Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 20220609 Title: Multibeam backscatter data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using a dual-head Reson T20-P multibeam echosounder (8-bit GeoTIFF, UTM Zone 16N, NAD 83, 1-m resolution) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: Eric M. Moore Originator: Alex R. Nichols Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: Patrick J. Berube Publication_Date: 2022 Title: High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Andrews, B.D., Barnhardt, W.A., Moore, E.M., Nichols, A.R., Ackerman, S.D., and Berube, P.J. 2022, High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c8967d34e915b67d39473 Description: Abstract: In August 2021, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected high-resolution geophysical data, sediment samples, and bottom imagery to determine the distribution of historical mine tailings on the floor of Lake Superior. Large amounts of waste material from copper mining, locally known as “stamp sands,” were dumped into the lake in the early 20th century, with wide-reaching consequences that have continued into the present. Mapping was focused offshore of the town of Gay on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, where ongoing erosion and re-deposition of the stamp sands has buried miles of native, white-sand beaches. Stamp sands are also encroaching onto Buffalo Reef, a large area of cobble/boulder substrate that supports productive fisheries in the lake. The objectives of this cooperative mapping project are to develop a framework for scientific research and provide baseline information required for management of resources within the coastal zone of northern Michigan. High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data reveal the irregular topography of the shallow, cobble-covered Buffalo Reef and the relatively smooth surface of finer-grained sediment that covers adjacent, deeper parts of the lake floor. Previous research used numerous sediment samples to determine the general distribution of mine tailings on the lake floor in this area, but little information exists on the extent and thickness of the surficial deposits. The main priority of this project is to image the near-surface stratigraphy, specifically the thickness of surficial sand and mud that threaten to cover the reef, with seismic-reflection profiling systems. In addition to continuous coverage of bathymetric and backscatter data, this project collected a dense grid of closely spaced seismic profiles in 2018, which will guide efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of the shifting stamp sands. This 2021 (2021-005-FA) survey is the second survey conducted by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) in Grand Traverse Bay, Houghton County, MI. The first survey conducted in September 2018 (2018-043-FA) was a regional geologic framework study that covered a large area (30 sq km) and lower resolution (2-m) and included both single-channel, and swept frequency (chirp) subbottom seismic profiles. Data from this survey were published in Andrews and other (2020), see cross-reference section below for details. The data from the 2018 survey was used to plan the higher resolution (less than 1-m) 2021 survey that covered a smaller area (14 sq km) focused on Buffalo Reef and included 410 bottom photographs, and 60 sediment samples collected using the MiniSEABOSS. Purpose: The purpose of this backscatter mosaic is to measure the relative acoustic reflectance (backscatter) values of the lake floor of Traverse Bay, MI to help identify the areal distribution and ultimately the migration path of stamp sands in the area of Buffalo Reef. Supplemental_Information: Data were collected using the R/V Rafael, owned and operated by the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Additional information on the field activity is available from https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-005-FA Field Activity 2021-005-FA was conducted in coordination with the USGS Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC), while they were surveying the inshore (shallow) portions of the study area concurrently. Multibeam depth and backscatter data collected by GLSC at the same time are published in Pecoraro and others 2022 (see cross reference below). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20210805 Ending_Date: 20210811 Currentness_Reference: data were collected on the following dates: 20210805-20210811 (Julian day 217-223). Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.244790 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.134976 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.235893 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.161049 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Great Lakes Science Center Theme_Keyword: GLSC Theme_Keyword: Department of the Interior Theme_Keyword: DOI Theme_Keyword: field activity number 2021-005-FA Theme_Keyword: R/V Rafael Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF Theme_Keyword: multibeam echosounder Theme_Keyword: multibeam backscatter Theme_Keyword: backscatter Theme_Keyword: time-series Theme_Keyword: Reson Theme_Keyword: T20-P Theme_Keyword: Lacustrine Geology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: multibeam sonar Theme_Keyword: lakebed characteristics Theme_Keyword: geophysics Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: lakebed acoustic reflectivity Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:623c9130d34e915b67d395dd Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States of America Place_Keyword: Michigan Place_Keyword: Keweenaw Peninsula Place_Keyword: Keweenaw County Place_Keyword: Houghton County Place_Keyword: Lake Superior Place_Keyword: Buffalo Reef Place_Keyword: Grand Traverse Bay Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: lake floor Stratum_Keyword: lakefloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 2021 Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely re-distributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. These data are not to be used for navigation. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Brian Andrews Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2348 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bandrews@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd?name=2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Backscatter_1m_browse.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Thumbnail image of 1-m multibeam echosounder backscatter data collected within Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Superior, Michigan. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: David S. Foster Originator: Barry J. Irwin Originator: Alex R. Nichols Publication_Date: 2020 Title: High-resolution geophysical data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2018-043-FA Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9K4HX8V Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K4HX8V Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ddbd93ce4b06957976a56a8 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Samuel D. Pecoraro Originator: Anthony J. Arnold Originator: Peter C. Esselman Originator: Chris Wright Publication_Date: 2022 Title: High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data from the Stamp Sands of Lake Superior collected using a Norbit iWBMSh multibeam echosounder during 2021 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9LY9F09 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LY9F09 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62017127d34e622189da4d52 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: This raster data represents processed dual-head Reson T20-P multibeam echosounder (MBES) backscatter data gridded at 1-m resolution. Completeness_Report: Data collected along 5 sonar calibration lines and cross lines used for data quality checks are not included in this mosaic, however, the trackline navigation for all lines are included in the 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines.shp shapefile included in this publication. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation data were acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5), which blends Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data, acceleration data from a Motion Reference Unit (MRU) and GPS azimuthal heading. The POS MV was configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented athwartship and mounted atop the after end of cabin. DGPS positions were obtained from the primary antenna located on the forward end of the baseline, and the positional offsets between the antenna and the navigational reference point (the POS MV IMU) were accounted for in the Applanix POSView (version 11.00) acquisition software. DGPS positions are horizontally accurate to 0.5 - 2 meters, but accuracy can increase to less than 10 cm after post-processing with Applanix POSPac (version 8.7). Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: Unpublished Material Title: raw MBES data in s7k format (.s7k) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: digital data Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20210805 Ending_Date: 20210811 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: RAW RESON T20-P MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER FILES Source_Contribution: Multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter data were collected using dual-head Reson T20-P sonars. The pair of mills cross transmit and receive arrays were mounted side-by-side within a bracket that oriented them at opposing 30-degree angles (relative to horizontal). The bracket was pole-mounted on the starboard side of the R/V Rafael so that the sonar arrays were oriented athwart ships (primary and secondary arrays facing outward and down to port and starboard, respectively) and located approximately 1.235 m below the waterline when deployed. Vessel navigation and attitude data were acquired using an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5) configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented fore and aft and mounted atop the MBES pole approximately midships on the starboard side of vessel, and the wetpod MRU mounted atop the sonar bracket just aft of the pole. An AML Micro X SV mounted on the sonar bracket monitored sound speed near the sonars during acquisition, and an AML Minos X SVPT was used to collect water column sound speed profiles 1 to 3 times each survey day. The Reson SeaBat User Interface (version 5.0.0.18) was used to control the sonars, which were operated in intermediate mode at full power (220 dB), with frequency-modulated pulses between 200 to 300 kHz. The range of the 1024 across track beams formed by the sonars were adjusted manually depending on water depth and resulted in combined swath widths of 50 to 250 meters or typically 3 to 6 times the water depth. Data were monitored and recorded using the Reson SeaBat User Interface (UI) (version 5.0.0.18) and Hypack/Hysweep (v. 2018). The SeaBat User Interface logged the navigation, attitude, bathymetry, time-series backscatter, and water column data to s7k format files for each sonar. The s7k line files were created by the Reson UI using the following naming convention: M/S_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS. The line files were appended with an "M" and "S" prefix to denote the port (or primary) "M" and "S" starboard (or secondary) sonar heads. In addition to the s7k format, each line was recorded as one file (both M and S heads) into a HYPACK/HYSWEEP format (v. 2018) for use in CARIS HIPS. Process_Step: Process_Description: PROCESSING STEP 1: IMPORT s7k FILES INTO QPS QIMERA SOFTWARE. 1) Create new QPS Qimera (ver 2.4.1) project using the UTM 16N, NAD 83 coordinate system. 2) Import the s7k files for each "M" and "S" sonar head separately by Julian day folder. 3) Add post-processed Smoothed Best Estimate of Trajectory (sbet) files using the "add binary navigation files" menu. One sbet file covered all lines for each day. The position, height, motion, and heading of each sk7 file was updated with the higher-order data in each sbet file. 4) Each s7k file with updated sbet data were exported out of Qimera (ver. 2.4.1) into a generic sensor format (gsf) file. The contact person for this and all subsequent processing steps below is Brian Andrews. Process_Date: 202112 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Brian Andrews Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2348 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bandrews@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: PROCESSING STEP 2: IMPORT GSF FILES INTO QPS FMGT SOFTWARE. 1) Create a new QPS FMGT (ver. 7.10) Project using the NAD 83, UTM 16 coordinate system. Processing parameters were set to use the "Reson SeaBat T20P Focused MBES". 2) Import each of the gsf file for each sonar head into the project by Julian day folder. All settings were checked for the "adjust" processing section in FMGT. 3) Filter settings used a flat Angle Varying Gain (AVG) algorithm and 160 AVG window size. The "Blend" method was used to create the mosaic. Process_Date: 202112 Process_Step: Process_Description: PROCESSSING STEP 3: CREATE TIME SERIES BACKSCATTER MOSAIC AND ADJUST dB LEVELS. 1) Create a 1-meter resolution mosaic using the "Beam Time Series" option. 2) Adjust the processed dB values of the "S" files using the "Line Backscatter Adjustment" menu. Small differences (0-2.5 dB) in processed dB values exist between the "M" and "S" files collected with each uncalibrated sonar head. In general, the "S" sonar appears lighter in the mosaic producing a stripped appearance to the mosaic. Each "S" was reviewed in the mosaic and adjusted to make the line darker to blend with the "M" files in the mosaic. 3) After dB adjustment, the final mosaic was exported as one, 8-bit, merged grayscale geotiff at 1-m resolution. Process_Date: 202201 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 8194 Column_Count: 8194 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 16N Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -87 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 1.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 1.0 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: GCS_North_American_1983_2011 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS_1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: No data value is 0. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Multibeam backscatter data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, MI within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using a dual-head Reson T20-P multibeam echosounder: includes the GeoTIFF image 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Backscatter_1m.tif, the browse graphic 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Backscatter_1m_browse.jpg, and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) metadata files (2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Backscatter_1m_meta.xml, *html, and *.txt). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: GeoTIFF Format_Version_Number: FMGT (ver. 7.10 Format_Specification: 8-bit GeoTIFF file Format_Information_Content: GeoTIFF image file derived from MBES backscatter data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center in Lake Superior and the associated metadata. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip Transfer_Size: 9.17 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Access_Instructions: The first link is to the page containing the data, the second link downloads all data available from the page as a zip file, and the third link is to the publication landing page. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: WMS Format_Version_Number: v 1.3.0 Format_Information_Content: Web Mapping Service (WMS)showing MBES backscatter data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center in Lake Superior and the associated metadata. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd?service=wms&request=getcapabilities&version=1.3.0 Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c9130d34e915b67d395dd Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Access_Instructions: The first link in the network resources accesses the data through a web mapping service, the second is to the page containing the data, and the third link is to the publication landing page. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: To utilize these data, the user must have software capable of viewing GeoTIFF files. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20220609 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Brian Andrews Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2348 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bandrews@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time