Geotagged lakebed images and their locations collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using the USGS MiniSEABOSS (JPEG images, point shapefile; GCS WGS 84)

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Geotagged lakebed images and their locations collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using the USGS MiniSEABOSS (JPEG images, point shapefile; GCS WGS 84)
Abstract:
In August 2021, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected high-resolution geophysical data, sediment samples, and bottom imagery to determine the distribution of historical mine tailings on the floor of Lake Superior. Large amounts of waste material from copper mining, locally known as “stamp sands,” were dumped into the lake in the early 20th century, with wide-reaching consequences that have continued into the present. Mapping was focused offshore of the town of Gay on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, where ongoing erosion and re-deposition of the stamp sands has buried miles of native, white-sand beaches. Stamp sands are also encroaching onto Buffalo Reef, a large area of cobble/boulder substrate that supports productive fisheries in the lake.
The objectives of this cooperative mapping project are to develop a framework for scientific research and provide baseline information required for management of resources within the coastal zone of northern Michigan. High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data reveal the irregular topography of the shallow, cobble-covered Buffalo Reef and the relatively smooth surface of finer-grained sediment that covers adjacent, deeper parts of the lake floor. Previous research used numerous sediment samples to determine the general distribution of mine tailings on the lake floor in this area, but little information exists on the extent and thickness of the surficial deposits. The main priority of this project is to image the near-surface stratigraphy, specifically the thickness of surficial sand and mud that threaten to cover the reef, with seismic-reflection profiling systems. In addition to continuous coverage of bathymetric and backscatter data, this project collected a dense grid of closely spaced seismic profiles in 2018, which will guide efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of the shifting stamp sands.
This 2021 (2021-005-FA) survey is the second survey conducted by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) in Grand Traverse Bay, Houghton County, MI. The first survey conducted in September 2018 (2018-043-FA) was a regional geologic framework study that covered a large area (30 sq km) and lower resolution (2-m) and included both single-channel, and swept frequency (chirp) subbottom seismic profiles. Data from this survey were published in Andrews and other (2020), see cross-reference section below for details. The data from the 2018 survey was used to plan the higher resolution (less than 1-m) 2021 survey that covered a smaller area (14 sq km) focused on Buffalo Reef and included 410 bottom photographs, and 60 sediment samples collected using the MiniSEABOSS.
Supplemental_Information:
Data were collected using the R/V Rafael, owned, and operated by the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Additional information on the field activity is available from https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-005-FA
Field Activity 2021-005-FA was conducted in coordination with the USGS Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC), while they were surveying the inshore (shallow) portions of the study area concurrently. Multibeam depth and backscatter data collected by GLSC at the same time are published in Pecoraro and others 2022 (see cross reference below).
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    U.S. Geological Survey, 20220609, Geotagged lakebed images and their locations collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using the USGS MiniSEABOSS (JPEG images, point shapefile; GCS WGS 84): data release DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Andrews, Brian D., Barnhardt, Walter A., Moore, Eric M., Nichols, Alex R., Ackerman, Seth D., and Berube, Patrick J., 2022, High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA: data release DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Andrews, B.D., Barnhardt, W.A., Moore, E.M., Nichols, A.R., Ackerman, S.D., and Berube, P.J. 2022, High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.23224550
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.17108233
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.20906017
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.17253617
  3. What does it look like?
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c922ed34e915b67d395e9?name=2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos_browse.JPG (JPEG)
    Browse graphic of lakebed image locations collected within Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Superior, Michigan.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 13-Aug-2021
    Ending_Date: 15-Aug-2021
    Currentness_Reference:
    data were collected on the following dates: 20210813-20210815 (Julian day 225-227).
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data and raster digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • string (410)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257224.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos.shp
    Shapefile of locations of lakebed imagery for survey 2021-005-FA in Lake Superior, Michigan. The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes, except for FID, which is not included in the CSV file. Geotagged images are also included in this dataset; see the Entity and Attribute Overview section for a description of the JPEG images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    FID
    Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
    Shape
    Feature geometry. (Source: Esri) Coordinates defining the features.
    PICNAME
    Name of bottom image used to uniquely identify between cameras and images: e.g., 2021005FA_20210813T154639Z_IMG_8640.JPG where 2021005FA refers to the field activity, 20210813T154639Z refers to the image GPS date and time in the ISO 8601 standard (YYYYMMDD T [time separator] HHMMSS Z [Zulu/UTC time]), and IMG_8640 refers to the sequential photo number assigned to the image by the camera. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish images.
    FIELD_NO
    Sampling site number as assigned in the field.Format is 2021-005-FA-XXX where XXX is the assigned sampling site number. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish site numbers.
    DATE
    Date based on UTC time that the bottom image was collected in the format YYYY/MM/DD. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish dates.
    JD
    Julian day that the bottom image was collected based on UTC time; Julian day is the integer number representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:225
    Maximum:227
    Units:Julian days
    Resolution:1
    GPSTIME
    UTC time of bottom image from GPS navigation file in the format HH:MM:SS. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the UTC times of the bottom images determined by the GPS.
    CAMR_TIME
    Camera time of bottom image in UTC in the format HH:MM:SS. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the camera times of the bottom images determined from the camera's internal clock.
    TIMEOFFSET
    Offset applied, if any, to match the bottom image to the correct time determined by the GPS navigation. This field is the time difference between the camera time and the GPS time in UTC in the format HH:MM:SS. A value of "00:00:00" indicates no offset was applied in processing. If the camera time were X seconds behind the GPS time, a positive offset of +X would be applied. If the camera were Y seconds ahead of the GPS time, a negative offset of -Y would be applied. The time offset is not applicable to the video frame grabs, so a no data value of 99:99:99 was used for these images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the time offsets of the bottom images.
    CAMERA
    Camera used to collect bottom image. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish between different camera models mounted on the sampling system.
    LAT
    Latitude of bottom image in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:47.17253617
    Maximum:47.20906017
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.000001
    LONG
    Longitude of bottom image in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-88.17108233
    Maximum:-88.23224550
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.000001
    YEAR
    Year that the bottom image was collected. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2021
    Maximum:2021
    Units:years
    Resolution:1
    FA_ID
    Serial number assigned to the field activity during which the bottom image was collected. This value is in the format YYYY-XXX-FA where YYYY is the survey year, XXX is the number assigned to the activity within that year, and FA indicates Field Activity. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish field activities by year and ID number.
    DEVICE_ID
    Sampling device used to collect the bottom image. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the sampling configuration used during the survey.
    VEHICLE_ID
    Vehicle (ship) used to collect data during the field activity. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the survey vessel.
    2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos.csv
    Comma-separated text file of locations for lakebed images collected in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA. The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes. Geotagged lakebed images are also included in this dataset; see the Entity and Attribute Overview section for a description of the JPEG images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos
    JPEG-format lakebed images collected in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA (410 JPEG-formatted images). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    This dataset contains 410 geotagged JPEG images of the lakebed collected using a Canon PowerShot G12 still camera, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA, and a shapefile and CSV file of the locations of these images (see the Detailed Description section above for definitions of the shapefile and CSV file attributes). Survey information was also incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes, except for FID, which is not included in the CSV file.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • U.S. Geological Survey
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Seth Ackerman
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road.
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    sackerman@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

This dataset provides the geotagged lakebed images as well as the location of those images acquired with a Canon PowerShot G12 camera mounted on the Mini SEABed Observation and Sampling System (MiniSEABOSS) aboard the Research Vessel (R/V) Rafael during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA (August 2021). These data were collected to characterize the lakebed by identifying sediment texture and to ground-truth acoustic data collected during the same USGS field activity. Bottom images are used to visually classify grain size and identify lakebed habitats, and they are especially important for sample sites where no physical sediment sample was collected.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 15-Aug-2021 (process 1 of 8)
    PROCESSING STEP 1:COLLECTED DATA.
    A geophysical and geological sampling survey (field activity 2021-005-FA) was conducted in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021. The R/V Rafael occupied preselected target sites, and the MiniSEABOSS was deployed off the vessel's port side from a davit just aft of the cabin. The MiniSEABOSS was equipped with a modified Van Veen grab sampler, Canon PowerShot G12 digital still camera, an independent strobe, an oblique downward-looking monochrome video camera with a topside feed and a dive light to illuminate the lakebed for photograph collection. The elements of this particular MiniSEABOSS were held within a stainless-steel frame that measured ~1 x 1 meter. The frame had a stabilizer fin that oriented the system as it drifted over the lakebed. Two red lasers were set 20 centimeters apart (both as they were mounted on the MiniSEABOSS frame and as seen in photographs and video on the lake) for scale measurements. The red laser dots can usually be seen in the lakebed photos depending on the bottom type and distance to the bottom. The winch operator lowered the MiniSEABOSS until the lakebed was observed in the topside live video feed. Generally, the vessel and MiniSEABOSS drifted with wind and current for up to a few minutes to ensure a decent photo with a clear view of the lakebed was acquired. The Canon camera was triggered manually by an operator watching the video stream. The photographed area is usually 0.5 to 1.25 meters (across) from left to right. Bottom video used to guide the photo-taking and avoid obstacles was not recorded. Fourteen sites did not have any usable photographs. After photographs were taken, the winch operator lowered the Van Veen grab sampler until it rested on the bottom. When the system was raised, the Van Veen grab sampler closed and collected a sample as it was lifted off the lakebed. The sampler was recovered to the deck of the survey vessel where a photograph of the sample in the Van Veen grab was taken. Then a subsample was taken for grain-size analysis at the sediment laboratory at the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. During the survey, DGPS navigation from a Hemisphere R131 DGPS receiver was logged through a serial connection to a computer running the Global Mapper software package to visualize and record the vessel's spatial location throughout the sampling survey. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a 1-second interval in geographic coordinates (WGS 84). Dates and times were recorded in UTC. Log files were saved for each survey in NMEA text format. Person who carried out this activity:
    Seth Ackerman
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    sackerman@usgs.gov
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    • Raw navigation data
    Date: 12-Jan-2021 (process 2 of 8)
    PROCESSING STEP 2: IDENTIFIED CAMERA TIME OFFSETS FOR THE CANON PHOTOS.
    The original JPEG images do not represent spatial data; however, they were geotagged in a subsequent process step by linking the time the image was taken, which was recorded in the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image, to the corresponding time in the navigation file. Before geotagging the images, the Canon camera time, which was set to UTC, was compared to the GPS time using calibration photos to see if a time offset should be applied to the camera time of the photos. Camera time drift and the precision with which the camera time can be set often result in a time offset; sometime the camera is just way off and it easier to adjust in post-processing. The calibration photographs indicated that the Canon camera time was more than 40 minutes ahead of GPS time, therefore it was noted that a total correction value of 2504 seconds was need and corrected for in a later process step. Data sources used in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    Date: Nov-2021 (process 3 of 8)
    Step 3: Culled the photos.
    A several of the photos had no corresponding navigation data and were removed from the dataset. These photos were often ones taken on deck or in the water column. Many other bottom photographs did not have a clear view of the lakebed or were otherwise obscured and were therefore culled to select a few representative images for each site for publication. The selected photos were then reviewed to choose representative photos with a clear view of the lakebed. Data sources used in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Selected JPEG photographs
    Date: 01-Jan-2021 (process 4 of 8)
    Step 4: Geotagged the photos.
    To geotag the images, the following commands were used with ExifTool (version 12.00) to populate the GPS tags (GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLatitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSTimeStamp, and GPSDateStamp) in the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Different commands were run for each day's images because each day had its own NMEA navigation file.
    Photos from Julian day 227: exiftool -api GeoMaxIntSecs=2 -api GeoMaxExtSecs=0 -P -geotag ../../SEABOSS_nav/Hemisphere_jd227.nmea -geosync=-2504 '-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00' -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Photos from Julian day 228: exiftool -api GeoMaxIntSecs=2 -api GeoMaxExtSecs=0 -P -geotag ../../SEABOSS_nav/Hemisphere_jd228.nmea -geosync=-2504 '-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00' -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Photos from Julian day 229: exiftool -api GeoMaxIntSecs=2 -api GeoMaxExtSecs=0 -P -geotag ../../SEABOSS_nav/Hemisphere_jd229.nmea -geosync=-2504 '-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00' -overwrite_original *.JPG
    In the above commands, the "-api GeoMaxIntSecs" option sets the maximum interpolation time to 0 seconds for geotagging. The "-api GeoMaxExtSecs" option sets the maximum extrapolation time to 0 seconds for geotagging. The "-P" option preserves the FileModifyDate. The "-m" option ignores a warning given by ExifTool when reading or writing a file containing unknown MakerNotes. If this option is not used, the following warnings are issued since ExifTool does not recognize the MakerNotes in some types of images: "Warning: [minor] Unrecognized MakerNotes; Warning: [minor] Maker notes could not be parsed." The "-geosync" option is used when the image timestamps are not properly synchronized with the GPS time and is equal to the time offset identified in a previous process step; it is the time difference in seconds that is added to the camera time before determining the image's GPS time and location with a leading "+" or "-" added for positive or negative differences (negative if the camera clock was ahead of the GPS time). Finally, the "-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00" argument is added to geotag images for which the camera clock was set to UTC. For more information about the ExifTool commands, see https://exiftool.org/geotag.html and https://exiftool.org/faq.html. Data sources used in this process:
    • selected JPEG photographs
    • NMEA navigation files
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Selected geotagged JPEG photographs
    Date: 01-Jan-2021 (process 5 of 8)
    Step 5: Incorporated survey information into the photos' header metadata.
    Additional survey information was incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Images may have different metadata formats embedded in their headers, and the commands below incorporated survey information into the following three image metadata formats: Exchangeable image file format (Exif), International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), and Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). The second command below duplicates values from Exif and IPTC metadata tags to XMP tags because various software packages read different tags. Please note that only a subset of these tags may be accessed depending on the software used to view the image metadata.
    Command to incorporate survey information into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image using ExifTool (version 12.00):
    exiftool -P -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=2021-005-FA - Lake bed photograph from the USGS mini-SEABOSS in Lake Superior, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan during survey 2021-005-FA" -XMP:AttributionURL="TBD" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="position post-processed with data from ship's navigation data" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)" -EXIF:Artist="WHCMSC Sea Floor Mapping Group" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Command to duplicate metadata from the Exif and IPTC formats to XMP using ExifTool:
    exiftool -P -m "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" "-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all" "-XMP-exif:GPSLatitude<Composite:GPSLatitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSLongitude<Composite:GPSLongitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSDateTime<Composite:GPSDateTime" "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" "-XMP-xmp:ModifyDate<EXIF:ModifyDate" "-XMP-dc:Creator<EXIF:Artist" "-XMP-tiff:Make<EXIF:Make" "-XMP-tiff:Model<EXIF:Model" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    The following metadata tags were populated in the JPEG image header using the above ExifTool commands:
    Exif tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    Artist: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Sea Floor Mapping Group (SFMG) Copyright: Public Domain GPSAreaInformation: position post-processed with data from the ship's navigation system GPSMapDatum: EPSG:4326 (WGS 84) ImageDescription: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=2021-005-FA - Lake bed photograph from the USGS MiniSEABOSS in Lake Superior, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan during survey 2021-005-FA
    IPTC tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    Contact: WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov Credit: U.S. Geological Survey
    XMP tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    AttributionURL: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Creator: duplicated from Exif Artist CreatorWorkEmail: duplicated from IPTC Contact Credit: duplicated from IPTC Credit DateCreated: duplicated from Exif DateTimeOriginal Description: duplicated from Exif ImageDescription GPSAreaInformation: duplicated from Exif GPSAreaInformation by copying all the Exif GPS tags to the same-named tags in XMP (-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all) GPSDateTime: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSDateStamp and Exif GPSTimeStamp GPSLatitude: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSLatitude and Exif GPSLatitudeRef GPSLongitude: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSLongitude and Exif GPSLongitudeRef GPSMapDatum: duplicated from Exif GPSMapDatum by copying all the Exif GPS tags to the same-named tags in XMP (-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all) Make: duplicated from Exif Make Model: duplicated from Exif Model ModifyDate: duplicated from Exif ModifyDate PreservedFileName: original image file name, which is unique for each image Rights: duplicated from Exif Copyright UsageTerms: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
    To extract the geotagging and survey information (except for the duplicated tags) from the image metadata using ExifTool, the following command can be used (tested with ExifTool version 12.00):
    exiftool -csv -filename -EXIF:GPSTimeStamp -EXIF:GPSDateStamp -GPSLatitude -GPSLongitude -n -IPTC:Credit -IPTC:Contact -EXIF:Copyright -XMP:UsageTerms -EXIF:ImageDescription -XMP:AttributionURL -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation -EXIF:GPSMapDatum -EXIF:Artist *.JPG > out.csv
    The "-csv" option writes the information to a CSV file. The "-n" option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Please note that the above command was tested on macOS; Windows users may need to use "exiftool.exe" instead of "exiftool." Data sources used in this process:
    • Selected geotagged JPEG photographs
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs with updated metadata tags
    Date: Mar-2022 (process 6 of 8)
    Step 6: Renamed the images.
    Then images were renamed to include the field activity identifier, and GPS date and time in the ISO 8601 standard (YYYYMMDD T [time separator] HHMMSS Z [Zulu/UTC time]) in the filename. Renaming the images was done by creating a shell script with the original image name and the new filename with the GPS date and time information parsed from the image's Exif metadata tags using exiftool (version 12.30).
    exiftool -csv *.JPG -GPSTimeStamp -GPSDateStamp | awk -F, '{split($1,a,"_"); split($2,t,":"); split($3,d,":");print "mv -v "$1" 2021-005-FA_"d[1]d[2]d[3]"T"t[1]t[2]t[3]"Z_"a[1]"_"a[2]}' | sh Data sources used in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs with updated metadata tags
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Final JPEG images
    Date: Mar-2022 (process 7 of 8)
    Step 7: Created a CSV file of the bottom image locations.
    The information from the image metadata tags was extracted using the following ExifTool (version 12.30) command:
    exiftool -csv -f -DateTimeOriginal -GPSDateStamp -GPSTimeStamp -GPSLatitude -GPSLongitude -n *.JPG > out.csv
    Microsoft Excel was used to rename the field names for the filename (PICNAME), original camera time (CAMR_TIME), GPS date (DATE), GPS time (GPSTIME), latitude (LAT), and longitude (LONG); add new fields for the camera (CAMERA), time offset applied to the camera time (TIMEOFFSET), Julian day of collection (JD), year of collection (YEAR), survey ID (FA_ID), sampling device used to collect the image (DEVICE_ID), and survey vessel (VEHICLE_ID); and remove additional fields extracted from the ExifTool command. Data sources used in this process:
    • Final JPEG images
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Bottom image locations CSV file
    Date: Mar-2022 (process 8 of 8)
    Step 8: Created a final shapefile and CSV file of the bottom image locations.
    A shapefile was created from the bottom image locations CSV file using the Make XY Event Layer then exporting to a feature (right click, Data, Export Features) in Esri ArcGIS Pro (version 2.0.1). The Spatial Join tool was then run to determine the sampling site number (FIELD_NO) for each bottom image by joining the attributes of a shapefile with the nearest sampling station using the distance within option with a search radius of 200 meters. Unnecessary fields created when running the Spatial Join tool were deleted (i.e., Join_Count and TARGET_FID). The shapefile was reordered using the Sort tool to sort the images in chronological order (JD and GPSTIME sort fields in ascending order). Finally, the shapefile's attribute table was exported in Esri ArcGIS Pro and saved as a CSV file. The ObjectID field was deleted in the CSV file. Data sources used in this process:
    • Bottom image locations CSV file
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Final bottom image locations shapefile
    • Final bottom image locations CSV file
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Andrews, Brian D., Barnhardt, Walter A., Foster, David S., Irwin, Barry J., and Nichols, Alex R., 2020, High-resolution geophysical data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2018-043-FA: data release DOI:10.5066/P9K4HX8V, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Pecoraro, Samuel D., Arnold, Anthony J., Esselman, Peter C., and Wright, Chris, 2022, High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data from the Stamp Sands of Lake Superior collected using a Norbit iWBMSh multibeam echosounder during 2021: data release DOI:10.5066/P9LY9F09, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Navigation data were acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with a Hemisphere R131 DGPS receiver. DGPS positions were obtained from an antenna on the aft port side of the cabin of the R/V Rafael. DGPS positions are horizontally accurate to 0.5 - 2 meters. The horizontal offset between the antenna location and the SEABOSS deployment location (approximately 2-meter) is not accounted for.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This dataset includes 410 geotagged lakebed images in JPEG format, a shapefile, and CSV file of the locations of images collected during 2021-005-FA. Images without a clear view of the lakebed were removed from this set of published images. There are no lakebed still images from 14 sampling sites (2021-005-FA-001, 2021-005-FA-029, 2021-005-FA-036, 2021-005-FA-047, and 2021-005-FA-085 thru 2021-005-FA-094). Photos of the recovered sample in the VanVeen grab sampler once on deck, are available for all sites where a sediment sample was recovered (see dataset 2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_samplephoto in the larger work citation).
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Lakebed images were acquired with a Canon PowerShot G12 digital camera on the MiniSEABOSS. The camera shutter was manually triggered by the survey team aboard the R/V Rafael during a MiniSEABOSS deployment. Gaps in sequential photo numbers exist because representative images with a clear view of the lakebed were chosen for each site for publication.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints none
Use_Constraints Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely re-distributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. These data are not to be used for navigation.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Geotagged images and locations of bottom images collected in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA. This dataset contains the following files: a shapefile of the bottom image locations (2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos.shp); a CSV file of the bottom image locations (2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos.csv); 410 geotagged bottom images from a Canon PowerShot G12 camera; a browse graphic of bottom image locations (2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos_browse.jpg); and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata file (2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos_meta.xml, *.html, and *.txt).
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    This dataset contains data available as a point shapefile, a CSV file, and JPEG image files. The user must have software capable of reading shapefile format to use the point shapefile. The CSV file can be read with a text editor. An image viewer can be used to see the JPEG images.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 09-Jun-2022
Metadata author:
Seth Ackerman
U.S. Geological Survey
Geologist
384 Woods Hole Rd.
Woods Hole, MA
USA

508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
508-457-2310 (FAX)
sackerman@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/SB_data_release/DR_P9NJY125/2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos_meta.faq.html>
Generated by mp version 2.9.51 on Mon Jun 27 09:45:05 2022