data to CSV format. The shapefile was created in ArcGIS from the CSV files. Process_Date: 2020 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alfredo Aretxabaleta Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x. 2204 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0197396208 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0264383890 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North_American_Datum_1983 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS_1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Attribute information associated with the wave thrust along the Massachusetts and Rhode Island shorelines with a resolution of 100 m. The data are available in shapefile and CSV format. The attributes are the same except the shapefile specific attributes (FID, Shape) are not present in the CSV file. The dataset has 67425 data records. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: lon Attribute_Definition: Longitude coordinate in decimal degrees, NAD83. Negative value indicates Western hemisphere Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -71.887823 Range_Domain_Maximum: -69.928842 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees longitude Attribute: Attribute_Label: lat Attribute_Definition: Latitude coordinate in decimal degrees, NAD83 Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41.146666 Range_Domain_Maximum: 42.873259 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees latitude Attribute: Attribute_Label: wavethrust Attribute_Definition: Wave thrust acting against the shoreline (100 m) Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 18.692652 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: KiloNewtons per meter (kN m-1) Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Attribute information associated with the wave thrust along the Massachusetts and Rhode Island shorelines with a resolution of 1 km (1000 m). The data are available in shapefile and CSV format. The attributes are the same except the shapefile specific attributes (FID, Shape) are not present in the CSV file. The dataset has 6742 data records. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: lon Attribute_Definition: Longitude coordinate in decimal degrees, NAD83. Negative value indicates Western hemisphere Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -71.883133 Range_Domain_Maximum: -69.929141 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees longitude Attribute: Attribute_Label: lat Attribute_Definition: Latitude coordinate in decimal degrees, NAD83 Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41.1475 Range_Domain_Maximum: 42.872525 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees latitude Attribute: Attribute_Label: wavethrust Attribute_Definition: Wave thrust acting against the shoreline (1 km) Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 18.445418 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: KiloNewtons per meter (kN m-1) Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: In this dataset, the wave thrust along the shorelines of Massachusetts and Rhode Island has been provided. Wave thrust provides a metric of potential erosion of the parts of the shoreline covered with saltmarsh. Recently, marsh edge erosion has been linked to wave attack and specifically wave thrust. In this product, climatological wave thrust is estimated from wave fields forced with different wind magnitudes and directions that match the climatological wind conditions in each area. Wave thrust is then evaluated from the climatological wave conditions and mapped along the shoreline. This metadata file has information for two shapefiles (Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp and Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp) and attributes specific to each one are described. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: GS ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The dataset consists of two shapefiles: Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.shp and associated files (100-m resolution) and Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.shp (1-km resolution). The CSV files comparable to the shapefiles are also included (Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_100m.csv and Massachusetts_shoreline_wave_thrust_HSOFS_dir_1km.csv). Additionally, there are two browse graphics (Mass_wavethrust_1km.png and Mass_wavethrust_100m.png) and FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML format (Massachusetts_wave_thrust_hsofs.xml). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Not for navigational use. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcMap 10.7.1 Format_Information_Content: The dataset includes two shapefiles and the comparable CSV files, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 13 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LFGKFW Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the files on the landing page in a ZIP file. The second and third links, the latter of which is the DOI designation of the publication, both go to the landing page of the data. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: Matlab v2016b Format_Information_Content: The dataset includes two shapefiles and the comparable CSV files, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 13 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61128723d34ee985ddc381c7 Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LFGKFW Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the files on the landing page in a ZIP file. The second and third links, the latter of which is the DOI designation of the publication, both go to the landing page of the data. Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20210910 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alfredo Aretxabaleta Contact_Position: Oceanographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: US Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x. 2204 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998