Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 20220609 Title: Geotagged images of sediment grabs collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior during USGS Field Activity 2021-005-FA using the USGS MiniSEABOSS (JPEG images; GCS WGS 84) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c924dd34e915b67d395eb Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: Eric M. Moore Originator: Alex R. Nichols Originator: Seth D. Ackerman Originator: Patrick J. Berube Publication_Date: 2022 Title: High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9NJY125 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Andrews, B.D., Barnhardt, W.A., Moore, E.M., Nichols, A.R., Ackerman, S.D., and Berube, P.J. 2022, High-resolution geophysical and sample data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-005-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c8967d34e915b67d39473 Description: Abstract: In August 2021, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected high-resolution geophysical data, sediment samples, and bottom imagery to determine the distribution of historical mine tailings on the floor of Lake Superior. Large amounts of waste material from copper mining, locally known as “stamp sands,” were dumped into the lake in the early 20th century, with wide-reaching consequences that have continued into the present. Mapping was focused offshore of the town of Gay on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, where ongoing erosion and re-deposition of the stamp sands has buried miles of native, white-sand beaches. Stamp sands are also encroaching onto Buffalo Reef, a large area of cobble/boulder substrate that supports productive fisheries in the lake. The objectives of this cooperative mapping project are to develop a framework for scientific research and provide baseline information required for management of resources within the coastal zone of northern Michigan. High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data reveal the irregular topography of the shallow, cobble-covered Buffalo Reef and the relatively smooth surface of finer-grained sediment that covers adjacent, deeper parts of the lake floor. Previous research used numerous sediment samples to determine the general distribution of mine tailings on the lake floor in this area, but little information exists on the extent and thickness of the surficial deposits. The main priority of this project is to image the near-surface stratigraphy, specifically the thickness of surficial sand and mud that threaten to cover the reef, with seismic-reflection profiling systems. In addition to continuous coverage of bathymetric and backscatter data, this project collected a dense grid of closely spaced seismic profiles in 2018, which will guide efforts to mitigate the environmental impacts of the shifting stamp sands. This 2021 (2021-005-FA) survey is the second survey conducted by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) in Grand Traverse Bay, Houghton County MI. The first survey conducted in September 2018 (2018-043-FA) was a regional geologic framework study that covered a large area (30 sq km) and lower resolution (2-m) and included both single-channel, and swept frequency (chirp) subbottom seismic profiles. Data from this survey were published in Andrews and other (2020), see cross-reference section below for details. The data from the 2018 survey was used to plan the higher resolution (less than 1-m) 2021 survey that covered a smaller area (14 sq km) focused on Buffalo Reef and included 410 bottom photographs, and 60 sediment samples collected using the MiniSEABOSS. Purpose: This dataset provides the geotagged images of sediment grabs collected within the Van Veen sampler on the Mini SEABed Observation and Sampling System (MiniSEABOSS) aboard R/V Rafael during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA (August 2021). These data were collected to characterize the lakebed by identifying sediment texture and to ground-truth acoustic data collected during the same USGS field activity. These images are taken with a Nikon D7100 digital camera immediately upon recovery of the sampler after each deployment. These images are used to visually classify grain size and sediment color. Supplemental_Information: Data were collected using the R/V Rafael, owned, and operated by the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Additional information on the field activity is available from https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-005-FA Field Activity 2021-005-FA was conducted in coordination with the USGS Great Lakes Science Center (GLSC), while they were surveying the inshore (shallow) portions of the study area concurrently. Multibeam depth and backscatter data collected by GLSC at the same time are published in Pecoraro and others 2022 (see cross reference below). Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20210813 Ending_Date: 20210815 Currentness_Reference: data were collected on the following dates: 20210813-20210815 (Julian day 225-227). Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.2354649 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -88.1709371 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.209077 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 47.169313 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Great Lakes Science Center Theme_Keyword: GLSC Theme_Keyword: Department of the Interior Theme_Keyword: DOI Theme_Keyword: field activity number 2021-005-FA Theme_Keyword: R/V Rafael Theme_Keyword: shapefile Theme_Keyword: sediments Theme_Keyword: MiniSEABOSS Theme_Keyword: SEABOSS Theme_Keyword: SEABed Observation and Sampling System Theme_Keyword: ground-truth Theme_Keyword: sample photographs Theme_Keyword: lakebed photographs Theme_Keyword: photos Theme_Keyword: sample images Theme_Keyword: lakebed images Theme_Keyword: images Theme_Keyword: CSV Theme_Keyword: JPG Theme_Keyword: JPEG Theme_Keyword: Lacustrine Geology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: lakebed characteristics Theme_Keyword: underwater photography Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: photography Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:623c924dd34e915b67d395eb Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States of America Place_Keyword: Michigan Place_Keyword: Keweenaw Peninsula Place_Keyword: Keweenaw County Place_Keyword: Houghton County Place_Keyword: Lake Superior Place_Keyword: Buffalo Reef Place_Keyword: Grand Traverse Bay Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: lake floor Stratum_Keyword: lakefloor Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Temporal_Keyword: 2021 Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely re-distributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. These data are not to be used for navigation. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c924dd34e915b67d395eb?name=2021-005-FA_SEABOSS_samplepics_browse.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of sediment sample photographs collected within Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Superior, Michigan. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Brian D. Andrews Originator: Walter A. Barnhardt Originator: David S. Foster Originator: Barry J. Irwin Originator: Alex R. Nichols Publication_Date: 2020 Title: High-resolution geophysical data collected in the vicinity of Buffalo Reef, Michigan, within Lake Superior, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2018-043-FA Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9K4HX8V Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K4HX8V Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ddbd93ce4b06957976a56a8 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Samuel D. Pecoraro Originator: Anthony J. Arnold Originator: Peter C. Esselman Originator: Chris Wright Publication_Date: 2022 Title: High-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data from the Stamp Sands of Lake Superior collected using a Norbit iWBMSh multibeam echosounder during 2021 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9LY9F09 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LY9F09 Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62017127d34e622189da4d52 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Sediment sample images were acquired with a Nikon D7100 digital camera on the R/V Rafael upon recovery of the MiniSEABOSS sampler after each deployment. Gaps in sequential photo numbers exist. Photos were renamed in post-processing. The photos were geotagged with the location that the sediment sample was taken. Locations are not where the topside photo was taken. Completeness_Report: This dataset includes geotagged images in JPEG format of the sediment sample prior to subsampling and bagging. Sampling site where no sediment grab was successfully collected have no topside sediment sample photo. Sites where only a little sediment was collected or where a cobble or rock was stuck in the jaw of the sampler, may have a photograph included in this dataset. A total of 61 photos from 94 sampling sites are included in this dataset. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation data were acquired using the WGS 84 coordinate system with a Hemisphere R131 DGPS receiver. DGPS positions were obtained from an antenna on the aft port side of the cabin of the R/V Rafael. DGPS positions are horizontally accurate to 0.5 - 2 meters. The horizontal offset between the antenna location and the SEABOSS deployment location (approximately 2-meter) is not accounted for. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: STEP 1: COLLECT SEDIMENT SAMPLES WITH THE MINISEABOSS. A geophysical and geological sampling survey (field activity 2021-005-FA) was conducted in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021. The R/V Rafael occupied preselected target sites, and the MiniSEABOSS was deployed off the vessel's port side from a davit just aft of the cabin. The MiniSEABOSS was equipped with a modified Van Veen grab sampler, Canon PowerShot G12 digital still camera, an independent strobe, an oblique downward-looking monochrome video camera with a topside feed and a dive light to illuminate the lakebed for photograph collection. The elements of this particular MiniSEABOSS were held within a stainless-steel frame that measured ~1 x 1 meter. The frame had a stabilizer fin that oriented the system as it drifted over the lakebed. Two red lasers were set 20 centimeters apart (both as they were mounted on the MiniSEABOSS frame and as seen in photographs and video on the lake) for scale measurements. The red laser dots can usually be seen in the lakebed photos depending on the bottom type and distance to the bottom. The winch operator lowered the MiniSEABOSS until the lakebed was observed in the topside live video feed. Generally, the vessel and MiniSEABOSS drifted with wind and current for up to a few minutes to ensure a decent photo with a clear view of the lakebed was acquired. The Canon camera was triggered manually by an operator watching the video stream. The photographed area is usually 0.5 to 1.25 meters (across) from left to right. Bottom video used to guide the photo-taking and avoid obstacles was not recorded. Fourteen sites did not have any usable photographs. After photographs were taken, the winch operator lowered the Van Veen grab sampler until it rested on the bottom. When the system was raised, the Van Veen grab sampler closed and collected a sample as it was lifted off the lakebed. The sampler was recovered to the deck of the survey vessel where a photograph of the undisturbed sample in the Van Veen grab sampler was taken before it was subsampled and bagged for further sediment analyses. During the survey, DGPS navigation from a Hemisphere R131 DGPS receiver was logged through a serial connection to a computer running the Global Mapper software package to visualize and record the vessel's spatial location throughout the sampling survey. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a 1-second interval in geographic coordinates (WGS 84). Dates and times were recorded in UTC. Log files were saved for each survey in NMEA text format. Process_Date: 20210815 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Original JPEG photographs Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Raw navigation data Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Step 2: CULL AND RENAME PHOTOGRAPHS. The sample photos were culled to include just one of each topside sample image. The photos were manually renamed by pre-pending the name sampling site on the sequential camera-named photos (e.g. the photo from sampling site 2021-005-002 became 2021-005-002_DSB_8189.JPG; where 2021-005 is part of the field activity number, 002 is the sequential sampling site number, and DSB_8189.JPG is the original Nikon filename of the photo). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Original JPEG photographs Process_Date: 202203 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Selected renamed JPEG photographs Process_Step: Process_Description: STEP 3: GEOTAGGED PHOTOGRAPHS. The JPEG images do not represent spatial data; however, they were geotagged by linking the image to the sediment analyses spreadsheet which included the position information for each sediment sample. Geotagging these photos provides the spatial location where the sediment sample was collecting and embeds that information into the header of each JPEG image. The photos were geotagged by preparing a csv text file with the following columns of data for each image: SourceFile,GPSDateStamp,GPSTimeStamp,GPSLatitude,GPSLatitudeRef,GPSLongitude,GPSLongitudeRef Then exiftool (version 12.30) was used to geotag the images: exiftool -csv=photosampleinfo.csv . Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Selected renamed JPEG photographs Process_Date: 202203 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Geotagged JPEG photographs Process_Step: Process_Description: Step 4: Incorporated survey information into the photos' header metadata. Additional survey information was incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Images may have different metadata formats embedded in their headers, and the commands below incorporated survey information into the following three image metadata formats: Exchangeable image file format (Exif), International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), and Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). The second command below duplicates values from Exif and IPTC metadata tags to XMP tags because various software packages read different tags. Please note that only a subset of these tags may be accessed depending on the software used to view the image metadata. Command to incorporate survey information into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image using ExifTool (version 12.30): exiftool -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-005-FA;Photograph of the USGS MiniSEABOSS VanVeen grab sampler upon recovery during field activity 2021-005-FA; Lake Superior; Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan" -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="position post-processed from when the sample was collected as determined by a nearby GPS; this is not necessarilyarily the location that the photo was taken" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)" -overwrite_original -P *.JPG Command to duplicate metadata from the Exif and IPTC formats to XMP using ExifTool: exiftool -P -m "-XMP-photoshop:Credit out.csv The "-csv" option writes the information to a CSV file. The "-n" option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Please note that the above command was tested on macOS; Windows users may need to use "exiftool.exe" instead of "exiftool." Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: JPEG Process_Date: 202203 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Geotagged JPEG photographs with updated metadata tags Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: 2021005FA_SEABOSS_samplepics Entity_Type_Definition: JPEG-format images collected of the sediment sample in the sampler upon recovery of the MiniSEABOSS after each deployment in Lake Superior, Michigan, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA (61 JPEG-formatted images). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This dataset contains 61 geotagged JPEG images of the sediment samples in the USGS MiniSEABOSS, in August 2021 during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA. Survey information was also incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Locations can be extracted from the set of photos using the code mentioned above at the end of Process Step 4. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Denver Federal Center Address: Building 810 Address: Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Geotagged images of sediment grabs within the Van Veen sampler on the Mini SEABed Observation and Sampling System (MiniSEABOSS) aboard the Research Vessel (R/V) Rafael during USGS field activity 2021-005-FA (August 2021). Photos were taken with a Nikon D7100 digital camera. A browse graphic of with an example image (2021005FA_SEABOSS_samplepics_browse.jpg) and a Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) metadata file in XML format is included (2021005FA_SEABOSS_bottomphotos_meta.xml). Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: JPEG Format_Version_Number: JPEG no version Format_Specification: JPEG Format_Information_Content: This dataset contains 61 JPEG images collected by the U.S. Geological Survey - Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center in Lake Superior and the associated metadata. File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip Transfer_Size: 635 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623c924dd34e915b67d395eb Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623c924dd34e915b67d395eb Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NJY125 Access_Instructions: The first link is to the page containing the data, the second link downloads all data available from the page as a zip file, and the third link is to the publication landing page. Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: To utilize these data, the user must have software capable of viewing a JPEG image. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20220609 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time