U.S. Geological Survey
2011
BS_Q08.TIF - Bering Sea U.S. EEZ GLORIA sidescan-sonar data mosaic (8 of 30) (LCC, 50 m, Clarke1866)
1.0
remote-sensing image
Open-File Report
2010-1332
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Menlo Park, CA
U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101332
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/htmldocs/bs/bs_indexmap.html
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/bering_sea/bs_q08.zip
Valerie F. Paskevich
Florence L. Wong
John J. O'Malley
Andrew J. Stevenson
Christina E. Gutmacher
2011
GLORIA Sidescan-Sonar Imagery for Parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Adjacent Areas
1.0
Open-File Report
2010-1332
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/
In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology, launched a program using the Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) sidescan-sonar system to study the entire U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). From 1986 through 1989, the USGS and IOS (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.) scientists conducted several surveys within the U.S. EEZ off Alaska. Four surveys during that time period (1986-1987) focused on the Bering Sea region. The results of these surveys were 30 digital mosaics of a 3 degree by 2 degree area with a 50-meter pixel resolution.
This remote sensing image of the seafloor is 8 of 30 mosaics created from the Bering Sea U.S. EEZ GLORIA sidescan-sonar data.
19860706
19870728
ground condition with the following date ranges: 19860706 to 19860728, 19860806 to 19860901, 19860903 to 19860930, and 19870628 to 19870728
None planned
173.536697
177.296106
57.173676
54.817359
USGS Metadata Identifier
USGS:0135be63-37f0-4c5d-8155-915fadbfae5e
None
U.S. Geological Survey
USGS
Coastal and Marine Geology Program
CMGP
Western Coastal and Marine Geology
WCMG
Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic
GLORIA
GeoTIFF image
grey scale image
backscatter
acoustic reflectivity
marine geology
sidescan-sonar mosaic
Exclusive Economic Zone
EEZ
Infobank identifier F-2-86-BS
Infobank identifier F-3-86-BS
Infobank identifier F-4-86-BS
Infobank identifier F-1-87-BS
ISO 19115 Topic Category
oceans
geoscientificInformation
imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keywords, Version 6.0.0.0.0
Oceans > Ocean Acoustics > Acoustic Reflectivity
NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS
GLORIA > Geological Long-Range Inclined ASDIC
SIDE-SCAN SONAR
Data Categories for Marine Planning
distributions
physical habitats and geomorphology
Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords
seabed
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
sidescan sonar
marine geophysics
USGS Thesaurus
sidescan sonar
image mosaics
marine geophysics
sea-floor characteristics
sea-floor acoustic reflectivity
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS)
Marine Oceanic
Continental/Island Rise
Continental/Island Slope
Marine Basin Floor
None
Alaska
Bering Sea
Bowers Ridge
Aleutian Basin
Umnak Plateau
Zhemchug Canyon
Pribilof Canyon
Little Sitkin Island
Semisopochnoi Island
Aleutian Ridge
Bering Fan
Bering Channel
Bering Canyon
Beringian margin
Buldir Island
Attu Island
Agattu Island
Shemya Island
NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Place Keywords
Ocean > Pacific Ocean
Ocean > Pacific Ocean > North Pacific Ocean
Ocean > Pacific Ocean > North Pacific Ocean > Bering Sea
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS)
Aleutian Islands Ecoregion
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS)
Substrate
None
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.
U.S. Geological Survey
Florence Wong
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5327
(650) 329-5198
fwong@usgs.gov
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/bering_sea/browse/bs_q08-thumb.gif
Thumbnail image showing an overview of the Bering Sea U.S. EEZ GLORIA mosaic 8.
GIF
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/bering_sea/browse/bs_q08.gif
Browse image showing an overview of the Bering Sea U.S. EEZ GLORIA mosaic 8.
GIF
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) must be referenced as the originator of the dataset in any future products or research derived from these data.
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535
EEZ-SCAN Scientific Staff
1991
Atlas of the Exclusive Economic Zone, Bering Sea
Miscellaneous Investigation Series
I-2053
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
145 p.
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i2053
J.V. Gardner (editor)
M.E. Field (editor)
D.C. Twichell (editor)
1996
Geology of the United States Seafloor: The View from GLORIA
Cambridge, U.K.
Cambridge University Press
P.S. Chavez Jr.
1986
Processing Techniques for Digital Sonar Images from GLORIA
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
Vol. 52, No. 8, August 1986, p. 1133-1145
Falls Church, VA 22046
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
P.S. Chavez Jr.
1984
U.S. Geological Survey mini image processing system (MIPS)
Open-File Report
88-880
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr84880
All data used to produce the composite mosaic were collected using the 6.5 kHz GLORIA sidescan-sonar system. Data used in this mosaic were acquired using a 45-km total swath width.
All available imagery were used to create this mosaic.
Primary navigational control for this survey was by Loran-C supplemented by satellite navigation. Accuracy of location of the navigation fixes is estimated to be better than 100 meters. The positional accuracy of features in the image mosaics was affected by the digital production of the mosaics. However, we believe that the accuracy of the technique is within the accuracy of the navigation data.
U.S. Geological Survey
unknown
Not available from original metadata file
digital tape media
19860706
19870728
ground condition with the following date ranges: 19860706 to 19860728, 19860806 to 19860901, 19860903 to 19860930, and 19870628 to 19870728
GLORIA pass data
GLORIA data were logged to magnetic tape in 6-hour portions referred to as "passes". Each completed pass contained a maximum 720 "lines" of data at the usual 30-second pulse repetition rate. Each line consisted of a 1024 byte record that contained the port and starboard returns from a single ping as well as header information. These "passes" contained geometric and radiometric distortions which had to be corrected before they could be digitally mosaicked.
The GLORIA "passes" necessary to complete the mosaic were retrieved from magnetic tape. Navigation data were merged into the individual "passes" to update the header information with depth and location coordinates.
GLORIA pass data
1989
"pass".mrg
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
Slant-Range correction, the first of two geometric corrections, were applied to the "passes". Slant-range error is mislocation of pixels in the cross-track direction compared to their proper location on a map. This error occurs due to the way that the sidescan-sonar senses distance to a target. After the slant-range correction has been made, the across-track location of targets is accurate.
"pass".mrg
1989
"pass".slr
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
A series of radiometric corrections were then applied to the "passes". The first enhancement was used to correct for shading problems that occur in the across-track direction and are a function of attenuation in range distance and transmitter power build-up.
"pass".slr
1989
"pass".shd
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The next radiometric enhancement was applied in a two-part filtering process to remove the striped noise that can be found in side-scan sonar image in the across-track direction. The noise was removed by applying two separate boxcar filters: (1) a high-pass filter that will contain the high-frequency component of the image without the noise; and (2) a low-pass filter that will include the low-frequency component of the image without the noise.
"pass".shd
1989
"pass".hpf
"pass".lpf
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The two filtered images were combined to recreate an image similar to the original but without the noise.
"pass".lpf
"pass".hpf
1989
"pass".wco
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The second geometric correction, aspect-ratio distortion, was applied to the "passes". The aspect-ratio distortion was removed by using the navigation data to compute the distance traveled by the ship. Given the distance traveled, the number of pixels (each representing 50 m) required along the particular segment was calculated. The original pixels were then duplicated the appropriate number of times to fill the space with 50-meter pixels and thus achieve a 1:1 ratio between along-track and across-track distances. The practice of duplication to create a square 50-meter pixel size was followed so that information in the across-track direction would not have to be omitted.
"pass".wco
1989
"pass".vel
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The final enhancement, a 2 by 2 low-pass filter for smoothing the images, was applied to the "passes". Because the delta velocity correction typically stretches the imagery 1:2.5 times, a 2 by 2 low-pass filter is applied to the image to smooth and reduce the blockiness that results from the line duplication. The 2 by 2 low-pass filter smoothes out the blockiness introduced into the image without over smoothing and blurring the image.
"pass".vel
1989
"pass".2b2
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
After the geometric and radiometric corrections were applied, the data were ready for the digital mosaicking. The necessary segments of processed data, each representing about 6-hours of data acquisition, were spliced end-to-end to make continuous swaths for portions of the tracklines where the ship's heading remained generally constant and passed through the mosaic area. The segments were tone-matched by adjusting the average brightness to minimize the tonal contrast at the seams where they were joined. Latitude, longitude, and heading were determined along the trackline of each continuous segment of data at the start, end, and two intermediate points. These four control points, with eight additional points that were computed for the edges of the image segment, were used to position the segment within the map grid.
"pass".2b2
1989
bs_q08_line"n"
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
When the individual trackline segments had been georeferenced, the next step was to digitally stencil the segments to remove unwanted data (i.e. noise). Interactively, a line was drawn on a video display outlining the portion of each image segment to be retained while comparing it to adjacent segments. Then all pixels outside the area enclosed by the line were converted to zero values, thereby retaining only that portion of the image desired. Finally, each stenciled segment was mosaicked to adjacent segments, sequentially building the composite map. In this way a digital file was created with the desired map projection for each imagery sheet (mosaic).
bs_q08_line"n"
1989
bs_q08.bin
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The completed mosaic, in a raw binary format, was converted to an ArcInfo BIL format file.
bs_q08.bin
1989
bs_q08.bil
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
The binary image files of the GLORIA mosaics were imported into an ArcMap map allowing the images to be georeferenced. ArcGIS 9.2
bs_q08.bil
200710
bs_q08.bil
U.S. Geological Survey
John O'Malley
GIS Specialist
mailing and physical address
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
USA
(508) 548-8700 x2340
(508) 457-2310
jomalley@usgs.gov
The GLORIA image was exported from the bil file format to a GeoTIFF image file format. ArcGIS 9.2
bs_q08.bil
200710
bs_q08.tif
U.S. Geological Survey
John O'Malley
GIS Specialist
mailing and physical address
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
USA
(508) 548-8700 x2340
(508) 457-2310
jomalley@usgs.gov
The image was modified to flood-fill the background 0 (black) data value to 255 (white). After modification, the header portion of the image was updated to restore the georeferencing information. An ESRI world file was generated using GeoTIFF tools, listgeo.exe.
bs_q08.tif
200710
bs_q08.tif
bs_q08.tfw
U.S. Geological Survey
John O'Malley
GIS Specialist
mailing and physical address
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
USA
(508) 548-8700 x2340
(508) 457-2310
jomalley@usgs.gov
Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog.
20170105
U.S. Geological Survey
Alan O. Allwardt
Contractor -- Information Specialist
mailing and physical address
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz
CA
95060
831-460-7551
831-427-4748
aallwardt@usgs.gov
Added keywords from Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to metadata.
20180426
U.S. Geological Survey
Alan O. Allwardt
Contractor -- Information Specialist
mailing and physical address
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz
CA
95060
831-460-7551
831-427-4748
aallwardt@usgs.gov
Edits to the metadata were made to fix any errors that MP v 2.9.46 flagged. This is necessary to enable the metadata to be successfully harvested for various data catalogs. In some cases, this meant adding text "Information unavailable" or "Information unavailable from original metadata" for those required fields that were left blank. Other minor edits were probably performed (title, publisher, publication place, etc.). Added a landing page link as the first link in the identification section. Fixed the date format in the time period of content. Removed LIDAR bounding coordinates - an artifact of Esri and MP processing. Attempted to modify http to https where appropriate. Added a cross-reference online link. The source information was incomplete and had to be modified to meet the standard. The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent.
20180503
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata.
20191118
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.
20200908
U.S. Geological Survey
VeeAnn A. Cross
Marine Geologist
Mailing and Physical
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
508-548-8700 x2251
508-457-2310
vatnipp@usgs.gov
Raster
Pixel
4814
4185
1
Lambert Conformal Conic
59.000000
50.000000
-177.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
row and column
50.000000
50.000000
meters
North American Datum of 1927
Clarke 1866
6378206.400000
294.978698
There are no attributes associated with a GeoTIFF image. Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values), and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). These data have NOT been radiometrically enhanced.
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
345 Middlefield Road MS 999
Menlo Park
CA
94025
USA
(650) 329-5078
(650) 329-5190
Downloadable Data
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
TIFF
Not available from original metadata
GeoTIFF
A zip archive containing the GeoTIFF image, world file, browse graphics and metadata files.
zip archive
11.0
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/bering_sea/bs_q08.zip
Data are available for download on the World Wide Web (WWW).
DVD-ROM
4.75
Gbytes
UDF
None
The sidescan-sonar mosaic is available as a GeoTIFF image with accompanying world file and georeference report. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. If the georeferencing information cannot be imported, the user may wish to obtain the georeference information contained in a separate file included in the zip file.
U.S. Geological Survey
mailing and physical address
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
USA
(508) 548-8700
(508) 457-2310
Downloadable Data
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
TIFF
Not available from original metadata
GeoTIFF
A zip archive containing the GeoTIFF image, world file, browse graphics and metadata files.
zip archive
11.0
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/bering_sea/bs_q08.zip
Data are available for download on the World Wide Web (WWW).
None
The sidescan-sonar mosaic is available as a GeoTIFF image with accompanying world file and georeference report. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. If the georeferencing information cannot be imported, the user may wish to view the georeference information contained in a separate file included in the zip file.
20211116
U.S. Geological Survey
Valerie Paskevich
Information Specialist / GIS Coordinator, retired
mailing and physical address
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole
MA
02543-1598
USA
(508) 548-8700 x2281
(508) 457-2310
whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the metadata contact is no longer with the USGS or the email is otherwise invalid.
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998
local time
None
None