2013-2014 profile-derived mean high water shorelines of the South Shore of MA used in shoreline change analysis

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, 2013-2014 profile-derived mean high water shorelines of the South Shore of MA used in shoreline change analysis: data release DOI:10.5066/P9O7S72B, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O7S72B
   • https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bd86641e4b0b3fc5ce9da64

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Himmelstoss, Emily A., Farris, Amy S., and Weber, Kathryn M., 2018, Massachusetts Shoreline Change Project: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines for the 2018 update: data release DOI:10.5066/P9O7S72B, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O7S72B
   • https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bcde5dce4b0f0758fc178d0

   Other_Citation_Details:

   Suggested citation: Himmelstoss, E.A., Farris, A.S., and Weber, K.M., 2018, Massachusetts shoreline change project—A GIS compilation of vector shorelines for the 2018 update: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O7S72B.

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.8828788
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.27291405
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.30956215
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.72377575
   

3. What does it look like?

   https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5bd86641e4b0b3fc5ce9da64/?name=SouthShore_pShoreline_2013_14_browse.png (PNG)

   Map view of data

4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Beginning_Date: 09-Dec-2013

   Ending_Date: 10-Apr-2014

   Currentness_Reference:

   Ground condition of the data these shorelines are based on.

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
   

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • String (66)
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.0197395914. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.0264410987. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal seconds. The horizontal datum used is WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_84.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   SouthShore_pShoreline_2013_14.shp

   Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   FID

   Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

   Shape

   Feature geometry. (Source: Esri) Coordinates defining the features.

   Route_ID

   Route identification value assigned to individual lidar shoreline line segments. A unique cross-shore profile identification value is stored at each vertex of the lidar route and serves as a common attribute to the shoreline uncertainty table SouthShore_pShoreline_uncertainty.dbf. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	1
   Maximum:	85

   Date_

   Date of shoreline position; date of survey as indicated on source material. A default date of 07/01 was assigned to shorelines where only the year was known (month and day unknown). Using July, the mid-point month of the calendar year, minimizes the potential offset to the actual shoreline date by a maximum of six months. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) Date of the shoreline in mm/dd/yyyy

   Source

   Agency that provided shoreline feature or the data source used to digitize shoreline feature. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   lidar-USGS	The data was derived from lidar by the U.S. Geological Survey.

   Source_b

   Method of deriving shoreline feature. These shorelines were all extracted via the same profile method, but when combined with other data for shoreline analysis this field preserves the method used to derive the shoreline. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   profile	The mean high water shoreline was extracted from lidar data using a profile method.

   ATTRIBUTE

   The vertical shoreline reference. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   MHW	mean high water - a datum-based reference

   Year_

   Four digit year of shoreline. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   2013	The calendar year of the source data from which the shoreline feature was extracted.
   2014	The calendar year of the source data from which the shoreline feature was extracted.

   Default_D

   In historical shoreline data the exact month and day of a shoreline are unknown. This field is used to indicate when a default month and day are used. It does not apply to this dataset, but is preserved for merging this shoreline feature with other historic shoreline data for change analysis. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   0	False. No default month and day were used.

   Uncy

   The estimate of shoreline position uncertainty for these data. A zero value indicates the uncertainty is stored in the associated uncertainty database file (SouthShore_pShoreline_uncertainty.dbf) This field is only preserved for shoreline change analysis. The shoreline change software (DSAS) uses linear referencing to interpolate an uncertainty value at the measurement location along the shoreline based on data stored in the uncertainty file. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Value	Definition
   0.0	Place holder in field. Actual values are stored in separate table.

   Shape_Leng

   Length of shoreline in meter units (WGS84, UTM zone 19N)calculated via XTools Pro (v.16.1.2431). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	20.028514
   Maximum:	11281.311432
   Units:	meters

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • U.S. Geological Survey
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   U.S. Geological Survey

   Attn: Emily A. Himmelstoss

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x 2262 (voice)

   508-547-2310 (FAX)

   ehimmelstoss@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Shoreline positions serve as easily understood features that can be used to describe the movement of beaches through time. This particular shoreline dataset is a mean high water (MHW) datum-based shoreline extracted using a profile method. These data are used in conjunction with other shoreline files to calculate rates of shoreline change. Associated with this dataset is an uncertainty table that quantifies the measurement and positional errors associated with this shoreline, a proxy-datum bias value that corrects for the unidirectional offset between the mean high water (MHW) elevation of this dataset and other historical high water line (HWL) shoreline positions at this location, and a measurement uncertainty in the total water level. See the first process step for essential information to understand these data and other shoreline change related data.

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   2013-2014 lidar (source 1 of 1)

   Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), Office for Coastal Management (OCM), and Woolpert, 20150615, 2013-2014 U.S. Geological Survey CMGP LiDAR: Post Sandy (MA, NH, RI): NOAA's Ocean Service, Office for Coastal Management (OCM), Charleston, SC.

   Online Links:

   • https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer/#/lidar/search/where:ID=4914
   • https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12b/data/4914
   • https://coast.noaa.gov/dataviewer
   • https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12b/data/4914/supplemental/ne2013_2014_usgs_postsandy_m4914.kmz

   Type_of_Source_Media: online
   Source_Contribution:

   The bare earth point cloud data in LAS format were used to extract shorelines using methods described in the process steps. Using the cart method to download the data, the data were downloaded in the UTM Zone 19 projection with the NAD83 horizontal datum and NAVD88 vertical datum with horizontal and vertical units in meters.

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: 2016 (process 1 of 5)

   Explanation of the methods used to delineate shoreline features that are a part of this update for the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management Shoreline Change Project:
   This data release has two methods of shoreline extraction: the profile method and the contour method. The profile method is further broken down into two varieties: shorelines that are extracted along open-ocean coasts and those that are sheltered.
   Profile open-ocean coast (bias): datum-based mean high water (MHW) shoreline. The elevation of MHW was obtained from Weber and others (2005). These data have an associated uncertainty table that provides the horizontal uncertainty associated with the shoreline, a proxy-datum bias value describing the unidirectional horizontal offset between the MHW shoreline and the historical proxy-based high water line (HWL) shorelines, and the uncertainty associated with the calculated proxy-datum bias value. These shorelines are polyline-M shapefiles.
   Profile not open-ocean (no bias): datum-based mean high water (MHW) shoreline. Since Weber and others (2005) only covers open-ocean coast, all MHW elevations for these data come from NOAA's vdatum (version 3.8; https://vdatum.noaa.gov/). These data have an associated uncertainty table that provides the horizontal uncertainty associated with the shoreline. These shorelines are polyline-M shapefiles.
   Contour method: this method is used along sections of the coast that were too crenulated for the profile method. The elevation of MHW was used from Weber and others, 2005 when available. In areas not covered by Weber and others (2005), NOAA's vdatum (version 3.8; https://vdatum.noaa.gov/) is used to determine MHW. Once this value is determined, the contour line of that value is extracted from the DEM surface in the area of interest. These shorelines are polyline shapefiles.
   Not included in this data release is another method of shoreline delineation. A brief explanation of this method is provided to convey the importance of the information contained in the uncertainty tables, even if that information is not actively used in all cases in this data release.
   Proxy-based historical shorelines: Vector shorelines digitized from georegistered T-sheets using standard editing tools in ArcMap provide a proxy-based high water line (HWL) feature that is not tidally-referenced. Individually these shorelines are stored as polyline shapefiles. In previous analyses (see Himmelstoss and others, 2011 listed in cross references) these data were published as a merged file with profile method data extracted from lidar. Therefore the published data are all polyline-M, but the historic HWL shorelines contain no linear referencing. Visually identified HWL-type proxy shorelines are virtually never coincident with datum-based MHW-type shorelines. In fact, HWL shorelines are almost universally estimated to be higher (landward) on the beach profile than MHW shorelines. Not accounting for this offset will cause shoreline change rates to be biased toward slower shoreline retreat, progradation rather than retreat, or faster progradation than in reality (for the typical case where datum-based MHW shorelines are more recent data than the proxy-based HWL shoreline dates).
   The Digital Shoreline Analysis System software used to compute rates detects when proxy-based and datum-based shorelines are present and uses linear referencing to retrieve the information on bias and uncertainty stored in the DBF table associated with the profile method shorelines and correct for the proxy-datum bias offset.

   Date: 2016 (process 2 of 5)

   Whenever possible, a profile method was used to extract the operational Mean High Water (MHW) shoreline from the lidar point cloud data, using a Matlab-based approach (Matlab version 2015b was used) similar to the one developed by Stockdon and others (2002). Elevation values for the height of MHW were determined from vdatum (version 3.8) provided by NOAA (https://vdatum.noaa.gov/). We continued the practice set out by Weber and others, (2005) of using one MHW value for a continuous section of coast (as opposed to using a continuously varying value). We chose this value such that it is always within 15 cm of the value returned by vdatum at any point along the coast. For example, we used MHW = 0.6 m for all of Buzzards Bay even though vdatum shows it varying slightly over the basin. For the shorelines of the South Shore of Massachusetts, we used an average MHW elevation of 1.22 meters. This profile method uses a coast-following reference line with 20 m spaced profiles. All lidar data points that are within 1 m of each profile are associated with that profile. All work is done on the 2 m wide profiles, working on a single profile at a time.
   For each profile, a linear regression was fit through data points on the foreshore and the regression was evaluated at the MHW elevation to yield the cross-shore position of the MHW shoreline. If there was a data gap at MHW or if the MHW elevation was obscured by water points, the linear regression was simply extrapolated to the MHW elevation. Foreshore beach slope is defined as the slope of the regression line.
   Each MHW shoreline point that was extracted using this profile method has an uncertainty associated with it. This uncertainty includes three components: 1) the 95% confidence interval on the linear regression estimate of the shoreline position; 2) the uncertainty associated with the elevation of the raw lidar data and; 3)the uncertainty due to extrapolation. These three components of uncertainty were added in quadrature to yield a total error for each shoreline point. For details on each component, see pp.12-13 under the section titled Lidar-Derived MHW Shoreline Position Uncertainty in Hapke and others (2011).
   There is a known horizontal offset between the datum-based lidar MHW shoreline and the proxy-based historical shorelines on open-ocean sandy beaches that nearly always acts in one direction (Ruggiero and List, 2009). Wave data from offshore buoys is used with the beach slope in a run-up equation to estimate a proxy-datum bias correction to reconcile the unidirectional offset that the proxy-based historic High Water Line (HWL) shorelines, such as those derived from NOAA t-sheets or air photos, have in relationship to the lidar-derived, datum-based operational MHW line. An uncertainty associated with the bias was also computed, which can also be thought of as the uncertainty of the HWL shorelines due to water level fluctuations. For details on the proxy-datum bias and bias uncertainty, see pp.9-11 under the section titled The Proxy-Datum Bias Correction between HWL and MHW Shorelines in Hapke and others (2011).
   Hapke, C.J., Himmelstoss, E.A., Kratzmann, M.G., List, J.H., and Thieler, E.R., 2011, National assessment of shoreline change—Historical shoreline change along the New England and Mid-Atlantic coasts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1118, 57 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1118/.
   Ruggiero, P., and List, J.H., 2009, Improving accuracy and statistical reliability of shoreline position and change rate estimates: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 1069-1081. [Also available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752753]
   Stockdon, H.F., Sallenger, A.H., List, J.H., and Holman, R.A., 2002, Estimation of shoreline position and change using airborne topographic lidar data: Journal of Coastal Research, v.18, no. 3, p. 502-513. [Also available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299097] Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Amy S. Farris

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Oceanographer

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   508-548-8700 x 2344 (voice)

   afarris@usgs.gov

   Date: 2016 (process 3 of 5)

   The series of points representing the shoreline were converted into a calibrated route shapefile for use in ArcGIS using a Python script (for Python v2.7.12). The script generates a point shapefile, converts it to a polyline-M file, saves the uncertainty information in an accessory dBase (.dbf) file and finally generates a calibrated route for the newly-created polyline-M file. Calibration is based on the unique and sequential profile ID value provided with the point data and stored as the M-value. This value is also stored as an attribute in the uncertainty .dbf file and is used as the common attribute field linking the shoreline route file (filename_pshoreline.shp) to the uncertainty table (filename_pshoreline_uncertainty.dbf where filename indicates the area of work, such as MarthasVineyard and the p indicates the profile method) storing the lidar positional uncertainty.
   This process step and all subsequent process steps, unless otherwise noted, were performed by the same person - Emily Himmelstoss. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Emily A. Himmelstoss

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   508-457-8700 x2262 (voice)

   ehimmelstoss@usgs.gov

   Date: 2018 (process 4 of 5)

   The shorelines shapefile was projected in Esri's ArcToolbox (v.10.5) > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Feature > Project.
   Parameters: input projection – NAD 83 UTM 19N; output projection - geographic coordinates (WGS 84); transformation - WGS_1984_To_NAD_1983_1.

   Date: 17-Nov-2021 (process 5 of 5)

   Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword (20200810). Tweaked a thesaurus name (20211117). Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross

   Marine Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   vatnipp@usgs.gov

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
   Thieler, E.R., Smith, T.L., Knisel, J.M., and Sampson, D.M., 2013, Massachusetts Shoreline Change Mapping and Analysis Project, 2013 Update: Open-File Report 2012-1189, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1189/

   Smith, Theresa L., Himmelstoss, Emily A., and Thieler, E. Robert, 2013, Massachusetts Shoreline Change Project: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Associated Shoreline Change Data for the 2013 update: Open-File Report 2012-1183, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1183/

   Thieler, E. Robert, O'Connell, James F., and Schupp, Courtney A., 2001, The Massachusetts Shoreline Change Project: 1800s to 1994 Technical Report: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://web.whoi.edu/seagrant/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/01/WHOI-T-01-001-Thieler-E.R.-The-Mass.-Shorel.pdf
   • https://www.mass.gov/service-details/massachusetts-shoreline-change-project

   Himmelstoss, Emily A., Kratzmann, Meredith G., Hapke, Cheryl J., Thieler, E. Robert, and List, Jeffrey, 20110119, The National Assessment of Shoreline Change: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Associated Shoreline Change Data for the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coasts: Open-File Report 2010-1119, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1119/

   Weber, Kathryn M., List, Jeffrey, and Morgan, Karen L.M., 2005, An operational mean high water datum for determination of shoreline position from topographic Lidar data: Open-File Report 2005-1027, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1027/

   Himmelstoss, Emily A., Farris, Amy S., Henderson, Rachel E., Kratzmann, Meredith G., Ergul, Ayhan, Zhang, Ouya, and Zichichi, Jessica L., 2018, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.0): U.S. Geological Survey software: softward release version 5.0, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P91MNNSN
   • https://code.usgs.gov/usgs/dsas/

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   The attributes are based on the requirements of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software (please refer to cross reference for citation) and have gone through a series of quality assurance procedures.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   Each MHW shoreline point extracted using the profile method has an uncertainty associated with it. This uncertainty includes three components:
   1) the 95% confidence interval on the linear regression estimate of the shoreline position;
   2) the uncertainty associated with the elevation of the raw lidar data (this vertical uncertainty was converted to a horizontal uncertainty using the beach slope); and
   3) the uncertainty due to extrapolation if the shoreline point was determined by extrapolation.
   These three components of uncertainty were then added in quadrature, yielding a total error for each shoreline point which is stored in the shoreline_uncertainty.dbf file associated with these data. Averaging these points for this region results in a positional uncertainty of plus or minus 2.03 meters.
   Along with the uncertainty associated with shorelines extracted using this method, there is also a horizontal offset between the datum-based lidar MHW shoreline and the proxy-based historical shorelines such as those derived from NOAA t-sheets and aerial photos. This offset nearly always acts in one direction and these uncertainties and offsets are accounted for in the related uncertainty table.
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   Although not a continuous shoreline for the entire South Shore of Massachusetts (Boston to Cape Cod), this shoreline file is complete and contains all shoreline segments of the Massachusetts South Shore where shoreline position data could be extracted using this method. These data adequately represented the shoreline position at the time of the survey. Remaining gaps in these data, if applicable, are a consequence of non-existing data, existing data that did not meet quality assurance standards, or where shorelines were derived by a different method. Due to a limitation in the existing workflow, the uncertainty is tied to the most recent lidar shoreline through linear referencing. Therefore in areas where the most recent lidar shoreline could not be resolved, there will be no uncertainty at that location.
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   Adjacent shoreline segments do not overlap and are not necessarily continuous. Shorelines were visually assessed in map view to verify that no erroneous data were included.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase

   Federal Center, Building 810, MS 302

   Denver, CO
   

   USA

   1-888-275-8747 (voice)

   sciencebase@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? The dataset contains the polyline shapefile of shoreline data derived from a profile method, (SouthShore_pShoreline_2013_14.shp and other shapefile components), browse graphic (SouthShore_pShoreline_2013_14_browse), and the FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML and TEXT format.
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	The dataset contains the polyline-M shapefile, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. in format Shapefile (version ArcGIS 10.5.1) Size: 1
     Network links:	https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5bd86641e4b0b3fc5ce9da64 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5bd86641e4b0b3fc5ce9da64 https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O7S72B

   • Cost to order the data: None.

5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?

   These data are available in a polyline-M shapefile format. The user must have software to read and process the data components of a shapefile.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 17-Nov-2021

Metadata author:

Emily A. Himmelstoss

U.S. Geological Survey

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole, MA

USA

508-548-8700 x 2262 (voice)

508-457-2310 (FAX)

ehimmelstoss@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:

FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)