Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Junbong Jang Originator: William F. Waite Originator: Laura A. Stern Originator: Joo Yong Lee Publication_Date: 20220630 Title: Dataset of diatom controls on the compressibility and permeability of fine-grained sediment collected offshore of South Korea during the Second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition, UBGH2 Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9ZLO4IM Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Stern, L.A., and Lee, J.Y., 2022, Dataset of diatom controls on the compressibility and permeability of fine-grained sediment collected offshore of South Korea during the Second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition, UBGH2: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZLO4IM. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZLO4IM Online_Linkage: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Description: Abstract: One of the primary goals of South Korea’s second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expedition (UBGH2) was to examine the geotechnical properties of the marine sediment associated with methane gas hydrate occurrences found off the shore of eastern Korea in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Methane gas hydrate is a naturally occurring crystalline solid that sequesters methane in individual molecular cages formed by a lattice of water molecules. During UBGH2, concentrated gas hydrate was found in two sedimentary environments: thin, coarse-grained sediment layers interbedded with fine-grained sediment (fines, such as clays and muds) and as veins of essentially pure gas hydrate within beds of predominantly fine-grained sediment. This U.S. Geological Survey dataset includes physical property measurements of the fine-grained sediment associated with gas hydrate found during the UBGH2 expedition. Sediment samples were taken from the two sedimentary environments mentioned as part of a study looking into how the high diatom content of the UBGH2 sediment might affect the capacity to extract methane from UBGH2 gas hydrate reservoirs for use as an energy resource. Diatom refers here to the silica-based skeletal remains of microalgae. Diatom skeletons and skeleton fragments can get buried in marine sediment when the microalgae die. In the UBGH2 sediment, these diatoms and fragments can be up to 200 micrometers across, and larger than the sediment grains themselves (median grain size is about 10 micrometers for the samples tested as part of this study). Diatoms have the potential to alter how effectively methane can be extracted from gas hydrate as an energy resource. To extract methane from gas hydrate, a “production” well is drilled down into the gas hydrate-bearing reservoir. The gas hydrate reservoir can be depressurized by drawing pore water out of the sediment through the production well to reduce the reservoir’s pore pressure. As the pore pressure falls below the gas hydrate stability limit, the solid gas hydrate breaks down, releasing gas and water, which then migrate toward the production well for collection. To understand how effectively methane can be extracted from a gas hydrate reservoir requires we know the compressibility and permeability of the bounding sediment (sediment in contact with the primary gas hydrate reservoir). If the bounding sediment is highly compressible, the reservoir depressurization process can cause the bounding layers to compact, putting stress on the production well walls; if the compacting part of the bounding layer is thick enough, the compaction-induced stress accumulates along the well wall and can cause the well to collapse and fail. Water migration through the bounding layers into the reservoir is affected by the compaction-dependent permeability of the bounding sediment. We concurrently measure permeability and compressibility of these diatomaceous sediments which is valuable for predicting pump rates needed to sustain gas hydrate dissociation. We conduct one-dimensional consolidation measurements on the bounding sediment with a stress-controlled oedometer cell (pictured in this data release). The pore-pressure response is measured over time during each loading step of the consolidation to estimate the sediment permeability by applying Terzaghi’s equation for one-dimensional consolidation. In the fine-grained UBGH2 sediment studied, the high diatom content sediment (~22 to 45% diatoms by volume) has a high compressibility relative to typical coarse-grained gas hydrate reservoirs. The presence of diatoms also typically increases the permeability of fine-grained sediment. The permeabilities of the sediments tested in the study are still low enough relative to the reservoir permeability for the sediment to provide a reasonable barrier to fluid flow. As the gas hydrate-bearing reservoir is depressurized, the sediment compacts and permeability falls considerably, which indicates that if the production well is designed to handle the stress from compacting sediment, the bounding layers for the UBGH2 gas hydrate reservoirs will better seal the reservoir as it is depressurized, improving the methane recovery efficiency. Purpose: Consolidation data provide the macro-scale expression of a set of micro-scale interactions between fine-grained particles and between those particles and the pore fluid surrounding them. This data release is intended to connect the macro-scale properties of sediment compressibility and permeability to the micro-scale presence of diatoms found in these UBGH2 sediments. The data presented here establish how diatom-rich, fine-grained sediment from four methane gas hydrate-rich sites in the Ulleung Basin offshore South Korea respond to the increasing effective stress and pore-water freshening associated with a depressurization approach to extracting methane from gas hydrate as an energy resource. Supplemental_Information: In addition to funding from the U.S. Geological Survey Gas Hydrate Project, this work is sponsored in part by the Department of Energy (DOE) through interagency agreements with the U.S. Geological Survey’s Gas Hydrate Project (DE-FE0023495, DE-FE00-26166 and 89243320SFE000013). This work is also part of ongoing work related to the UBGH2 Expedition, offshore Korea. Links to related data and publications within the UBGH2 project are collected in the USGS Energy Program website: https://energy.usgs.gov/GeneralInfo/EnergyNewsroomAll/TabId/770/ArtMID/3941/ArticleID/810/Korean-National-Gas-Hydrate-Program-Second-Ulleung-Basin-Gas-Hydrate-Drilling-Expedition-.aspx, and published papers from the 2013 special volume of the Journal of Marine and Petroleum Geology dedicated to the UBGH2 Expedition are listed at the journal website: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/marine-and-petroleum-geology/vol/47/suppl/C. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20100709 Ending_Date: 20100930 Currentness_Reference: ground condition of the field activity when the samples were collected Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: 130.26670 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 130.89520 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.01600 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.66310 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: fine-grained sediment Theme_Keyword: deionized water Theme_Keyword: brine Theme_Keyword: diatoms Theme_Keyword: consolidation Theme_Keyword: compressibility Theme_Keyword: recompresibility Theme_Keyword: permeability Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: earth material properties Theme_Keyword: soil sciences Theme_Keyword: core analysis Theme_Keyword: laboratory experiments Theme_Keyword: gas hydrate resources Theme_Keyword: diatoms Theme_Keyword: permeability Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: East Sea Place_Keyword: Ulleung Basin Place_Keyword: South Korea Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d?name=UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_BrowseGraphic.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Oedometer used for 1-dimensional consolidation tests. Specimen is loaded into the 2.5 inch diameter (63.5 mm), fixed-ring oedometer. Initial specimen height is 1 inch (25.4 mm). As the vertical load steps are applied, the sample height is measured with the lvdt, and the vertical load is measured with the load sensor. The fluid level in the reservoir is maintained so the specimen is always submerged (fully saturated). Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: The 1-dimensional consolidation tests run for this dataset directly measure how compressible the sediment is, and this is a critical parameter for engineering a production well to withstand sediment settling during extraction of methane from gas hydrate. Moreover, as the 1-dimensional compaction proceeds, water is forced from the compacting sediment. Thus, the 1-dimensional consolidation tests run for this data release provide sediment compaction and sediment permeability data that can be used to model the engineering needs of the production well (compaction) and the expected production efficiency, which is the ease with which gas and fluid can flow toward the prodution well. All tests were run on the same type of oedometer. Pore water and oedometer reservoir fluid (see Browse Graphic) were varied to test whether the sediment was sensitive to the pore water freshening that will occur during gas hydrate dissociation. Completeness_Report: This dataset includes the step-by step measurement of the sample’s void ratio (volume of voids/volume of solids) in the oedometer and the derivative parameters required to calculate the compressibility and permeability of the specimen as a function of imposed vertical load. The dataset is complete, with no empty data cells. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Fugro Survey Pte Ltd (FSPL) of Singapore provided surface positioning for navigation onboard the D/V Fugro Synergy. Their position utilized the Starfix Series and a Kongsberg HiPAP 500 Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) system for determining the drill string position at each location in local datum. A transponder mounted on the ship’s remotely-operated vehicle, and a Compatt beacon mounted on the Seacalf seabed frame, were used for determining the subsurface-positioning. A calibration of the vessel’s HiPAP 500 USBL system was carried out at approximately 2,200 meters below sea surface near one site. The results of this calibration were entered into the Starfix USBL software for use in the subsequent UBGH2 operations. Horizontal position accuracy is considered to be within 15 meters radius. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The depth of each sample was estimated by using the length of the drill string in conjunction with a direct observation by an ROV of when the drill bit made contact with the sea floor. This overall depth is then combined with the depth within the recovered core. The D/V Fugro Synergy approach to establishing the specimen depth is follow the same general principles as the International Ocean Drilling Program (http://www.iodp.org/policies-and-guidelines/142-iodp-depth-scales-terminology-april-2011/file), with an overall depth resolution ranging from 0.01 to 1 meter. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Deployment sample collection: All specimens were collected from the working half of split cores collected from 20100709 to 20100930. After sampling, the specimens were oven-dried and packed in airtight specimen bags. Process_Date: 20100930 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources Contact_Person: Joo Yong Lee Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 124, Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu City: Daejeon State_or_Province: South Chungcheong Postal_Code: 34132 Country: Korea Contact_Voice_Telephone: +82-042-868-3219 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jyl@kigam.re.kr Process_Step: Process_Description: Laboratory sampling: After the shipboard specimen collection and testing, a subset of the specimens were tested for mineralogy via x-ray diffraction (XRD). For the XRD, CuK-alpha radiation at 40 kV and 20 mA was used in a Philips X’pert MPD diffractometer. The XRD analyses were conducted using the software program SIROQUANT that utilized Rietveld quantification methods for improved assessment of diatom content in each specimen. Following XRD testing, the dry specimens were shipped at ambient temperatures to the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), where they were subsampled for the sediment settling tests. Process_Date: 2018 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources Contact_Person: Joo Yong Lee Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 124, Gwahak-ro Yuseong-gu City: Daejeon State_or_Province: South Chungcheong Postal_Code: 34132 Country: Korea Contact_Voice_Telephone: +82-042-868-3219 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jyl@kigam.re.kr Process_Step: Process_Description: Specimen set-up: The specimen setup process follows the description in the fines consolidation data release by Jang and others (2018): (A) sediment from one of the four UBGH2 sites that were included in this study was mixed with one of the three tested pore fluids (Deionized water, DW, a brine with 0.6m NaCl concentration, 0.6m, or a brine with 2m NaCl concentration, 2m). The specimen was mixed with enough water to attain a fluid content of 1.2 times the liquid limit (liquid limit values provided in Table 1 of the related journal article publication by Jang and others (2022) linked to this data release) and allowed to stabilize for 12 hours. This fluid content ensures the sediment is fully saturated with pore fluid. (B) The sediment-fluid mixture was placed into a Geotac 2.5 inch-diameter, 1-dimensional fixed-ring consolidometer with an initial sample height of 25.4 mm, and (C) loaded into the Geotac load frame with additional water in the reservoir to ensure the specimen would remain fully saturated for the entire test. The Browse Graphic illustrates the measurement system used in this study. Tests were completed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole, MA (USGS) by Junbong Jang, now at Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea. Full reference citation: Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Effect of pore fluid chemistry on the sedimentation and compression behavior of pure, endmember fines: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K. Process_Date: 2019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Dong-A University Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Assistant Professor Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 37 Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu City: Busan State_or_Province: Busan Postal_Code: 49315 Country: Korea Contact_Voice_Telephone: +82-51-200-7622 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@dau.ac.kr Process_Step: Process_Description: Measurement: Consolidation measurements were run according to American Society for Testing and Materials standard D2435 (ASTM, 2011). The general applied vertical stress schedule was: 1) loading from a nominal initial load of 10 kPa to 2560 kPa, doubling the load with each step; 2) unloading at 1280, 320, 80 and 20 kPa; 3) the reservoir fluid was replaced with a different salinity fluid to replicate the impact of localized salinity changes in the natural setting due to resource extraction activities; 4) reloading from 20 to 2560 kPa, again doubling the loading stress at each step; 5) final unloading at 1280, 320, 80 and 20 kPa;. Vertical stress measurements, taken from a load cell above the consolidometer, had a precision of ± 0.05 kPa. Void ratio measurements were made based on the specimen height (tracked continuously with a linear voltage displacement transducer) at a given vertical stress step, and calculated according to the derivation in ASTM D2435 (ASTM, 2011). Void ratio results had a precision of ± 0.0005 [unitless]. Tests were completed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole, MA (USGS) by Junbong Jang. Full reference citation: ASTM D2435 / D2435M-11, Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, www.astm.org , DOI: 10.1520/D2435_D2435M-11. Process_Date: 2019 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Dong-A University Contact_Person: Junbong Jang Contact_Position: Assistant Professor Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 37 Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu City: Busan State_or_Province: Busan Postal_Code: 49315 Country: Korea Contact_Voice_Telephone: +82-51-200-7622 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jjang@dau.ac.kr Process_Step: Process_Description: Data archiving: Microsoft Excel version 16.58 (22021501) was used to consolidate all data in a spreadsheet. Measured vertical loads, void ratios and associated parameters were arranged by sample and by load step. Results were then exported to a comma-separated values (csv) file format. Process_Date: 20220222 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: Massachusetts Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Meters below sea floor Depth_Resolution: 1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_Data Entity_Type_Definition: Consolidation and permeability data as a function of applied vertical stress for specimens from four UBGH2 (Ulleung Basin, offshore Korea). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: Site: UBGH2 site name designation. Format is: Expedition Name (UBGH2)-Site Number (2-2, 3, 6 or 11) and Hole Designation Letter (B or C) within that site. Attribute_Definition_Source: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core Attribute_Definition: CoreID: Unique identifier given to each collected sediment core at the designated site. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Latitude_DMS: Latitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36°41’16.1” Range_Domain_Maximum: 37°00’57.6” Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Longitude_DMS: Longitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 130°16’00.0” Range_Domain_Maximum: 130°54’24.9” Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Lat_DD: Latitude coordinate, in decimal-degrees, of sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36.66310 Range_Domain_Maximum: 37.01600 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Long_DD: Longitude coordinate, in decimal degrees, of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 130.26670 Range_Domain_Maximum: 130.89520 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Water depth, mbsl Attribute_Definition: WD__mbsf: Seafloor depth in meters below seal level (mbsl). Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 897.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2154.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Subsurface Depth, mbsf Attribute_Definition: Subsurf_Depth_mbsf: Depth of sample in meters below the sea floor (mbsf). Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 61.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 141.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Action Attribute_Definition: Action: This is the type of step change in the vertical stress applied in the oedometer. Options are: 1) initial, which describes the initial state of the specimen as the system is put together; 2) loading, which describes an experimental step during the first consolidation cycle in which the vertical stress was increased to the value listed in that row for Vertical Stress (kPa); 3) unloading, which describes an experimental step during the first consolidation cycle in which the vertical stress was decreased to the value listed in that row for Vertical Stress (kPa); 4) reloading, which describes an experimental step during the second consolidation cycle in which the vertical stress was increased to the value listed in that row for Vertical Stress (kPa); 5) unloading2, which describes an experimental step during the second consolidation cycle in which the vertical stress was decreased to the value listed in that row for Vertical Stress (kPa). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Saturating Fluid Attribute_Definition: Saturant: This is the fluid used to initially saturate the sediment. Options are: 1) DW, which is deionized water; 2) 0.6m, which is a 0.6-molal sodium chloride solution; 3) 2m, which is a 2-molal sodium chloride solution. (Note: here, 1 molal = one mole of sodium chloride per 1 kilogram deionized water) Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reservoir Fluid Attribute_Definition: Reservoir: This is the fluid used in the oedometer reservoir (see the Browse Graphic to visualize the reservoir, which is fluid that will contact the sample throughout the test and ensure the sample remains fully saturated). Options are: 1) DW, which is deionized water; 2) 0.6m, which is a 0.6-molal sodium chloride solution; 3) 2m, which is a 2-molal sodium chloride solution. Note that the reservoir solution is replaced with a different salinity fluid after the first consolidation cycle as noted in the process steps. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Vertical Stress (kPa) Attribute_Definition: Vert_Stress_kPa: This is the 1-dimensional (vertical) stress applied to the specimen during the consolidation test. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2563 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: kilopascals Attribute: Attribute_Label: Void Ratio Attribute_Definition: Void_Ratio: This is the volume of void space in the specimen divided by the volume of solid sediment in the specimen. This parameter has no units. As the applied vertical stress increases, the specimen tends to become shorter and the volume of void space decreases. The volume of solids is assumed to remain constant. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.78 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2.69 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None Attribute: Attribute_Label: Porosity (percent) Attribute_Definition: Porosity_Percent: This is the volume of void space in the specimen divided by the total sample volume, and can be calculated from void ratio: Porosity in percent = 100*(void ratio)/(1+ void ratio). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 43.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 72.9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percent Attribute: Attribute_Label: Consolidation Coefficient (m^2/s) Attribute_Definition: Cv_SquareMeters_Per_Second: The consolidation coefficent, Cv, is a measure of how fast the sediment consolidates during each consolidation step. Cv is derived from the decrease in void ratio with time during each consolidation step using Taylor’s (1948) square-root time method. Full reference citation: Taylor, D.W., 1948. Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. . Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.71e-11 Range_Domain_Maximum: 3.06e-6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters squared per second Attribute: Attribute_Label: Volume Compressibility (1/kPa) Attribute_Definition: mv_Per_kPa: The coefficient of volume compressibility, mv, is the unit volume change per unit of applied stress, and is calculated from the change in stress and void ratio at each consolidation step: mv = -(change in void ratio/change in stress)/(1 + void ratio at the start of the consolidation step). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 2.67e-6 Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.67e-2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: inverse kilopascals Attribute: Attribute_Label: Hydraulic Conductivity (m/s) Attribute_Definition: k_Meters_Per_Second: The hydraulic conductivity, k, a measure of how easily fluid can move through a meterial, and it is based on properties of the fluid as well as the material being flowed through. Hydraulic conductivity is the product of the coefficient of consolidation, Cv, the coefficient of volume compressibility, mv, and the unit weight of water (taken here to be 9800 Newtons/cubic meter): k = Cv*mv*unit weight of water. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.72e-12 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.67e-9 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters per second Attribute: Attribute_Label: Permeability (meters^2) Attribute_Definition: K_SquareMeters: The permeability, K, is a measure of how easily fluid can move through a meterial, and unlike hydraulic conductivity, permeability is based only on properties of the material being flowed through. Permeability, K, is calculated from hydraulic conductivity, k, fluid viscosity, fv (taken here to be that of water: 1e-3 Pascal seconds), fluid density, fd (taken here to be that of water: 1000 kg per cubic meter), and gravity, g = 9.8 meters per seconds squared), according to: K = k*fv/(fd*g). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.79e-19 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4.77e-16 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: square meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Permeability (milliDarcies) Attribute_Definition: K_mDarcies: The permeability, KmDarcies, is a measure of how easily fluid can move through a meterial, but is cast in a different set of units to yield numbers that are closer to 1. To convert from meters squared to milliDarcies, divide: K_mDarcies = K_SquareMeters/(9.87e-16). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 3.84e-4 Range_Domain_Maximum: .483 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: milliDarcies Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: UBGH2_Compressibility_Summary_Data Entity_Type_Definition: Compresibility and swelling index dependence on diatom content and pore fluid salinity for specimens from four UBGH2 (Ulleung Basin, offshore Korea). Index values are calculated from the consolidation data presented in the UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_Data files. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute: Attribute_Label: Site Attribute_Definition: Site: UBGH2 site name designation. Format is: Expedition Name (UBGH2)-Site Number (2-2, 3, 6 or 11) and Hole Designation Letter (B or C) within that site. Attribute_Definition_Source: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Core Attribute_Definition: CoreID: Unique identifier given to each collected sediment core at the designated site. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Latitude_DMS: Latitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36°41’16.1” Range_Domain_Maximum: 37°00’57.6” Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (degrees, minutes, seconds) Attribute_Definition: Longitude_DMS: Longitude coordinate, in degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”), of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 130°16’00.0” Range_Domain_Maximum: 130°54’24.9” Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees (°) minutes (’) decimal seconds (”) Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Lat_DD: Latitude coordinate, in decimal-degrees, of sample’s location. North latitude recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 36.66306 Range_Domain_Maximum: 37.01600 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude (decimal degrees) Attribute_Definition: Long_DD: Longitude coordinate, in decimal degrees, of the sample’s location. East longitude is recorded as positive values. Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 130.26667 Range_Domain_Maximum: 130.90692 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: Water depth, mbsl Attribute_Definition: WD__mbsf: Seafloor depth in meters below seal level (mbsl). Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 897.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 2154.2 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Subsurface Depth, mbsf Attribute_Definition: Subsurf_Depth_mbsf: Depth of sample in meters below the sea floor (mbsf). Attribute_Definition_Source: Shipboard science party, D/V Fugro Synergy Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 61.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 141.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: Diatom Content (% by volume) Attribute_Definition: Diatom_Percent_By_Volume: Diatom concentration is based on the x-ray diffraction (XRD) assessment of Opal-A content in the specimen. Opal-A is an amorphous (non-crystalline) material, and in marine sediment, Opal_A is primarily associated with biogenic silica. In this study region, diatom skeletons are the main form of biogenic silica. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 22.3 Range_Domain_Maximum: 44.6 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: percent by volume Attribute: Attribute_Label: Saturating Fluid Attribute_Definition: Saturant: This is the fluid used to initially saturate the sediment. Options are: 1) DW, which is deionized water; 2) 0.6m, which is a 0.6-molal sodium chloride solution; 3) 2m, which is a 2-molal sodium chloride solution. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Initial Reservoir Fluid Attribute_Definition: Init_Reservoir: This is the fluid used in the oedometer reservoir (see the Browse Graphic to visualize the reservoir, which is fluid that will contact the sample throughout the test and ensure the sample remains fully saturated). Options are: 1) DW, which is deionized water; 2) 0.6m, which is a 0.6-molal sodium chloride solution; 3) 2m, which is a 2-molal sodium chloride solution. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Replacement Reservoir Fluid Attribute_Definition: Replace_Reservoir: This is the fluid used in the oedometer reservoir for the second consolidation cycle (see the Browse Graphic to visualize the reservoir, which is fluid that will contact the sample throughout the test and ensure the sample remains fully saturated). After the first loading and unloading cycle (one full consolidation cycle), the reservoir fluid is flushed and replaced with the replacement reservoir fluid. Options are: 1) DW, which is deionized water used to simulate pore water freshening during gas hydrate dissociation; 2)2m, which is a 2-molal sodium chloride solution. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set (text). Attribute: Attribute_Label: Loading Compression Index Attribute_Definition: Cc_loading: This is the compressibility index, Cc, measured during the initial (virgin) loading of the specimen. Cc provides a measure of how much the void ratio will decrease as the vertical load is increased: Cc = -(void ratio(at 1000kPa load) - void ratio(at 100 kPa load))/(log_base10(1000kPa)-log_base10(100kPa)). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.36 Range_Domain_Maximum: .56 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None Attribute: Attribute_Label: Unloading Swelling Index Attribute_Definition: Cs_unloading: This is the swelling index, Cs, measured as the initial (virgin) loading of the specimen is removed (unloading). Cs provides a measure of how much the void ratio will increase as the vertical load is decreased (specimen swelling): Cs = -(void ratio(at 1000kPa load) - void ratio(at 100 kPa load))/(log_base10(1000kPa)-log_base10(100kPa)). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.06 Range_Domain_Maximum: .13 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None Attribute: Attribute_Label: Reloading Compression Index Attribute_Definition: Cr_reloading: This is the recompression index, Cr, during the reloading of the specimen after the first loading and unloading cycle. Cr provides a measure of how much the void ratio will decrease as the vertical load is increased after the specimen has already experienced a large vertical laod: Cr = -(void ratio(at 1000kPa load) - void ratio(at 100 kPa load))/(log_base10(1000kPa)-log_base10(100kPa)). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.08 Range_Domain_Maximum: .12 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None Attribute: Attribute_Label: Unloading2 Swelling Index Attribute_Definition: Cs_unloading2: This is the swelling index, Cs, measured as the second loading of the specimen is removed (the second unloading). Cs provides a measure of how much the void ratio will increase as the vertical load is decreased (specimen swelling) after the specimen has already undergone a loading and unloading cycle: Cs = -(void ratio(at 1000kPa load) - void ratio(at 100 kPa load))/(log_base10(1000kPa)-log_base10(100kPa)). Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.06 Range_Domain_Maximum: .09 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: None Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: These data are available in a Microsoft Excel XLSX as well as a CSV format. The first two rows in each XLSX file are header rows, where the second row is an abbreviated column label intended for software packages that are unable to cope with longer labels available in the first row of the XLSX file. The first part of the attribute definition (before the colon) indicates the abbreviated column label. The first row of each CSV file is a header line and is the same as the abbreviated column label on the second row of the XLSX file. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302 City: Denver State_or_Province: CO Postal_Code: 80225 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov Resource_Description: This dataset contains six files: UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_Data.xlsx (data in an Excel spreadsheet), UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_Data.csv (same data in a comma-separated text file), UBGH2_Compressibility_Summary_Data.xlsx (data in an Excel spreadsheet), UBGH2_Compressibility_Summary_Data.csv (same data in a comma-separated text file), UBGH2_Consolidation_Perm_BrowseGraphic.png (browse graphic), and FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML format. Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: XLXS Format_Version_Number: Microsoft Excel version 16.58 (22021501) Format_Information_Content: The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZLO4IM Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: Microsoft Excel version 16.58 (22021501) Format_Specification: Comma-Separated Values exported from Excel Format_Information_Content: The dataset contains the XLSX and CSV format of the data, a browse graphic and associated FGDC CSDGM metadata. Transfer_Size: 1 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Network_Resource_Name: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/621e6f10d34ee0c6b389a92d Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZLO4IM Access_Instructions: The first link downloads all the data on the landing page and provides them in a zip file, the second link goes to the dataset landing page where files can be downloaded individually, and the third link goes to the data release main landing page. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: These data are available in XLSX and CSV formats, and a browse graphic in PNG format. The user must have software capable of reading the data formats. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20220630 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: William F. Waite Contact_Position: Research Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2346 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: wwaite@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998