Location of bottom still imagery along with images collected during field activity 2011-015-FA by the U.S. Geological Survey and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management offshore of Massachusetts around Cape Cod and the Islands in September 2011 (JPEG images, point shapefile, and CSV file)

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
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• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, Location of bottom still imagery along with images collected during field activity 2011-015-FA by the U.S. Geological Survey and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management offshore of Massachusetts around Cape Cod and the Islands in September 2011 (JPEG images, point shapefile, and CSV file): data release DOI:10.5066/F73F4NVM, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM
   • https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Huntley, Emily C., Ackerman, Seth D., Boeri, Robert L., Callaghan, Todd P., and Sampson, Daniel W., 2018, Sampling data collected in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2011-015-FA: data release DOI:10.5066/F73F4NVM, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM
   • https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/

   Other_Citation_Details:

   Suggested citation: Huntley, E.C., Ackerman, S.D., Boeri, R.L., Callaghan, T.P., and Sampson, D.W., 2018, Sampling data collected in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 2011, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2011-015-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM.

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.116018
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.902757
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.981100
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.190832
   

3. What does it look like?

   https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/data/imagery/2011-015-FA_photos_browse.jpg (JPEG)

   Thumbnail image of bottom imagery locations offshore of Massachusetts.

4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Beginning_Date: 10-Sep-2011

   Ending_Date: 16-Sep-2011

   Currentness_Reference:

   ground condition

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster, vector, and tabular digital data
   

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Entity point (1071)
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.0000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.0000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257224.
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   2011-015-FA_photos

   Bottom imagery and locations collected during USGS survey 2011-015-FA offshore of Massachusetts in 2011. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   FID

   Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

   Shape

   Feature geometry. (Source: Esri) Coordinates defining the features.

   PICNAME

   Name of bottom image used to uniquely identify between stations, cameras, and images: e.g., 005357_sta058.jpg where 005357 refers to the UTC time and sta058 refers to the station number for the video frame grabs; dl2_PICT1740.jpg where dl2 refers to the download number of when the photos were downloaded off the camera and PICT1740 refers to the sequential image number assigned to the photo by the camera for the Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 photos; and GP_sta001.jpg where sta001 refers to the station number for the GoPro HD HERO photos. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish images.

   CAMERA

   Camera used to collect bottom image. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish between different camera models mounted on the grab sampler.

   GPSTIME

   UTC time of bottom imagery from GPS navigation file in the format HH:MM:SS. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the UTC times of the bottom imagery determined by the GPS.

   CAMR_TIME

   Camera time of bottom photograph from the Konica Minolta camera in the format HH:MM:SS. The camera time is not applicable to the video frame grabs or GoPro photos, so a no data value of 99:99:99 was used for these images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the camera times of the bottom imagery determined from the camera's internal clock.

   TIMEOFFSET

   Offset applied to match the Konica Minolta bottom photograph to the correct time determined by the GPS navigation. This field is the time difference between the camera time and the GPS time in UTC in the format HH:MM:SS. If the camera time were X seconds behind the GPS time, a positive offset of +X would be applied. If the camera were Y seconds ahead of the GPS time, a negative office of -Y would be applied. The time offset is not applicable to the video frame grabs or GoPro photos, so a no data value of 99:99:99 was used for these images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the offset times of the bottom imagery.

   JD

   Julian day that the bottom imagery was collected based on UTC time; Julian day is the integer number representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year (2011 for these data). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	253
   Maximum:	259
   Units:	days
   Resolution:	1

   YEAR

   Year that the bottom imagery was collected (2011 for these data). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	2011
   Maximum:	2011
   Units:	years
   Resolution:	1

   DATE

   UTC date that the bottom imagery was collected in the format YYYYMMDD. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish dates.

   LAT

   Latitude of bottom imagery in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	41.1908315
   Maximum:	41.9811000
   Units:	decimal degrees
   Resolution:	0.0000001

   LONG

   Longitude of bottom imagery in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	-71.1160180
   Maximum:	-69.9027570
   Units:	decimal degrees
   Resolution:	0.0000001

   FIELD_NO

   Station number as assigned in the field. Two sites were occupied twice on different days during the survey, so the station number for the data collected when they were occupied the second time ends in "0.2" (i.e., stations 81.2 and 95.2). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish station numbers.

   LINENAME

   Station number for the trackline along which continuous bottom video, where the SEABOSS was operational, was acquired. Two sites were occupied twice on different days during the survey, so the station number for the data collected when they were occupied the second time ends in "0.2" (i.e., stations 81.2 and 95.2). Two stations (stations 83 and 123) have two SEABOSS bottom video tracklines, so the tracklines were named "a" and "b" to indicate back-to-back deployments at the same station (e.g., line names 83a and 83b). A no data value of -9999 indicates that the image is not within 10 meters of a bottom video trackline. Not all images were taken along a trackline because video was not always taken during the second deployment of the SEABOSS at a station and the ship's Van Veen grab sampler did not have a video camera. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish station numbers.

   NEAR_SMP

   Field number of the nearest sediment sample from USGS survey 2011-015-FA. For stations where a physical sample was not collected, the sediment sample was based on visual analysis by USGS geologists of the last still image taken during the sampler deployment. Two sites were occupied twice on different days during the survey, so the field number for the data collected when they were occupied the second time ends in "0.2" (i.e., stations 81.2 and 95.2). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish station numbers.

   NEAR_CLASS

   Sediment classification based on a rigorous definition (Shepard [1954] as modified by Schlee [1973] and Poppe and others [2014]) of the nearest sediment sample from USGS sampling survey 2011-015-FA. For stations where a physical sample was not collected, the sediment sample was based on visual analysis by USGS geologists of the last still image taken during the sampler deployment. In the definitions below, gravel is defined as particles with nominal diameters greater than 2 mm; sand is particles with nominal diameters less than 2 mm, but greater than or equal to 0.0625 mm; silt is particles with nominal diameters less than 0.0625 mm, but greater than or equal to 0.004 mm; and clay is particles with nominal diameters less than 0.004 mm. (Source: Modified from USGS East-Coast Sediment Texture Database data dictionary)

   Value	Definition
   CLAYEY SILT	Silt less than 75 percent and equal to or greater than 50 percent, clay greater than sand, and sand less than 20 percent.
   GRAVEL	Gravel equal to or greater than 50 percent.
   GRAVELLY SEDIMENT	Gravel equal to or greater than 10 percent, but less than 50 percent.
   MUD	Mud (silt plus clay) equal to or greater than 50 percent based on visual observation.
   SAND	Sand equal to or greater than 75 percent. For stations where a physical sample was not collected, sand equal to or greater than 50 percent based on visual observation.
   SAND SILT CLAY	Clay, sand, and silt greater than 20 percent each.
   SANDY SILT	Silt less than 75 percent and equal to or greater than 50 percent, sand greater than clay, and clay less than 20 percent.
   SILT	Silt equal to or greater than 75 percent.
   SILTY SAND	Sand less than 75 percent and equal to or greater than 50 percent, silt greater than clay, and clay less than 20 percent.

   DST_TO_SMP

   Distance in meters to the nearest sediment sample from USGS survey 2011-015-FA. For stations where a physical sample was not collected, the sediment sample was based on visual analysis by USGS geologists of the last still image taken during the sampler deployment. The visual observation sediment sample locations are not necessarily coincident with the location of the bottom imagery used to determine the sediment classification and are generally located at the start of the sampler retrieval. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	1414.0
   Units:	meters
   Resolution:	0.1

   NR_SMP_CMT

   Comment field for any additional information that may be important relating to the nearest sediment sample from USGS survey 2011-015-FA, such as if the nearest sediment sample is based on visual analysis by USGS geologists of the last still image taken during the sampler deployment. A note has also been added to indicate the sediment samples that met USGS sampling protocol but were not deep enough (at least 7 centimeters deep) to meet the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management's sediment sampling standard operating procedure. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used for additional comments about the nearest sediment sample.

   CRUISE_ID

   USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center field activity identifier (e.g., 2011-015-FA where 2011 is the survey year, 015 is survey number of that year, and FA is Field Activity). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish cruises by year and ID number.

   DEVICE_ID

   Sampling device used to collect the bottom imagery. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the sampling configuration used during the survey.

   VEHICLE_ID

   Vehicle (ship) used to collect data during survey 2011-015-FA. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the survey vessel.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   The CSV file has the same attributes, except for FID, with the same definitions.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey
   

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • U.S. Geological Survey
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   Original JPEG photographs, bottom video, and raw navigation files (source 1 of 1)

   U.S. Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Bottom imagery and navigation data.

   Type_of_Source_Media: disc
   Source_Contribution:

   Bottom imagery was acquired using the large SEABOSS, where operational, or the ship's Van Veen grab sampler equipped with a GoPro HD HERO camera. The observations from video and still cameras and the sediment data are used to explore the nature of the sea floor and, in conjunction with high-resolution geophysical data, to make interpretive maps of sedimentary environments and validate acoustic remote sensing data. The SEABOSS incorporates two video cameras (one forward-looking so that a shipboard operator can monitor for proper tow depth and obstacles, and one downward-looking, a Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 video camera in this setup, that overlaps with the field of view of the still camera), a still camera (Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 in this setup), and a modified Van Veen sediment sampler. The elements of this particular SEABOSS system are held within a stainless-steel frame that measures 1.1 x 1.1 meters. The frame has a stabilizer fin that orients the system as it drifts over the seabed. The OSV Bold occupied one of the target stations and the SEABOSS was deployed off the vessel's A-frame on the stern of the ship. The vessel and sampler drifted with wind and current for up to a few minutes to ensure a decent image with a clear view of the sea floor and then at most stations the sea floor was sampled with the SEABOSS's integrated Van Veen grab. Sediment samples were only attempted in areas where collecting a sample would not damage the SEABOSS; therefore, no samples were collected in areas with a cobble, boulder, or rocky seabed, as identified in real time using the top-side live video feed. At some sites, samples were attempted one or more times in what appeared in the real-time video as sand or mud, but no sample was successfully collected. The system was then raised and recovered to the deck of the survey vessel. The Konica Minolta digital photos were saved to the camera's SD memory card and periodically downloaded from the camera during the survey. The camera time was set to UTC; calibration photographs with the navigation system indicate that the time offset drifted by up to 67 seconds throughout the survey and this time offset was corrected for in the imagery processing. Photos taken in the water column, on deck, or without a clear view of the sea floor were deleted. The still camera was occasionally malfunctioning, so some stations did not have any usable photographs. For these stations, still-image frame grabs were captured from the bottom video to supplement this dataset. Bottom video was recorded from the Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 downward-looking video camera on Digital8 tapes and backup DVDs. The SEABOSS was only operational for 246 of the 322 stations occupied during this survey. Since the SEABOSS's still camera was occasionally malfunctioning, use of the SEABOSS was halted partway through the survey and the remaining stations were occupied using the ship's Van Veen grab sampler equipped with a GoPro HD HERO camera and dive lights. The ship's sampler was deployed off the vessel's A-frame on the stern of the ship and lowered until the sea floor was sampled. There was no top-side live video feed, so the vessel and sampler did not drift over the seabed, video was not collected, and samples were attempted at all stations occupied using the ship's Van Veen grab sampler. The GoPro digital photos were saved to the camera's SD memory card and periodically downloaded from the camera during the survey. The GoPro was set to capture photographs at a one- or two-second interval. Because the frame was stationary on the seabed, only one GoPro photograph was chosen to represent the sea floor at each station location. The GoPro camera time was set to local time (UTC-04:00) and was not assessed for accuracy or used for geolocating the photos; rather, the time of the station's sediment sample grab was used for the GoPro photos' GPS time and to geolocate the photos. DGPS navigation from a Garmin GPSMAP 76CSx receiver was logged through a Microsoft HyperTerminal (version 5.1) session on a Dell Latitude D820 laptop computer running Windows XP SP2 via serial cable. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a two-second interval in geographic coordinates (WGS 84). Log files were saved for each sampling watch in ASCII text format.

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: Sep-2011 (process 1 of 12)

   Three hundred twenty-two stations were occupied aboard the OSV Bold during USGS survey 2011-015-FA with the large SEABOSS (Blackwood and Parolski, 2001), where operational, or the ship's Van Veen grab sampler. The SEABOSS was equipped with a Van Veen grab sampler, a Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 digital still camera, and two video cameras (forward- and downward-looking). The still camera was occasionally malfunctioning, so the SEABOSS was only operational for 246 of the 322 stations. The remaining stations were occupied using the ship's Van Veen grab sampler equipped with a GoPro HD HERO camera (set to capture photographs at a two-second interval for the first 10 stations, then a one-second interval for the remaining sites) and dive lights. Bottom imagery was acquired at all but one station (station 418). The Konica Minolta and GoPro digital photos were downloaded from the cameras and backed up to a laptop and hard drive periodically during the sampling survey. Sixty-five stations occupied using the SEABOSS did not have any usable photographs, so still-image frame grabs were captured from the bottom video for these stations in a subsequent process step. Bottom video was recorded from the Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 downward-looking video camera on Digital8 tapes and backup DVDs. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Original JPEG photographs
   • Bottom video

   Date: Sep-2011 (process 2 of 12)

   DGPS navigation from a Garmin GPSMAP 76CSx receiver was logged through a Microsoft HyperTerminal (version 5.1) session on a Dell Latitude D820 laptop computer running Windows XP SP2 via serial cable. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a two-second interval in geographic coordinates (WGS 84). Log files were saved for each sampling watch in ASCII text format. The original log files were reformatted into log files by full Julian day. An AWK script (awkseth.gpgga.sda) was run on the log files to parse for the GPGGA navigation string and create ASCII Comma Separated Value (CSV) text files. The output files were merged and then reformatted using an AWK script (nav_time_reformat.awk), creating a final processed navigation file for the entire sampling survey. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Raw navigation files

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Processed two-second navigation file

   Date: Oct-2012 (process 3 of 12)

   Bottom photographs acquired with the Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 were culled to remove photos taken in the water column, on deck, or without a clear view of the sea floor. Sixty-five stations with no usable photographs from the Konica Minolta were identified. For these stations, one to 10 still-image frame grabs per station were captured from the SEABOSS bottom video taken with a downward-looking Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 video camera. This was a manual process whereby the video was viewed in VLC media player and clear images of the sea floor approximately equally distributed throughout the drift were captured. Fewer frame grabs were captured for shorter drifts or for video without a clear view of the sea floor. Some videos were recorded with an overlay of the GPS time, so some frame grabs have a time stamp on them. Bottom photographs acquired with the GoPro HD HERO were culled to choose the single best photograph at each station since the frame was stationary on the sea floor. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Original JPEG photographs
   • Bottom video

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Selected JPEG images

   Date: Apr-2013 (process 4 of 12)

   The original JPEG images alone do not represent spatial data, however, they can be geolocated by linking the time the image was taken, which was recorded in the JPEG files' Exchangeable image file format (Exif) headers, to the corresponding time in the navigation logs. Camera time drift and the precision with which the camera time can be set often result in a time offset. The Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 camera time was set to UTC; calibration photographs with the navigation system indicate that the time offset drifted by up to 67 seconds throughout the survey, so this time offset was corrected for in the imagery processing by interpolating an offset between each calibration photo. A shapefile was created by using the Esri ArcGIS 9.3 ArcToolbox tool "GeoTools Hotlink Tool - SDA Feb05" (which uses the Python [version 2.5] script "photo_locations_offsetmod.py" [version Feb. 22, 2012]) to join the Konica Minolta photos with the parsed navigation file by matching the time offset field for the photos with the navigation file. A CSV file of the shapefile was exported from Esri ArcGIS using XTools Pro (version 7.1). Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Selected JPEG images
   • Survey log
   • Processed two-second navigation file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Konica Minolta bottom photograph locations CSV file

   Date: Jun-2014 (process 5 of 12)

   Since the DGPS was set to receive fixes at a two-second interval, a MATLAB script (latlon_dc_seth.m) was run to interpolate the navigation to get one-second fixes to map the bottom video tracklines and subsequently populate the coordinates for the video frame grabs. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Processed two-second navigation file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • One-second navigation file

   Date: Jul-2017 (process 6 of 12)

   The coordinates for the video frame grabs were populated in a CSV file by matching the frame grab time with a CSV file of the interpolated one-second fixes in Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac. This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person, Emily Huntley. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Emily Huntley

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geographer/Database Specialist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   ehuntley@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Selected JPEG images
   • One-second navigation file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Video frame grab locations CSV file

   Date: Jul-2017 (process 7 of 12)

   The GoPro HD HERO camera time was set to local time (UTC-04:00) and was not used for geolocating the photos; rather, the time of the station's sediment sample grab was used to geolocate the photos. Using Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac, the GPS time and coordinates for the GoPro photos were populated in a CSV file by matching the photo's station number with a CSV file of the sediment sample locations. The three CSV files for the Konica Minolta, video frame grab, and GoPro imagery were merged into one file with fields for the filename, latitude, longitude, GPS date, and GPS time. Data sources used in this process:

   • Selected JPEG images
   • Sediment sample locations CSV file
   • Konica Minolta bottom photograph locations CSV file
   • Video frame grab locations CSV file
   • GoPro bottom photograph locations CSV file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Bottom imagery locations CSV file

   Date: Jul-2017 (process 8 of 12)

   Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac was used to add new fields to the bottom imagery locations CSV file, including an attribute for the camera (CAMERA: GoPro HD HERO Model YHDC5170, Kongsberg Simrad OE1365, or Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2), Julian day of collection (JD), and year of collection (YEAR). Fields of the camera time (CAMR_TIME) and time offset (TIMEOFFSET) were also added for the Konica Minolta photos by matching the image name with a CSV file of the camera time and time offset. Data sources used in this process:

   • Bottom imagery locations CSV file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Edited bottom imagery locations CSV file

   Date: Jul-2017 (process 9 of 12)

   A shapefile was created using the bottom imagery locations CSV file in Esri ArcGIS (version 10.3.1). Several attributes were then added using the Spatial Join tool. This tool was run with the bottom video tracklines shapefile to calculate the video trackline for each bottom image (LINENAME). The intersect match option with a search radius of 10 meters was used because some images were taken shortly before or after the video trackline. Eighty-three images were not within 10 meters of a trackline, so a no data value of -9999 was assigned to these images using the field calculator. These images were taken during the second deployment of the SEABOSS at a station where no video was collected (stations 18, 42, 48, 65, 290, and 292), or when the SEABOSS was not operational and there was no video camera (stations where DEVICE_ID = EPA VAN VEEN). The shapefile was then projected to WGS 84 UTM Zone 19N so that the distance in meters to the closest sediment sample could be calculated when running the Spatial Join tool. Note that the term "sediment samples" used herein may be used to describe physical sediment samples as well as stations where no physical sediment sample was collected, but the bottom type was classified by USGS geologists based on the visual observation of the last still image of the sea floor taken during the sampler deployment. The sediment samples shapefile includes all 322 stations that were occupied during the survey; however, three sites (stations 167, 420, and 421) did not have a physical sediment sample or any imagery with a clear view of the sea floor and were therefore not classified. The Spatial Join tool was then run with the sediment samples shapefile, which had a definition query to filter out stations with no sediment classification ("CLASSIFICA" < 'NO SAMPLE'), to assign the station number of the closest sediment sample (NEAR_SMP), the sediment classification of the nearest sample (NEAR_CLASS), the distance in meters between the bottom image and nearest sediment sample (DST_TO_SMP), and the comment field for the nearest sample (NR_SMP_CMT). Next, the distance in meters between the bottom image and closest sample (DST_TO_SMP) was rounded to the nearest tenth using the field calculator. The Spatial Join tool was run again with the sediment samples shapefile with the definition query removed to assign the station number for each bottom image (FIELD_NO). The shapefile was then projected back to WGS 84 and unnecessary fields created when running the Spatial Join tool were deleted (e.g., Join_Count, TARGET_FID, etc.). Data sources used in this process:

   • Edited bottom imagery locations CSV file
   • Bottom video tracklines shapefile (2011-015-FA_videos.shp)
   • Sediment samples shapefile (2011-015-FA_samples.shp)

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Bottom imagery locations shapefile

   Date: Jul-2017 (process 10 of 12)

   XTools Pro (version 12.0) for Esri ArcGIS (version 10.3.1) was used to reorganize and add new fields (Table Operations - Table Restructure) to the point shapefile, including an attribute for the survey ID (CRUISE_ID), sampling device used to collect the imagery (DEVICE_ID), and survey vessel (VEHICLE_ID). The shapefile's attribute table was exported in Esri ArcGIS (version 10.3.1) and saved as a CSV file. The FID field was deleted in the CSV file. Data sources used in this process:

   • Bottom imagery locations shapefile

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Final bottom imagery locations shapefile
   • Final bottom imagery locations CSV file

   Date: Jan-2018 (process 11 of 12)

   A Python script (MCZM_writeexif_2_readfile.py) was run that incorporated the matched-up location data, along with additional survey information, into the appropriate tags in the Exif header of each JPEG image. Since the imagery was acquired with three different cameras, the script was run separately for each camera's imagery using slightly different tags. The Python script uses ExifTool (version 10.17) to write the information to the image headers. Information is duplicated in some tags because various software packages access different tags. The following tags were populated in the JPEG image headers:
   
   GPS tags (these values are unique for each image and based on the matched-up location data):
   GPSLatitudeRef
   GPSLatitude
   GPSLongitudeRef
   GPSLongitude
   GPSTimeStamp
   GSPDateStamp
   
   JPEG tag and the information used to populate this tag, which is different for each camera's imagery:
   Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 photos:
   Comment: Photo from down-looking camera on the USGS SEABOSS deployed from the OSV Bold during survey 2011-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2011-015-FA).
   Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 video frame grabs:
   Comment: Video frame grab from down-looking camera on the USGS SEABOSS deployed from the OSV Bold during survey 2011-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2011-015-FA).
   GoPro HD HERO photos:
   Comment: Photo from down-looking camera on the ship's Van Veen grab sampler deployed from the OSV Bold during survey 2011-015-FA (https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2011-015-FA).
   
   Exif tags and the information used to populate these tags, which is the same for every image:
   ImageDescription: Image of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, or Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; or south or east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, from survey 2011-015-FA
   Artist: William C. Schwab
   Copyright: Public Domain - please credit U.S. Geological Survey
   
   International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) tags and the information used to populate these tags, which is the same for every image (except "SEABOSS" was removed from the keywords for the GoPro photos):
   Credit: U.S. Geological Survey
   Contact: WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov
   Keywords: Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod, Buzzards Bay, Vineyard Sound, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Massachusetts, 2011-015-FA, SEABOSS, sea floor, USGS
   CopyrightNotice: Public Domain - please credit U.S. Geological Survey
   Caption-Abstract: Image of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, or Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; or south or east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, from survey 2011-015-FA
   
   Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) tag and the information used to populate this tag, which is the same for every image:
   Caption: Image of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, or Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; or south or east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, from survey 2011-015-FA
   
   To extract the information from the image headers using ExifTool, the following command can be used (tested with ExifTool version 10.17):
   exiftool -csv -f -filename -GPSTimeStamp -GPSDateStamp -GPSLongitude -GPSLatitude -n -Artist -Credit -comment -keywords -Caption -Copyright -CopyrightNotice -Caption-Abstract -ImageDescription *.jpg > out.csv
   
   The -csv option writes the information to a CSV file. The -n option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Data sources used in this process:

   • Selected JPEG images
   • Konica Minolta bottom photograph locations CSV file
   • Video frame grab locations CSV file
   • GoPro bottom photograph locations CSV file

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • Final (Exif updated) JPEG images

   Date: 12-Jul-2024 (process 12 of 12)

   Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword (20200908). Fixed a USGS Thesaurus term (20240712). Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross

   Marine Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   vatnipp@usgs.gov

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
   Golden, Nadine E., Ackerman, Seth D., and Dailey, Evan T., 2015, Coastal and Marine Geology Program video and photograph portal: U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, CA.

   Online Links:

   • https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7JH3J7N

   Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, 2012, ENV12 CZM 01 Benthic Infaunal Analysis Report: Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/pm/benthic-infauna-report-2011.pdf

   Blackwood, D., and Parolski, K., 2001, Seabed observation and sampling system: Sea Technology v. 42, no. 2, p. 39-43, Compass Publications, Inc., Arlington, VA.

   Shepard, F.P., 1954, Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology v. 24, no. 3., p. 151-158, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK.

   Online Links:

   • http://jsedres.sepmonline.org/content/24/3/151.abstract

   Schlee, J.S., 1973, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States - sediment texture of the northeastern part: Professional Paper 529-L, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp529L

   Poppe, L.J., McMullen, K.Y., Williams, S.J., and Paskevich, V.F., 2014, USGS east-coast sediment analysis: Procedures, database, and GIS data: Open-File Report 2005-1001, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1001/

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   Camera time drift and the precision with which the camera time can be set often result in an offset. The Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 camera time was set to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); calibration photographs with the navigation system indicate that the time offset drifted by up to 67 seconds throughout the survey, so this time offset was corrected for in the imagery processing by interpolating an offset between each calibration photo. Spot checking the interpolated photo times with the bottom video showed that the interpolated times may be off by up to two seconds. The GoPro HD HERO camera time was set to local time (UTC-04:00) and was not assessed for accuracy or used for geolocating the photos; rather, the time of the station's sediment sample grab was used for the GoPro photos' Global Positioning System (GPS) time and to geolocate the photos. For the attributes related to the nearest sediment sample (NEAR_SMP, NEAR_CLASS, DST_TO_SMP, and NR_SMP_CMT), please note that the term "sediment samples" may be used to describe physical samples as well as stations where the bottom type was determined by visual observation of the last still image of the sea floor taken during the sampler deployment, which is noted in the comments field (NR_SMP_CMT). The visual observation sediment sample locations are not necessarily coincident with the location of the bottom image used to determine the sediment classification and are generally located at the start of the sampler retrieval. Therefore, the distance in meters from a bottom image to the nearest sediment sample (DST_TO_SMP) does not necessarily represent the distance to the image used to determine the sediment classification for the visual observation sediment samples.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   Sources of horizontal inaccuracy may be due to the camera time or navigation data. The original JPEG images alone do not represent spatial data; however, the images were geolocated during post-processing by linking the time the image was taken to the corresponding time in the navigation data. The Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 camera time drifted by up to 67 seconds throughout the survey, so this time offset was corrected for in the imagery processing by interpolating an offset between calibration photos. Spot checking the interpolated photo times with the bottom video showed that the interpolated times may be off by up to two seconds. Navigation for survey 2011-015-FA used Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a two-second interval in geographic coordinates (World Geodetic System of 1984 [WGS 84]), so photos taken at a time with odd seconds were geolocated using the closest available fix. The recorded position of each image is the position of the DGPS antenna on the survey vessel, not the SEABOSS or Van Veen grab sampler. The antenna was at the top of the vessel's A-frame from which the sampler was deployed, within a few meters of the sampler. No layback or offset was applied to the recorded position. In addition to the +/- 3-meter offset, the sampler may drift away from the survey vessel when deployed to the sea floor. Based on the various sources of horizontal offsets, a conservative estimate of the horizontal accuracy of the bottom imagery locations is 5-20 meters, but offsets are most likely within 3-10 meters.
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   This dataset includes bottom imagery in JPEG format and a shapefile of the locations of images collected during USGS survey 2011-015-FA. Three hundred twenty-two stations were occupied within the study area, but the SEABOSS was only operational for 246 sites. Sixty-five of those 246 sites did not have any usable photographs, so still-image frame grabs were captured from the video to supplement this dataset. For those sites with usable photos from the SEABOSS, the photos were acquired with a Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 camera. Photos taken in the water column, on deck, or without a clear view of the sea floor were deleted. The remaining stations were occupied using the ship's Van Veen grab sampler equipped with a GoPro HD HERO camera. Only the single best GoPro photo per station was selected for publication. Imagery from all but one station (station 418, which did not have any GoPro photos) is included in this dataset. A total of 1,071 images are included in this dataset.
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   Bottom imagery was acquired with three different cameras: a Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 digital still camera, Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 video camera, and GoPro HD HERO digital camera. For the Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 photos, gaps in sequential photo numbers exist. Generally, Konica Minolta photos without a clear view of the sea floor were deleted. If the Konica Minolta camera was triggered accidentally on deck or a picture did not come out, it was deleted. For the Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 still-image frame grabs, some images have a time stamp on them because some videos were recorded with an overlay of the GPS time. For the GoPro photos, only the single best photo per station was selected for publication. For some stations, only a blurry or dark GoPro image was available, so it was kept and included in this dataset. The station numbers (FIELD_NO) were determined before the survey and are not necessarily in sequential order of when they were occupied. Gaps in sequential station numbers exist as not all planned stations were occupied during the survey. Two sites were occupied twice on different days during the survey, so the station number for the data collected when they were occupied the second time ends in "0.2" (i.e., stations 81.2 and 95.2); these sites are considered unique stations (e.g., 81 and 81.2 are two different stations).

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   Seth Ackerman

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Rd.

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   USA

   508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   sackerman@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? USGS data release 2011-015-FA contains bottom imagery locations and images of the sea floor collected offshore of Massachusetts in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket (2011-015-FA_photos.zip). The zip file contains the following files: a shapefile of the bottom imagery locations (2011-015-FA_photos.shp); a CSV file of the bottom imagery locations (2011-015-FA_photos.csv); 1,071 bottom images from the Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 digital camera, Kongsberg Simrad OE1365 video camera, and GoPro HD HERO digital camera; a browse graphic of bottom imagery locations (2011-015-FA_photos_browse.jpg); and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) metadata files in three standard formats (2011-015-FA_photos_meta.html, 2011-015-FA_photos_meta.txt, and 2011-015-FA_photos_meta.xml).
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
   Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:

     The zip file contains a shapefile and CSV file of bottom imagery locations and JPEG images of the sea floor collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management in 2011 in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, and the associated metadata. in format Shapefile (version Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1) Shapefile Size: 2817.6

     Network links:

     https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/data/imagery/2011-015-FA_photos.zip https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/

     Data format:

     The zip file contains a shapefile and CSV file of bottom imagery locations and JPEG images of the sea floor collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management in 2011 in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, and the associated metadata. in format CSV (version Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac) Comma Separated Value (CSV) text file Size: 2817.6

     Network links:

     https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/data/imagery/2011-015-FA_photos.zip https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/

     Data format:

     The zip file contains a shapefile and CSV file of bottom imagery locations and JPEG images of the sea floor collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center and Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management in 2011 in Cape Cod Bay, Buzzards Bay, and Vineyard Sound; south of Martha's Vineyard; and south and east of Nantucket, Massachusetts, and the associated metadata. in format JPEG Size: 2817.6

     Network links:

     https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/data/imagery/2011-015-FA_photos.zip https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NVM https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2011-015-FA/

   • Cost to order the data: none

5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
   This zip file contains data available as a point shapefile, a CSV file, and JPEG image files. The user must have software capable of reading shapefile format to use the point shapefile. The CSV file can be read with a text editor. An image viewer can be used to see the JPEG images.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 12-Jul-2024

Metadata author:

Emily Huntley

U.S. Geological Survey

Geographer/Database Specialist

384 Woods Hole Rd.

Woods Hole, MA

USA

508-548-8700 (voice)

508-457-2310 (FAX)

whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov

Contact_Instructions:

The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240318)

Metadata standard:

FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)