Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Maritza Barreto-Orta Originator: Loderay Bracero-Marrero Originator: Nias Hernández-Montcourt Originator: Rubén Maldonado-González Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211117 Title: 1970s Shorelines for Vieques and Culebra, Puerto Rico Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SEUAHC Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/6140c006d34e1449c5d5ff3f Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Maritza Barreto-Orta Originator: Loderay Bracero-Marrero Originator: Nias Hernández-Montcourt Originator: Rubén Maldonado-González Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Originator: Julia L. Heslin Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Shoreline Classification for Puerto Rico from 1970 and 2010 Edition: 1 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: doi:10.5066/P9SEUAHC Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: suggested citation: Bracero-Marrero, L., Barreto-Orta, M., Hernández-Montcourt, N., Maldonado-González, R., Himmelstoss, E.A., Heslin, J.L. 2021, A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines and Shoreline Classification for Puerto Rico from 1970 and 2010: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SEUAHC Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SEUAHC Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/610ae914d34ef8d70568fba9 Description: Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains shoreline positions for the United States coasts from both older sources, such as aerial photos or topographic surveys, as well as contemporary sources like lidar point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs). These shorelines are compiled and analyzed in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software to compute rates of change. It is useful to keep a record of historical shoreline positions as a method of monitoring change over time to identify areas most susceptible to erosion or accretion. These data can help coastal managers understand which areas of the coast are vulnerable to change. This data release and other associated products represent an expansion of the USGS national-scale shoreline database to include Puerto Rico and its islands, Vieques and Culebra. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI, part of the Graduate School of Planning at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus) has derived and compiled a database of historical shoreline positions using a variety of methods. These shorelines are used to measure the rate of shoreline change over time. Purpose: The shoreline data in this data release were digitized from georeferenced photographs, using the high-water line, ground water exit point, wet-dry line and instantaneous water line as specified in the shoreline type description of the data and attribute section of the metadata. This data release also provides a detailed classification of the coast from aerial photo interpretations. These data are used in conjunction with other compiled shorelines provided in complementary data releases to calculate rates of shoreline change. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19640101 Ending_Date: 19780829 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -65.5781 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -65.2211 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.3590 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 18.0807 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: environment Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: UPR Theme_Keyword: University of Puerto Rico Theme_Keyword: University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Planning Theme_Keyword: Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: DSAS Theme_Keyword: Digital Shoreline Analysis System Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Theme_Keyword: Historical Shorelines Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Change Theme_Keyword: Shoreline Classification Theme_Keyword: High Water Line Theme_Keyword: HWL Theme_Keyword: Wet/Dry Line Theme_Keyword: WDL Theme_Keyword: Instantaneous Water Line Theme_Keyword: Groundwater Exit Theme_Keyword: Aerial Photos Theme_Keyword: Hurricane Maria Theme_Keyword: Hurricane Irma Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:6140c006d34e1449c5d5ff3f Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Atlantic Coast Place_Keyword: Caribbean Place_Keyword: Puerto Rico Place_Keyword: Vieques Place_Keyword: Culebra Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Users must be aware of these conditions and bear responsibility for the appropriate use of the information with respect to possible errors, scale, resolution, rectification, positional accuracy, development methodology, time period, environmental and climatic conditions and other circumstances specific to these data. The user should refer to the accompanying metadata notes for a description of the data and data development procedures. The data herein, including but not limited to geographic data, tabular data, analytical data, electronic data structures or files, are provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, or statutory, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties or merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Maritza Barreto-Orta Contact_Organization: Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI-PR), Graduate School of Planning, UPR-RP Contact_Position: Principal Investigator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Station 1001 City: San Juan State_or_Province: Puerto Rico Postal_Code: 00925 Country: Puerto Rico Contact_Voice_Telephone: 787764000, ext. 85118 or 85119 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: maritza.barreto@upr.edu; coastal.planning@upr.edu Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/6140c006d34e1449c5d5ff3f?name=PR_1970_ViequesCulebra_Shoreline_Classification.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Map view of data Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: "Shoreline mapping, change estimation and forecasting for the coast of Puerto Rico impacted by Hurricanes Irma and Maria" Grant awarded to the Graduate School of Planning, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus (UPR-RP) by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Maritza Barreto-Orta, Principal Investigator, Graduate School of Planning; Loderay I.M. Bracero-Marrero, Research Assistant Lead Nias Hernández-Montcourt, Research Assistant; Rubén O. Maldonado-González, Research Assistant. Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, USGS: Emily Himmelstoss, Project Manager; Rachel Henderson, Researcher IV; Julia Heslin, Geographer. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Esri ArcGIS Desktop 10.7.1 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Elizabeth H. Boak Originator: Ian L. Turner Publication_Date: 2005 Title: Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: vol. 214 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: West Palm Beach, FL, USA Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation Online_Linkage: https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-coastal-research/volume-2005/issue-214/03-0071.1/Shoreline-Definition-and-Detection-A-Review/10.2112/03-0071.1.full Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Peter Ruggiero Originator: Meredith G. Kratzmann Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Originator: David Reid Originator: Jonathan Allan Originator: George Kaminsky Publication_Date: 2013 Title: National Assessment of Shoreline Change - Historical Shoreline Change Along the Pacific Northwest Coast Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2012-1007 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA, USA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121007 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Mary Jean Pajak Originator: Stephen Leatherman Publication_Date: 2002 Title: The High Water Line as Shoreline Indicator Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Journal of Coastal Research Issue_Identification: Vol. 18, No. 2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Coconut Creek, FL, USA Publisher: Coastal Education and Research Foundation Online_Linkage: https://journals.flvc.org/jcr/article/view/81276 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: B.J. Hudson Publication_Date: 1980 Title: Anthropogenic Coasts Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Geography Issue_Identification: Vol. 65, No. 3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Sheffield, UK Publisher: Geographical Association Online_Linkage: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40569272 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Aileen Aponte Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Guía de Estructuras Costeras Duras (2019): "A Guide for Coast Hard Structures" Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Other_Citation_Details: This guide was created for the Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI-PR), Graduate School of Planning, UPR-RP. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M.A. Hampton Originator: G.B. Griggs Publication_Date: 2004 Title: Formation, Evolution, and Stability of Coastal Cliffs – Status and Trends Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Professional Paper Issue_Identification: 1693 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA, USA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1693/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: A.M. Williams Originator: R.A. Feagin Publication_Date: 2010 Title: Sargassum and Beach Erosion: Potential Costs and Benefits for Coastal Managers Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Working Paper Issue_Identification: N/A Publication_Information: Publication_Place: College Station, TX, USA Publisher: Spatial Sciences Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science & Management, Texas A&M University Online_Linkage: https://tamug-ir.tdl.org/handle/1969.3/29002 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Publication_Date: 2002 Title: Coastal Engineering Manual Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: Engineer Manual Issue_Identification: 1110-2-1100 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC, USA Publisher: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Online_Linkage: https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/USACE-Publications/Engineer-Manuals/u43544q/434F415354414C/ Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julia L. Heslin Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: Historical Shorelines for Puerto Rico from 1901 to 1987 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9CLXCEG Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60cb7627d34e86b938a3a1b0 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Julia L. Heslin Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: A GIS Compilation of Vector Shorelines for Puerto Rico from 2015 to 2018 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9AZYW74 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/610abe37d34ef8d70568937a Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Rachel E. Henderson Originator: Julia L. Heslin Originator: Emily A. Himmelstoss Publication_Date: 20211130 Title: Puerto Rico Shoreline Change: A GIS Compilation of Shorelines, Baselines, Intersects, and Change Rates using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 5.1 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9FNRRN0 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/61255b87d34e40dd9c03f390 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Quality Control (Q/C) was a key part of the project. This Q/C was applied to the shoreline digitization process and classification. ArcGIS Online and Desktop tools were used. Once the digitization process was completed by areas (Vieques and Culebra), the Q/C was started. A web map was created called “Digitalization Q/C USGSUPR.” This map included two editable layers. These layers were designated to the principal investigator and research assistant. The principal investigator edited the layer directly in ArcGIS Online, while the lead research assistant used mostly ArcGIS Pro. Both layers were synced regardless of the editing environment. The Q/C was conducted clockwise around the islands. Different sources were used as a reference to classify the shoreline. Also, for this project, the elevation was used to calculate the slope. The slope calculation proved to be a valuable layer, especially on rocky coasts, in particular - where rocky, cliff areas were classified as forest. Google Earth and Google Maps were used to understand the ground condition. However, this evaluation was conducted with caution since the ground photos were not the same year as our aerial photos. Additionally, the location of stores, hotels, and other land cover helped to determine the type of activities in the coastal area. Finally, the temporal photography tool from Google Earth allowed us to compare aerial and satellite photography through time to better understand the shoreline dynamics. This method was also used with caution since sometimes the photos are not placed in the right location. The research assistants in charge of digitization added this layer into their ArcGIS Pro project in order to see the Q/C comments and apply the edits as needed. There was frequent clarification and communication between the principal investigator and the lead research assistant. Once the Q/C was applied and discussed, these lines were classified as “Final” in the “Revisions/Doubts” field. After this process was conducted, the principal investigator reviewed the digitization and added new feedback. The research assistants corrected the lines if needed. Logical_Consistency_Report: Topology rules were tested for each feature class polyline. Topology rules: Must Not Overlap (Line) Must Not Intersect (Line) Must Not have Dangles (Line) Must Not Self Overlap (Line) Must Not Self Intersect (Line) Completeness_Report: This shoreline includes the shoreline feature for Puerto Rico's Vieques and Culebra municipalities. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: For the 1970 shoreline, we accounted for the following errors in meters: 1) Georeferencing (RMSE): 0.82; 2) Digitizing error: 2.00; 3) Uncertainty HWL: 3.00. We calculated the total error by: first, squaring each of the errors, summing all of the squared errors, and finally, taking the square root of the sum. The total horizontal error for this shoreline is 3.7 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Publication_Date: 20181212 Title: 2015-2017 USGS Lidar DEM Puerto Rico Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Charleston, SC Publisher: NOAA Office for Coastal Management Online_Linkage: https://chs.coast.noaa.gov/htdata/raster2/elevation/PR_USGS_DEM_2015_8654/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20160126 Ending_Date: 20170316 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2015-2017 USGS Lidar DEM Puerto Rico Source_Contribution: DEM was used to calculate the slope for this project in order to assign the CLIFF classification. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Publication_Date: 20011201 Title: Benthic Habitat Mapping in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Charleston, SC Publisher: NOAA Coastal Services Center Online_Linkage: https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/collections/benthic/e95usvi_pr/ Source_Scale_Denominator: 6000 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19990101 Ending_Date: 20011101 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2000-2002 Benthic Habitat Source_Contribution: This layer helped to understand the shoreline granulometry and other features to classify the shoreline. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Publication_Date: 20170214 Title: C-CAP Land Cover, Puerto Rico, 2010 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Charleston, SC Publisher: NOAA's Ocean Service, Office for Coastal Management Online_Linkage: https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/raster1/landcover/bulkdownload/hires/pr/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2010 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Puerto Rico Land Cover 2010 Source_Contribution: Information to corroborate the classification of the lines shoreline. This layer was especially useful in the vegetation classification. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: United States Army Corps of Engineers Publication_Date: 20080217 Title: 2006-2007 USACE NCMP ADS40 8 Bit Color Infrared Imagery: Puerto Rico Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Charleston, SC Publisher: NOAA Office of Coastal Management Online_Linkage: https://chs.coast.noaa.gov/htdata/raster1/imagery/PuertoRico_CIR_2007_393/ Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20061101 Ending_Date: 20070331 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: 2006-2007 Orthophoto Source_Contribution: Images used to digitize the shoreline of 2006 where 2010 images were not available. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Puerto Rico Highway Administration, Office of Photogrammetry Publication_Date: 2020 Title: 1964-1978 Culebra Aerial Images Puerto Rico Highway Administration, Commonwealth Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Source_Scale_Denominator: 20000 Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19640119 Ending_Date: 19780829 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Culebra and Vieques Aerial Images Source_Contribution: Aerial images used to digitize the 1970 shoreline after geometric corrections were performed. Process_Step: Process_Description: Images were collected from the Puerto Rico Highway Authority, Photogrammetry Office. The images were georeferenced in ArcGIS Pro to extract the shoreline positions. Aerial images were purchased from the Puerto Rico Highway Authority. For Culebra, we received a total of 13 images. For Vieques, we received 33 images. The timeframe of the images is from 1964, 1972, and 1978. The scale of all the images was 1:20,000. The 2006-2007 orthophotos were used as reference. The ground control points (GCPs) for each image used varied according to the transformation method used: first order polynomial, second order polynomial, and spline. After the rectifications were completed, we checked each of the images for quality control. A geodatabase (GDB) was created to mask or clip the images to the area of interest and create the final mosaic. The clipping of the images was done to erase black areas, labeled areas or undesired coverage improves the quality of the mosaics. To best classify the images, different datasets were used as reference: land cover and benthic areas. Also, the DEM was collected to calculate the slope. This helped to identify cliff areas in the classification. GROUND CONTROL POINTS AND ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR (RMSE) The main control points were streets, highways, and bridges. However, on some occasions, some rocky features were used in areas where no anthropogenic structures were found. Also, due to bombing in Vieques and Culebra, another reliable source to rectify the images was the army bombarding target points, especially along the Vieques coast. To select the control points, the map scale in ArcGIS Pro was zoomed in between 1:100 and 1:500. A total of four points were selected per image in most cases. These points were well-distributed across the image. In other cases, more points were used due to the image quality. A maximum RMSE of 4.0 was achieved for each image. All GCPs in text files were saved individually for backup and reference purposes. All images were exported as “.tif” before being added into the GDB. TRANSFORMATION Different raster transformations were used to accomplish the best quality possible; these include first order polynomial, second order polynomial, and spline. Different transformations were applied based on the number of available GCPs. REVISIONS The rectifications were revised several times to achieve the best possible RMSE while ensuring the aerial image matched closely with the reference orthophotos. The GCPs and different transformations were tested for the aerial images individually. MOSAIC CREATION Once all the images were rectified and the best images were chosen, we mosaicked the images. First, an individual GDB was created for Vieques and Culebra. All images were inserted in the GDB. Each of the images was masked before creating the final mosaics. By creating a mask of the images, we eliminated the black borders and labels on the photos. For these purposes, a polygon was created in the desired area to cut the image and the image was exported to a different GDB to create the mosaics. Once all images were clipped by the mask, the mosaic process was started. Culebra Mosaic As mentioned, several attempts were conducted to create the final mosaics. For Culebra, all the rectified images were used. In some cases, the images were clipped twice to improve the quality of the transformation. For Culebra, the VORONOI transformation was chosen. After testing other methods, the Voronoi transformation was optimal as it divides the images into different sections and analyzes the similarity in each of the images to construct the final mosaics. Therefore, the seamlines inside the mosaic dataset was created using the Voronoi effect (see Build Seamlines: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/2.6/tool-reference/data-management/build-seamlines.htm). Due to technical limitations with the software, we created first the mosaic using the Voronoi and merged the resulting image with a small section that was not being exported from the original mosaic (see Create Mosaic Dataset: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/data/imagery/creating-mosaic-datasets-wf.htm; and Merge: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/arcpy/image-analyst/merge.htm). We collected each image RMSE and averaged these values to establish a final RMSE for the whole mosaic of 0.8309. Vieques Mosaic Vieques aerial images mosaic was approached differently. In this case, each image was analyzed and were organized in a certain order using the field “ZOrder.” The ZOrder field is automatically included in the mosaic dataset and gives the user the ability to control the display order of the images. Most of the images were organized from west to east. We collected each image RMSE and averaged these values to establish a final RMSE for the whole mosaic of 0.804. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2006-2007 Orthophoto Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Culebra and Vieques Aerial Images 1964-1978 Process_Date: 20200101 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Aerial Images Mosaics Vieques and Culebra 1970 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI-PR), Graduate School of Planning, UPR-RP. Contact_Person: Loderay Bracero Marero Contact_Position: Research Assistant Lead Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Station 1001 City: San Juan State_or_Province: Puerto Rico Postal_Code: 00925 Country: Puerto Rico Contact_Voice_Telephone: 787764000, ext. 85118 or 85119 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: loderay.bracero@upr.edu; coastal.planning@upr.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: A single GDB and feature class was created in ArcGIS Pro to digitize the 1970s shoreline for Vieques and Culebra Shoreline. Shoreline types (SHORE_TYPE) and descriptions (SHORE_DESC) were used to increase the quality of the shoreline classification. For the 1970s shoreline, 1964, 1972 and 1978 aerial images were used. The total shoreline digitized per year was: 1964 (2%), 1972 (49%) and 1978 (49%). To best classify the shoreline, different datasets were used as reference: land cover and benthic areas. Also, the DEM was collected to calculate the slope. This helped to identify cliff areas in the classification. The land cover and the benthic areas were used to understand the shoreline areas. The digitizing scale was at 1:500 and visualization of 1:1000. The digitization was conducted clockwise. The digitized line was continuous line with their respective exceptions (rocky barrier, sand bars, etc.). When digitizing the type of beach coast ("Beach"), the high-water line (HWL) will be used as a proxy (Boak and Turner, 2005). If the HWL is not visible, the shoreline proxies will be digitized following this order: Wet/Dry Line or Run Up Maxima, Groundwater Exit, Instantaneous Line. To merge the digitization and avoid overlaps, transition line features were made when each person finished their assigned classification. Digitization Decisions: Summary The main requirement to classify the shoreline features was to answer the question: “What is in contact with the highest water level?” Using this information, the shoreline was digitized as beach, concrete forms, vegetation, and others described in the attribute information. However, the variability of Vieques and Culebra's coasts do not make it possible to answer this question with a single answer for each type of coastline. Therefore, some decisions were taken to homogenize the digitization of Vieques and Culebra. One of the goals was to digitize a continuous line describing the coastal areas and the shoreline. Some exceptions were considered when digitizing rocky barriers, vegetation formations in the ocean such as mangroves, and rock formations off the coast. This summary was generated mainly from the inconsistencies that were found during the digitization process. Beach High Water Line In beaches with coarser grain size, the HWL was defined following the line of sediment accumulated along the beach. For this analysis, the benthic layers (2000-2002 Benthic Habitat) helped to identify features like coral reefs and understand the granulometry of the beach. When bluff areas were seen, the HWL was digitized in the color contrast between the bluff and beach berm. If the HWL was not visible, areas with shadows were classified as “No Visibility>Shadows” When the HWL was not visible, and sand accumulation was seen in the shoreline, other proxies were digitized: instantaneous line, wet/dry line, or groundwater exit point. For beaches with terrigenous sand, the HWL was identified by the highest contrast between wet and dry areas. Tombolo sand formations were digitized using the instantaneous line or HWL indicators if visible. When sargasso was present, the continuous line of sargasso accumulated around the last highest tide mark was digitized, avoiding sargasso deposited by a storm or extreme event. Rocky The coast is characterized as rocky when water is observed to impact the rock. The instantaneous lines were digitized in the Rocky formation. The DEM for 2015-2017 was used to calculate the slope in the coastal areas in order to classify the cliff areas. Areas with a slope greater than 40 degrees digitized as “CLIFF.” However, some cells between "cliff" areas could be 20 degrees. In cliff areas where the instantaneous line was seen on the ocean side, the area was digitized as "Bare Land" with a description of "Rocky land." For the shoreline type of "Rocky," the area can have a description of "Cliff," "Bare Land” or "Rocky Barrier." Rocky areas off the coast within a 300 meters buffer of the shoreline were digitized as “Bare Land” or “Cliff.” The slope information and Google Earth were used to help distinguish the vegetated shoreline amongnst rocky areas. Rocky Barriers The rocky barriers were identified as areas where rocky land and sandy beaches were divided by water. This feature was classified as a reference for further shoreline change analysis. To identity rocky barriers, the benthic layers helped to identify features like coral reefs. Pocket beaches mostly between rocky areas were mostly digitized using the instantaneous line proxy. Anthropogenic Marina areas like boating docks were digitized up to 500 meters inland of the shoreline area. Tourism areas were classified using other sources such as Puerto Rico Land Cover 2010. When no information was available, the concrete forms were classified as “Housing.” Vegetation To classify the vegetation, the land cover classification was followed. In small sandy areas around mangroves, the HWL was digitized to capture sand accumulation. No Visibility Palms trees or shadows created by them were classified as “Shadows.” In cases where areas mostly shadows were present, even small sections of the HWL were digitized if visible. If the HWL or any other indicator was not visible, it was classified as "Other." When no orthophoto was available, the area was classified as "Not Surveyed." In areas where the HWL was not visible, but sand accumulation was seen, other proxies were digitized: instantaneous line, wet/dry line, or groundwater exit point. Hard Structures When multiple hard structures were seen, it was classified as “Multiple Structures.” For example, when mitigation structures and construction filling areas were seen, it was classified as “Multiple Structures." Rip-rap covered by water was also digitized if visible. Other Considerations River mouth areas were digitized up to 500 meters inland and where some of the water or vegetation connect the shoreline area. The sandy areas around the river mouth were digitized as HWL. If a continuous beach was seen along the river mouth areas, the river mouth was not digitized. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2015-2017 USGS Lidar DEM Puerto Rico Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2000-2002 Benthic Habitat Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Puerto Rico Land Cover 2010 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2009-2010 USACE NCMP 4 Band Bit Imagery Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: 2006-2007 Orthophoto Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Culebra and Vieques Aerial Images 1964-1978 Process_Date: 20200101 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Shoreline Vieques and Culebra 1970 feature class Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto Rico (CoRePI-PR), Graduate School of Planning, UPR-RP. Contact_Person: Loderay Bracero Marrero Contact_Position: Research Assistant Lead Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Station 1001 City: San Juan State_or_Province: Puerto Rico Postal_Code: 00925 Country: Puerto Rico Contact_Voice_Telephone: 787764000, ext. 85118 or 85119 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: loderay.bracero@upr.edu; coastal.planning@upr.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: The geodatabase was transferred to USGS for final processing steps. The geodatabase feature class was exported as a shapefile (ArcToolbox >> Conversion >> To Shapefile >> Feature Class to Shapefile (multiple)), ensuring that the "Transfer field domain descriptions" was checked in the Environment Settings. A "YEAR" field was added and calculated based on the IMG_DATE field so shorelines could be easily grouped by year. Finally, the shapefile was projected (ArcToolbox >> Data Management >> Projections and Transformations >> Project) to WGS 1984 using the Puerto_Rico_To_NAD_1983 + Puerto_Rico_to_WGS_1984_4 geographic transformation. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Shoreline Vieques and Culebra 1970 feature class Process_Date: 2021 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: Shoreline_Puerto_Rico_Vieques_Culebra_1970.shp Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L. Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1392 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.0198254372 Longitude_Resolution: 0.0207098977 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal seconds Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Shoreline_Puerto_Rico_Vieques_Culebra_1970.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: USER Attribute_Definition: Person who digitized the shoreline section. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NIAS HERNANDEZ MONTCOURT Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Person who digitized the line section. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: RUBEN O. MALDONADO GONZALEZ Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Person who digitized the line section. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: LODERAY BRACERO MARRERO Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Person who digitized the line section. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHORE_TYPE Attribute_Definition: The shoreline general category. A subtype or description was created for each category. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BEACH Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Unconsolidated sediment deposit (sand and gravel)Komar, P. 1998. Beach Processes and Sedimentation: Prentice Hall, second edition, p.25 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: ROCKY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Rocky features including rocky outcrop (volcanic/sedimentary and/or metamorphic), eolianite and/or beach rock formations. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: VEGETATION Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Shoreline type that includes wetlands, mangrove, forests, pasture, among other vegetation. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: HARD STRUCTURE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Mitigation structure placed on the shoreline, both formal and informal structures. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: ANTHROPOGENIC Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Any type of anthropogenic structure build-up in the coast. This may range from small to large structures. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NO VISIBILITY Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: This item was used to identify areas where the classification was not possible to perform. Example: presence of clouds. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: SHORE_DESC Attribute_Definition: This a more detailed classification of the coast. In this field, the shoreline proxies are identified. "SHORE_DESC" further classifies "SHORE_TYPE." Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: HIGH WATER LINE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Change in color or shade of the beach sand. For panchromatic images, the higher contrast seen between the wet and dry. It is visually determined as a change in tone left by the maximum runup from a preceding high tide, leaving a contrast between dry and wet sand. The HWL was digitized in the pocket beach. It should not be confused with storm and/or swell lines. The intersection of the land with the water surface at an elevation of high water. (Boak and Turner, 2005). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: WET/DRY LINE OR RUN UP MAXIMA Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The line between the dry and wet zones seaward of the High Water Line (HWL). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: GROUNDWATER EXIT Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Darker area created after the wave has broken and returns to the water. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: INSTANTANEOUS LINE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Where a wave breaks; often observed as a foaming mass of water. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: CLIFF Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Areas with a slope greater than 40 degrees is considered "Cliff." However, some cells between these values might be 20 degrees (Hampton and Griggs, 2004, p. 1). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BARE LAND Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Exposed rock, inland or on the coastline with little or no vegetation cover with a low slope. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: ROCKY BARRIER Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Exposed rock in the form of a barrier limiting the entry of water completely. It can be found on the shore, nearshore and/or offshore. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MANGROVE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: All vegetation that was classified in the 2010 Puerto Rico Land Cover C-CAP layer, as Estuarine Forested Wetland or Estuarine Emergent Wetland was classified as "Mangrove" here (Puerto Rico Land Cover C-CAP 2010 (2017)). At least 300 meters inland was digitized. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: FOREST/SHRUB Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Shrub: a shrub smaller than a tree and can be found individually on the coast. Forest: large area covered by trees and other vegetation. Name of the classification in the Land Cover layer: Scrub/Shrub and Upland Forest (Puerto Rico Land Cover C-CAP 2010 (2017)). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: PALUSTRINE Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: An area with little vegetation, such as grass, seen on the shoreline, especially around river mouths. Name of the classification in the Land Cover layer: Palustrine Forested Wetland Areas (Puerto Rico Land Cover C-CAP 2010 (2017)). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: SEAWALL Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: It is a massive structure built of concrete to protect the shoreline from wave activity, and its own weight provides the stability it requires to prevent it from sliding (USACE, 2002; Aponte, 2019). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BREAKWATER Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: These are mostly built with concrete or rocks. Their location, mainly, is parallel to the coastline. They are also used to protect the infrastructure (residences, stores, etc.) from the force of the waves and to widen the beach width (Aponte, 2019). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: RIP-RAP Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Rocks, mostly round, placed in a linear fashion for the purpose of protecting structures near the coast, considered formal mitigation structures and informal constructions through the coastline (Aponte, 2019). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BULKHEADS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Vertical retaining walls used to support or prevent the soil from sliding into the sea (USACE, 2002; Aponte 2019). Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: HOUSING Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Houses close to the shoreline. Interpreted from aerial photos and Google Earth. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: TRANSPORTATION Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Roads (primary, secondary, tertiary), ramps, entrances or exits for boats or pipelines. Interpreted from aerial photos and Google Earth. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: TOURISM Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Spaces used for recreation and/or as a center of attraction. They can be boardwalks, squares near the coast, lookout points, etc. Interpreted from aerial photos and Google Earth. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: PIERS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Bridges for pedestrians, cars, and boats. Interpreted from aerial photos and Google Earth. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: MARINAS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Space designed for parking boats. Usually contains docks, bridges, and boats. Interpreted from aerial photos and Google Earth. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: SHADOWS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Shadows generated by the presence of trees, houses and other types of structures. Usually, you can see that the shadow is created by a structure and not by the image itself. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: CLOUDS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Presence of clouds at the time the aerial image was taken. These clouds limit the visualization completely and impedes the digitizing process. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: BRIGHTNESS Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: The photo is too bright. The coast looks extremely white and the contrasts do not improve the quality. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: NOT SURVEYED Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Area was not surveyed by the dataset used, meaning no aerial photo was available. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: OTHER Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Any other reason not considered in the previous classifications where the shoreline was not visible. Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: IMG_REF Attribute_Definition: Images used to digitize the shoreline. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Mosaic Culebra Aerial Images 1964, 1972 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Years when air photo survey was conducted Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Mosaic Vieques Aerial Images 1972, 1978 Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Years when air photo survey was conducted Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: IMG_DATE Attribute_Definition: Date of the image. A month and day of January 1 was assigned for those images that no exact date was found. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 01/19/1964 Range_Domain_Maximum: 08/29/1978 Attribute: Attribute_Label: AREA_COVERED Attribute_Definition: Geographical area in which the shoreline lies. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Vieques Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Island to the east of Puerto Rico Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Enumerated_Domain: Enumerated_Domain_Value: Culebra Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Island to the east of Puerto Rico Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: UNCY Attribute_Definition: Uncertainty value for the shoreline derived from the Georeferencing error (RMSE), the digitization error, and HWL position error. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.70 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.70 Attribute: Attribute_Label: YEAR Attribute_Definition: The year of the shoreline taken from the IMG_DATE field. Attribute_Definition_Source: Producer Defined Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 1964 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1978 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Country: United States Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.7 Format_Specification: ESRI Polyline Shapefile Format_Information_Content: Dataset contains the shapefile, browse graphic, and CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 31.0 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SEUAHC Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/6140c006d34e1449c5d5ff3f Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/6140c006d34e1449c5d5ff3f Access_Instructions: The first link is to the USGS publication page, the second link downloads all the data on the landing page, and the third link is to the dataset landing page. Fees: N/A Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211117 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Julia L. Heslin Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: Geographer Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2262 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jheslin@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998