U.S. Geological Survey 20220609 1.0 vector digital data data release DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4 Brian D. Andrews Walter A. Barnhardt Eric M. Moore Alex R. Nichols Seth D. Ackerman Patrick J. Berube 2022 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey Suggested citation: Andrews, B.D., Barnhardt, W.A., Moore, E.M., Nichols, A.R., Ackerman, S.D., and Berube, P.J. 2022, High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c8967d34e915b67d39473 In August 2021, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected high-resolution geophysical data, sediment samples, and bottom imagery to determine the distribution of historical mine tailings on the floor of Lake Superior. Large amounts of waste material from copper mining, locally known as “stamp sands,” were dumped into the lake in the early 20th century, with wide-reaching consequences that have continued into the present. Mapping was focused offshore of the town of Gay on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, where ongoing erosion and re-deposition of the stamp sands has buried miles of native, white-sand beaches. Stamp sands are also encroaching onto Buffalo Reef, a large area of cobble/boulder substrate that supports productive fisheries in the lake. The objectives of this cooperative mapping project are to develop a framework for scientific research and provide baseline information required for management of resources within the coastal zone of northern Michigan. High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data reveal the irregular topography of the shallow, cobble-covered Buffalo Reef and the relatively smooth surface of finer-grained sediment that covers adjacent, deeper parts of the lake floor. Previous research used numerous sediment samples to determine the general distribution of mine tailings on the lake floor in this area, but little information exists on the extent and thickness of the surficial deposits. The main priority of this project is to image the near-surface stratigraphy, specifically the thickness of surficial sand and mud that threaten to cover the reef, with seismic-reflection profiling systems. In addition to continuous coverage of bathymetric and backscatter data, this project collected a dense grid of closely spaced seismic profiles in 2018, which will guide efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of the shifting stamp sands. This 2021 (2021-005-FA) survey is the second survey conducted by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) in Grand Traverse Bay, Houghton County, MI. The first survey conducted in September 2018 (2018-043-FA) was a regional geologic framework study that covered a large area (30 sq km) and lower resolution (2-m) and included both single-channel, and swept frequency (chirp) subbottom seismic profiles. Data from this survey were published in Andrews and other (2020), see cross-reference section below for details. The data from the 2018 survey was used to plan the higher resolution (less than 1-m) 2021 survey that covered a smaller area (14 sq km) focused on Buffalo Reef and included 410 bottom photographs, and 60 sediment samples collected using the Mini-SEABOSS. The purpose of this polyline shapefile is to provide a geospatial record of the tracklines recorded by the Reson T20-P sonar and to provide the line names and dates in the shapefile attribute table. Data were collected using the R/V Rafael, owned and operated by the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Additional information on the field activity is available from https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-005-FA Field Activity 2021-005-FA was conducted in coordination with the USGS Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC), while they were surveying the inshore (shallow) portions of the study area concurrently. Multibeam depth and backscatter data collected by GLSC at the same time are published in Pecoraro and others 2022 (see cross reference below). 20210805 20210811 data were collected on the following dates: 20210805-20210811 (Julian day 217-223). Complete None planned -88.240202 -88.141553 47.224396 47.163572 None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center WHCMSC Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Great Lakes Science Center GLSC Department of the Interior DOI field activity number 2021-005-FA R/V Rafael tracklines shapefile multibeam echosounder multibeam bathymetry bathymetry Reson T20-P Lacustrine Geology ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation imageryBaseMapsEarthCover elevation inlandWaters USGS Thesaurus multibeam sonar navigational data geophysics geology geospatial datasets USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4 None United States of America Michigan Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw County Houghton County Lake Superior Buffalo Reef Grand Traverse Bay None lake floor lakefloor none 2021 none Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely re-distributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. These data are not to be used for navigation. U.S. Geological Survey Brian Andrews Geographer mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4?name=2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines_browse.jpg Thumbnail image of multibeam echosounder tracklines collected within Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan. JPEG Brian D. Andrews Walter A. Barnhardt David S. Foster Barry J. Irwin Alex R. Nichols 2020 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/P9K4HX8V Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K4HX8V https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ddbd93ce4b06957976a56a8 Samuel D. Pecoraro Anthony J. Arnold Peter C. Esselman Chris Wright 2022 1.0 data release DOI:10.5066/P9LY9F09 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LY9F09 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62017127d34e622189da4d52 Gaps between the polyline features in this shapefile reflect those time periods where data were not recorded This shapefile includes all tracklines where multibeam data were collected during 2021-005-FA-although some lines were not included in the final bathymetry grid. Navigation data were acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5), which blends Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data, acceleration data from a Motion Reference Unit (MRU) and GPS azimuthal heading. The POS MV was configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented athwartship and mounted atop the after end of cabin. DGPS positions were obtained from the primary antenna located on the forward end of the baseline, and the positional offsets between the antenna and the navigational reference point (the POS MV IMU) were accounted for in the Applanix POSView (version 11.00) acquisition software. DGPS positions are horizontally accurate to 0.5 - 2 meters, but accuracy can increase to less than 10 cm after post-processing with Applanix POSPac (version 8.7). U.S. Geological Survey Unpublished Material digital data disc 20210805 20210811 ground condition RAW RESON T20-P MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER FILES Multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter data were collected using dual-head Reson T20-P sonars. The pair of mills cross transmit and receive arrays were mounted side-by-side within a bracket that oriented them at opposing 30-degree angles (relative to horizontal). The bracket was pole-mounted on the starboard side of the R/V Rafael so that the sonar arrays were oriented athwart ships (primary and secondary arrays facing outward and down to port and starboard, respectively) and located approximately 1.235 m below the waterline when deployed. Vessel navigation and attitude data were acquired using an Applanix POS MV Wavemaster (model 220, V5) configured with two AeroAntenna Technologies GPS antennas located at either end of a 2-m baseline, which was oriented fore and aft and mounted atop the MBES pole approximately midships on the starboard side of vessel, and the wetpod MRU mounted atop the sonar bracket just aft of the pole. An AML Micro X SV mounted on the sonar bracket monitored sound speed near the sonars during acquisition, and an AML Minos X SVPT was used to collect water column sound speed profiles 1 to 3 times each survey day. The Reson SeaBat User Interface (version 5.0.0.18) was used to control the sonars, which were operated in intermediate mode at full power (220 dB), with frequency-modulated pulses between 200 to 300 kHz. The range of the 1024 across track beams formed by the sonars were adjusted manually depending on water depth, and resulted in combined swath widths of 50 to 250 meters or typically 3 to 6 times the water depth. Data were monitored and recorded using the Reson SeaBat User Interface (UI) (version 5.0.0.18) and Hypack/Hysweep (v. 2018). The SeaBat User Interface logged the navigation, attitude, bathymetry, time-series backscatter, and water column data to s7k format files for each sonar. The s7k line files were created by the Reson UI using the following naming convention: M/S_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS. The line files were appended with an "M" and "S" prefix to denote the port (or primary) "M" and "S" starboard (or secondary) sonar heads. In addition to the s7k format, each line was recorded as one file (both M and S heads) into a HYPACK/HYSWEEP format (v. 2018) for use in CARIS HIPS. PROCESSING STEP 1: CARIS HIPS DATA PROCESSING. Multibeam bathymetry processing within CARIS HIPS (version 11.3) during the survey consisted of the following flow: 1) Vessel configuration file was created in CARIS (RVRafael_DualT20P.hvf) which includes, linear and angular installation offsets for each T20-P unit as well as vendor specified uncertainty values for each of the survey sensors. 2) A CARIS HIPS project (version 11.3) was created with projection information set to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 16N, WGS 84. Each HSX file was imported to the HIPS project using the import/conversion menu. 3) Delayed heave data from raw POS MV files (.000) were used to update HIPS survey lines using the import auxiliary data function. 4) Data were merged selecting "no tide" and the "delayed heave" source. 5) A preliminary, 1-m resolution Swath Angle Weighted (SWATH) surface was created and reviewed for inconsistencies and anomalies. The swath and subset editors were used to remove spurious points through manual editing and filter application, and the refraction editor was used to adjust sound speed values in areas where velocimeter data did not adequately correct depth profiles, which were obviously influenced by local anomalies in speed of sound through the water column. The contact person for this and all subsequent processing steps below is Brian Andrews. 202108 U.S. Geological Survey Brian Andrews Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov PROCESSING STEP 2: APPLY POST PROCESSED SBET FILES AND EDIT SOUNDINGS. Post-survey processing within CARIS HIPS (version 11.3) consisted of the following flow: 1) Post-processed navigation, vessel attitude, and GPS height data from POSPac Smoothed Best Estimate of Trajectory (SBET) files, and post-processed RMS attitude error data from POSPac smrmsg files were used to update HIPS survey lines using the import auxiliary data function. 2) Navigation source was set to Applanix SBET, and navigation was reviewed and edited as needed using the Navigation Editor tool. 3) GPS tide was computed using delayed heave data, the vessel water line, and a single datum value of 0 m (vertically referencing the data to the WGS 84 Ellipsoid). 4) Sound velocity correction was reapplied using the CARIS algorithm, the master SVP file containing all the sound velocity profiles collected during the survey and specifying the nearest in time method, delayed heave source, and use surface sound speed. Data were remerged selecting the GPS tide and delayed heave sources. 5) 1-m resolution SWATH surface was created using the Swath Angle method and a maximum footprint of 9. 6) Additional editing was conducted using the swath and subset editors to minimize inconsistencies and artifacts, and the SWATH surface was recomputed to reflect the changes. Finally, small "no data" holidays were filled using the "Fill Raster Holiday" tool and a 5x5 cell filter using data from a minimum of 5 neighboring cells. 202201 PROCESSSING STEP 3: CONVERT HIPS NAVIGATION TO SHAPEFILE The HIPS tracklines were converted to a Esri shapefile by selecting all lines and using the "export to shapefile" option and selecting the WGS 84 coordinate system within HIPS. During the conversion process,the following attributes were carried over to the shp:"Day", "LineName", "Min_Time", "Max_Time", "Total_Time", and "Length". Once the shapefile was converted, new attributes SurveyID, "DeviceID", and "VesselID" were created and populated using ArcGIS Pro (v. 2.9) 202201 Vector string 106 0.000001 0.000001 Decimal degrees D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.000000 298.257224 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines T20P multibeam echosounder tracklines for survey 2021-005-FA in Lake Superior, Michigan. U.S. Geological Survey FID Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Feature geometry. Esri Coordinates defining the features. Day Calendar date of the day the line was acquired using the format YYYY-DDD. where YYYY is the year, and DDD is the Julian day. CARIS HIPS Character set Line_Name Hypack/Hysweep filename for the T20-P MBES trackline in the format:XXXX_HHMM, where XXXX is the sequential line name based on the planned line file (lnw), and HHMM is the hour and minute of the start of the line. Hypack Character set Min_Time The date and time (UTC) of the start of the line in the format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.sss. CARIS HIPS Character set Max_Time The date and time (UTC) of the end of the line in the format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.sss. CARIS HIPS Character set Total_Time The total time of the line (UTC) in the format MM:SS.sss. CARIS HIPS Character set length The length of the trackline feature in meters calculated in HIPS using UTM 16 N, meters. CARIS HIPS 5.0 9,513 meters 0.000001 SurveyID Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) field activity identifier (e.g. "2021-005-FA" where 2021 is the survey year, 005 is survey number of that year, and FA is Field Activity). U.S. Geological Survey Character set DeviceID Sonar device used to collect MBES data. U.S. Geological Survey Character set VesselID Survey vessel name. U.S. Geological Survey Character set U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing and physical address

Denver Federal Center

Building 810

Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 1-888-275-8747 sciencebase@usgs.gov Multibeam Echosounder navigation data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, MI, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using a dual-head Reson T20-P multibeam echosounder: includes the shapefile 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines.shp, the browse graphic 2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines_browse.jpg, and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) metadata file (2021-005-FA_ResonT20P_Tracklines_meta.xml). Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Shapefile ArcGIS Pro (v. 2.9) Shapefile Shapefile of T20-P MBES tracklines collected by the U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center in Lake Superior and the associated metadata. Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip 0.26 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 The first link is to the page containing the data, the second link downloads all data available from the page as a zip file, and the third link is to the publication landing page. WMS v 1.3.0 Web Mapping Service (WMS)showing MBES trackline data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center in Lake Superior and the associated metadata. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalogMaps/mapping/ows/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4?service=wms&request=getcapabilities&version=1.3.0 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c91e9d34e915b67d395e4 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 The first link in the network resources accesses the data through a web mapping service, the second is to the page containing the data, and the third link is to the publication landing page. none To utilize these data, the user must have software capable of viewing an Esri shapefile. 20240319 U.S. Geological Survey Brian Andrews Geographer mailing and physical

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 (508) 548-8700 x2348 (508) 457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time