Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Bathymetry within the inner shelf of Long Bay, South Carolina collected by the USGS, 1999-2003 (BATHY, Grid) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2005-1346 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051346 Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1346/html/gis.html Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1346/arcgis/bathy/bathy_grd.zip Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Baldwin, W.E. Originator: Denny, J.F. Originator: Schwab, W.C. Originator: Gayes, P.T. Originator: Morton, R.A. Originator: Driscoll, N.W. Publication_Date: 2007 Title: Geologic Framework Studies of South Carolina's Long Bay from Little River Inlet to Winyah Bay, 1999-2003; geospatial data release Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2005-1346 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1346/ Description: Abstract: In 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium, began a study to investigate processes affecting shoreline change along the northern coast of South Carolina, focusing on the Grand Strand region. Previous work along the U.S. Atlantic coast shows that the structure and composition of older geologic strata located seaward of the coast heavily influences the coastal behavior of areas with limited sediment supply, such as the Grand Strand. By defining this geologic framework and identifying the transport pathways and sinks of sediment, geoscientists are developing conceptual models of the present-day physical processes shaping the South Carolina coast. The primary objectives of this research effort are: 1) to provide a regional synthesis of the shallow geologic framework underlying the coastal upland, shoreface and inner continental shelf, and define its role in coastal evolution and modern beach behavior; 2) to identify and model the physical processes affecting coastal ocean circulation and sediment transport, and to define their role in shaping the modern shoreline; and 3) to identify sediment sources and transport pathways; leading to construction of a regional sediment budget. Purpose: This data set contains swath bathymetric data collected between 1999 and 2003. These data are used to define the sea-floor morphology offshore of the Grand Strand, South Carolina. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19991029 Ending_Date: 20030521 Currentness_Reference: ground condition of several individual surveys: 19991029 to 19991112, 20000313 to 20000330, 20010501 to 20010515, 20020502 to 20020508, 20020603 to 20020618, 20030501 to 20030521. Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -79.177101 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -78.502832 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 33.876654 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 33.144166 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:503cd574-8c2d-453c-af8c-89b118f7427b Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHSC Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: bathymetry Theme_Keyword: swath bathymetry Theme_Keyword: interferometry Theme_Keyword: sea-floor morphology Theme_Keyword: ArcRaster grid Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 00014 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 01008 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 02011 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 02014 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 03009 Theme_Keyword: WHSC field activity serial number 99044 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: bathymetry and elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: interferometric sonar Theme_Keyword: bathymetry measurement Theme_Keyword: bathymetry Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: South Carolina Place_Keyword: Grand Strand Place_Keyword: Long Bay Place_Keyword: North Myrtle Beach Place_Keyword: Myrtle Beach Place_Keyword: Surfside Place_Keyword: Garden City Place_Keyword: Pawleys Island Place_Keyword: Waites Island Place_Keyword: Southeast United States Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: These data are NOT to be used for navigation purposes. Mariners should refer to the appropriate nautical chart. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1346/images/bathy_grd.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: color coded image of bathymetry Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.780 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: These data are internally consistent and have been compared to multibeam and single-beam bathymetric surveys to check for accuracy. Any differences between this bathymetric data set and others were determined to be within acceptable error given the inherent differences in the various bathymetric data sets (i.e. acquisition system, mode of navigation, density of point, and or swath bathymetry). Logical_Consistency_Report: These data were checked for consistency by plotting the point data with the contoured surface and eliminating spurious and anomalous soundings. All data were acquired with an SEA, ltd SwathPlus interferometric sonar (234 kHz). Completeness_Report: Complete Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: DGPS is assumed to be accurate within 1-2 meters. Standard GPS is assumed accurate within 5-10 meters. 99% of the positional data is DGPS. Unless noted, all GPS/DGPS data is referenced to WGS84 (NAD83). The configuration of the fathometer is as follows: The fathometer is mounted on either the port or starboard side of the vessel. Offset between the sidemount and GPS antennae is measured. No measurements were taken of ship's pitch, yaw, heave, or change in draft due to water and fuel usage. Motion of the fathometer is not measured. Horizontal accuracy of the fathometer is assumed to be within 3 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Ship motion was recorded with a TSS DMS 2-05 Attitude Sensor, mounted directly above the SEA SwathPlus transducers. Navigation was recorded using a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The interferometric sonar is an angle-measuring system; depth accuracy decreases with increasing horizontal range. The combined angular accuracy of the SwathPlus system and the TSS DMS 2-05 attitude sensor is documented as 0.1 degrees. Assuming a constant angular accuracy, and using the International Hydrographic Standard (IHO) of a required 0.3 meter accuracy in < 30 meter water depth, all data collected within the survey fall within the IHO accuracy standards. However, vertical accuracy is also directly affected by the accuracy of both the navigation system and tidal measurements. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Bathymetric data were corrected for variations in the speed of sound throughout the water column; sound velocity profiles were acquired throughout the survey area using an Applied MicroSystems SVPlus Sound Velocimeter. These data were downloaded and reformatted to the required format needed for use within University of New Brunswick's Ocean Mapping Group (OMG) SwathEd multibeam processing software. The raw Submetrix 2000 Series data were "unraveled" and reformatted into the OMG format. This process creates several files on disk: 1) bathymetric soundings 2) raw sidescan-sonar backscatter 3) navigation 4) parameter files describing the configuration of the system (i.e. offsets between motion reference unit and GPS antenna, etc). This process also incorporates the sound velocity profiles in order to properly trace the rays given the structure of the water column. Process_Date: 2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The OMG formatted bathymetric data were then graphically edited using the SwathEd multibeam processing software. This enabled editing on a "ping-by-ping" basis, both in the across- and along-track dimension. Spurious or erroneous data were removed. The navigation data were also graphically examined for each line of data. Process_Date: 2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Navigation data output during the unravel were reformatted for entry into MATLAB. The time of day and position were used to extract the tidal elevation from within the ADCIRC circulation model. The ADCIRC circulation model is referenced to Mean Sea Level. Verified tidal data from the NOAA tidal gauge at SpringMaid Pier, SC were downloaded, referenced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). A low-pass filter was applied to the NOAA tide data; the residual was assumed to represent the wind component of sea surface elevations. Tidal elevation (output from ADCIRC) and wind component (NOAA tide station) represent total variation in surface elevations. These data were then written to an ASCII file and reformatted to OMG format for use within SwathEd. The tidal data were then written into the headers of the OMG formatted files, using the 'mergedTide' command. (SwathEd Commands: binTide -year XXX adcirc_wind.txt tide.bin mergeTide -tide tide.bin *.merged ) SwathEd Software was used to grid the bathymetric data at 20 m grid cell size utilizing the 'weigh_grid' command. weigh_grid -omg -butter -power 2 -cutoff 10 -lambda 2.5 Grid *.merged The gridded data were then viewed using the SwathEd Jview Command. The PatchTool was used to assess the roll misalignment of the data; slight roll misalignment artifacts were visible in the gridded data. The PatchTool is a QC tool to assess the degree to which the head (transducers and MRU) needs to be 'rolled' to achieve the proper alignment. QC was also preformed on the navigation. Edits were made as necessary. After the needed adjustments were recorded, the configuration and navigation were remerged with the OMG bathymetric data using the mergeNav and mergeAtt commands. mergeNav -use_params 0 -nav *.nav -swath *.merged) The remerged data were regridded for a second round of QC. The roll misalignment artifacts were no longer visible in the gridded data. The bathymetric data to this point have been edited, navigation, edited, tidal elevations relative to MLLW incorporated in the data, sound velocity corrections applied, and roll misalignment rectified. Next the data need to be interpolated to generate a continuous bathymetric surface. The SwathEd 'make_blank' command was used to generate a 20 meter grid for the survey area. The OMG formatted bathymetric files were then written into the 20 meter grid using the 'weigh_grid' command. Due to noise within the far range of the sonar signal, the 'max_incidence' parameter was used. This essentially limits the across track data range of the data; thus elimination noise. (weigh_grid -omg -butter -power 2 -cutoff 20 -lambda 10 -max_incidence 60 Grid *.merged) The 20 meter gridded data were then exported to an xyz ASCII file. (r4toASCII -utm -merid -81 20m_grd 20m.xyz) Process_Date: 2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The 20m xyz ASCII data were then imported into Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS). A spline with tension and directionality interpolation routine was used in order to generate a continuous bathymetric surface from the interferometric sonar data. After many iterations, the gridding parameters resulting in a gridded dataset with the least amount of visible artifacts were as follows: s.surf.rst input=20m.xyz elev=grid100m field=1 tension=200 dmin=20 theta=45 scalex=0.5 smooth=2 A smoothing filter (comparable to a median/mean filter) was applied to the dataset. Process_Date: 2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: The final grid was then exported as an ESRI Binary Grid. r.out.arc in=grid100m out=grid100m.asc The exported data were then imported to ArcGIS 9.0 using the ASCIItoGRID command. The projection was then defined: UTM, zone 17 projection, WGS84 Ellipsoid. Process_Date: 2004 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jdenny@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Edits to the metadata were made to fix any errors that MP v 2.9.32 flagged. This is necessary to enable the metadata to be successfully harvested for various data catalogs. In some cases, this meant adding text "Information unavailable" or "Information unavailable from original metadata" for those required fields that were left blank. Other minor edits were probably performed (title, publisher, publication place, etc.). An online link was changed to point to pubs.usgs.gov. Date range format had to be fixed. The distribution format name was modified in an attempt to be more consistent with other metadata files of the same data format. The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. Process_Date: 20160627 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. Process_Date: 20170214 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alan O. Allwardt Contact_Position: Contractor -- Information Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7551 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aallwardt@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata. Process_Date: 20191118 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200908 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 800 Column_Count: 610 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 17 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -81.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 100.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 100.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean lower low water Depth_Resolution: 1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Explicit depth coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Although all data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and/or related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: AIG Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.0 Format_Specification: ESRI Grid File Format_Information_Content: Grid containing swath bathymetric data collected offshore of the Grand Strand, SC File_Decompression_Technique: zip archive Transfer_Size: 0.4 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1346/arcgis/bathy/bathy_grd.zip Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the World Wide Web (WWW) Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Recording_Capacity: Recording_Density: 4.75 Recording_Density_Units: Gbytes Recording_Format: UDF Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: These data are available in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Raster GRID format. The user must have software capable of importing and processing the data file. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211111 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Jane Denny Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2311 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the metadata contact is no longer with the USGS Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None