U.S. Geological Survey 2015 1.0 remote-sensing image Data Series 937 Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program https://doi.org/10.3133/ds937 http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0937/downloads/raster/backscatter/LittleEggHbrBS_1m.zip Brian D. Andrews Jennifer L. Miselis William W. Danforth Barry J. Irwin Charles R. Worley Emile M. Bergeron Dann S. Blackwood 2015 1.1 Data Series 937 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds937 http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0937/ In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection began a multidisciplinary research project to better understand the water quality in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. This back-barrier estuary is flushed by only three inlets and is experiencing degraded water quality, algal blooms, loss of seagrass, and increases in oxygen stress, macro algae, stinging nettles, and brown tide. The scale of the estuary and the scope of the problems within it necessitate a multidisciplinary approach that includes establishing the regional geology, its physical characteristics, and modeling how the estuary's morphology interacts to affect its water quality. Scientists from USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program offices in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and St. Petersburg, Florida, began mapping the seafloor of the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary in November 2011 and completed in September 2013. With funding from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and logistical support from the USGS New Jersey Water Science Center, they collected data with a suite of geophysical tools, including swath bathymetric sonar for measuring seafloor depth, a sidescan sonar for collecting acoustic-backscatter data (which provides information about seafloor texture and sediment type), subbottom profiler for imaging sediment layers beneath the floor of the estuary, and sediment samples with bottom photographs for ground validation of the acoustic data. More information about the individual surveys conducted as part of the Barnegat Bay Project can be found on the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Field activity webpages: 2011-041-FA: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2011-041-FA 2012-003-FA: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2012-003-FA 2013-014-FA: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2013-014-FA 2013-030-FA: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2013-030-FA This mosaic of acoustic backscatter will be used to interpret the sediment composition of Little Egg Harbor and assist in understanding the regional geology of Barnegat Bay. 20130911 20130916 ground condition of individual surveys during backscatter collection:20130911-20130916. Complete None planned -74.316615 -74.246329 39.608236 39.567260 USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:2ca605d6-2035-4387-aeb1-8858af9472cb none U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center RV Rafael Backscatter Marine Geology sidescan-sonar Klein 3000 EdgeTech 4200 field activity serial number 2011-041-FA field activity serial number 2012-003-FA field activity serial number 2013-014-FA ISO 19115 Topic Category oceans imageryBaseMapsEarthCover USGS Thesaurus sea-floor acoustic reflectivity image mosaics sidescan sonar marine geophysics geospatial datasets Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) United States of America State of New Jersey Barnegat Bay Metedeconk River Mantoloking Toms River Forked River Barnegat Inlet Tuckerton Little Egg Harbor Little Egg Inlet General seafloor sea floor none 2011 2012 2013 none none Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov LittleEggHbrBS_1m.jpg Grayscale thumbnail image of backscatter collected within Little Egg Harbor, NJ. The file is located in the compressed zip file. JPEG Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 William W. Danforth 1997 Open-File Report 97-686 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0686/report.pdf Valerie Paskevich 1996 Open-File Report 96-281 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0281/report.pdf Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit range (0-255). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). No data value = 0. Acoustic data were collected using an EdgeTech 4200 dual frequency (100/400 kHz) sidescan sonar USGS Survey 2013-030-FA. Only the low frequency data (100 kHz) were processed and included in this mosaic. This mosaic includes data collected during USGS Field Activity 2013-030-FA. A separate mosaic (BarnBayBS_1m.tif) covers the northern (main) part of Barnegat Bay collected during 2011-014-FA, 2012-003-FA and 2013-013-FA. This mosaic does not include all acoustic backscatter collected using the EdgeTech 4200 sidescan sonars. Data collected along some transit and seismic tie lines, and other lines of poor quality are not included in this mosaic. Navigation for these data were recorded using a Hemisphere DPGS receiver located on top of the cabin house of the R/V Rafael. Offsets between the antenna and sidescan towfish (layback) were measured and recorded in the Klein SonarPro acquisition software (v. 10.0) and SonarWiz (v. 7.02). The DGPS is accurate to within 1-2 meters. A conservative estimate of the horizontal accuracy of this backscatter mosaic is 2-3 meters. U.S. Geological Survey Unpublished Material raster digital data disc 20130911 20130616 ground condition of survey during backscatter collection 20130911-20130616 raw EdgeTech files During USGS Survey 2013-030-FA a EdgeTech sidescan sonar operating at a frequency of 100 and 400 kHz was used. The sonar tow-fish was towed from the port side of the R/V Rafael approximately 1.5 m astern. Step 1: Convert raw sidescan files to XSonar format. During 2011-041-FA sidescan sonar files were collected using a Klein 3000 sidescan sonar and recorded using the eXtended Triton Format (xtf). The remaining three surveys (2012-003-FA, 2013-014-FA, and 2013-030-FA) used an EdgeTech 4200 sidescan sonar and recorded files using the Jason Special Format (jsf). The first step in processing backscatter data is the same for both raw data types. Using XSonar/ShowImage software (v. 2.0) (Danforth 1997) the raw line files were converted (Demultiplexed) to XSonar format using a 50-m range (100 meter swath) and navigation was extracted at intervals of 30 seconds. During this conversion an across track filter of 4 and along track filter of 3 pixels were used to smooth the backscatter values. In addition, a normalization of 4095 (out of 16-bit range of 65,536) was applied to produce a *.d file for each input line file. During the demultiplex operation a static value of 2-meters was used to search for the first bottom return. Next the slant range correction routine was run on each *.d file to produce a corrected *.ds file. Each file was reviewed in ShowImage (v. 1.0) to ensure that the bottom picks and slant range were correct and manually adjusted if required. Next a beam pattern correction was applied to each .ds file to produce a *.dsb file. The beam pattern corrections used a ping overlap of 75 for each 150 lines (scans) of the sonar. A weighted tone adjustment was also applied during this step. The final step in XSonar produces separate raster (.*.ras) files at 1.0 meter resolution in UTM Zone 18 WGS 84 coordinates for even and odd lines. 201309 Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov Step 2: XSonar to TIFF conversion: Each *.ras file was converted to a raw raster file (*.raw) at a resolution of 1-m per pixel. The 80-byte header for each *ras raster file was removed and the images were converted to a raster (.raw) file with the command: dd if=filename.ras of=filename.raw bs=80 skip=1. The resulting rasters (.raw) were converted to a TIFF using Adobe Photoshop (ver. 10.0.1). 201309 Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov Step 3: Create Mosaic: A PCI Geomatica (v. 10.1) project was created using the "mosaic only option" The mosaics of odd and even lines were imported into PCI Geomatica to be digitally mosaicked together using PCI's OrthoEngine and procedures described in Paskevich 1996. The mosaicking process produces an enhanced, geographically correct, sidescan-sonar mosaic with 1 meter/pixel resolution. Mosaics were created for each Julian Day and then mosaicked into a master mosaic for the entire survey. The composite mosaic was exported as a GeoTIFF image. 20140324 Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 bandrews@usgs.gov USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section. 20180720 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata. 20191115 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. 20200908 U.S. Geological Survey VeeAnn A. Cross Marine Geologist Mailing and Physical

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 508-548-8700 x2251 508-457-2310 vatnipp@usgs.gov Raster Pixel 4500 6000 1 Universal Transverse Mercator 18 0.999600 -75.000000 0.000000 500000.000000 0.000000 row and column 1.000000 1.000000 meters D_WGS_1984 WGS_1984 6378137.000000 298.257224 There are no attributes associated with a GeoTIFF image. Image pixel values contain acoustic-reflectivity values (DN) normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255) with the data range 1-255 (no data value is 0). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). The data mean DN value for this mosaic is 11.4 with a standard deviation of 13.3. U.S. Geological Survey Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 bandrews@usgs.gov LittleEggHbrBS_1m.zip contains: LittleEggHbrBS_1m.tiff, LittleEggHbrBS_1m.jpg browse graphic, and the associated FGDC compliant metadata. To display this mosaic along with the other two in this publication, use the "BarnegatBay Backscatter.lyr" located in the BarnBayBS_1m.zip file. Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. GeoTIFF PCI Geomatica 10.1 GeoTIFF image WinZip (V. 14) file contains a GeoTIFF image and associated metadata of sidescan-sonar data collected in Little Egg Harbor (Barnegat Bay), NJ and associated metadata. WinZip 9.5 http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0937/downloads/raster/backscatter/LittleEggHbrBS_1m.zip none This Zip file contains a compressed GeoTIFF image and world file. The user must have software capable of uncompressing the zip file and viewing a GeoTIFF image. 20240318 Brian Andrews U.S. Geological Survey Geographer mailing and physical address

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole MA 02543-1598 USA 508-548-8700 x2348 508-457-2310 whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240318) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time