Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2011 Title: KP_250M_LCC_WGS84.TIF - Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA sidescan-sonar composite mosaic (LCC, 250 m, WGS84) Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2010-1332 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Menlo Park, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101332 Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/htmldocs/kp/kp_indexmap.html Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/kingman_palmyra/composite/kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.zip Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Valerie F. Paskevich Originator: Florence L. Wong Originator: John J. O'Malley Originator: Andrew J. Stevenson Originator: Christina E. Gutmacher Publication_Date: 2011 Title: GLORIA Sidescan-Sonar Imagery for Parts of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Adjacent Areas Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2010-1332 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/ Description: Abstract: In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Office of Marine Geology, launched a program using the Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA) sidescan-sonar system to study the entire U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). For a one month period beginning 24 February 1991 and finishing on 25 March 1991, USGS and IOS (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, U.K.) scientists conducted a single survey within the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ. The survey focused on the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll. Unfortunately, the southwestern third of this EEZ was not imaged. The results of this single survey was 7 digital mosaics with a 50-meter pixel resolution. Purpose: This remote sensing image of the sea-floor is a reduced-resolution (250-meter) composite mosaic of the 7 mosaics created from the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA sidescan-sonar data. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19910224 Ending_Date: 19910325 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -165.090721 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.405173 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 10.166229 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 4.183571 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:b9c0698e-7014-4ccb-a9dc-8e04188e47a7 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Western Coastal and Marine Geology Theme_Keyword: WCMG Theme_Keyword: Geological LOng-Range Inclined Asdic Theme_Keyword: GLORIA Theme_Keyword: GeoTIFF image Theme_Keyword: grey scale image Theme_Keyword: backscatter Theme_Keyword: acoustic reflectivity Theme_Keyword: marine geology Theme_Keyword: sidescan-sonar mosaic Theme_Keyword: Exclusive Economic Zone Theme_Keyword: EEZ Theme_Keyword: field activity number F-3-91-CP Theme_Keyword: field activity identifier WESTPAC_GLORIA_LEG_2 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keywords, Version 6.0.0.0.0 Theme_Keyword: Oceans > Ocean Acoustics > Acoustic Reflectivity Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords Theme_Keyword: ACOUSTIC RECEIVERS Theme_Keyword: GLORIA > Geological Long-Range Inclined ASDIC Theme_Keyword: SIDE-SCAN SONAR Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: distributions Theme_Keyword: physical habitats and geomorphology Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) Keywords Theme_Keyword: seabed Theme_Keyword: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Theme_Keyword: sidescan sonar Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: sidescan sonar Theme_Keyword: image mosaics Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics Theme_Keyword: sea-floor acoustic reflectivity Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) Theme_Keyword: Marine Oceanic Theme_Keyword: Marine Basin Floor Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll Exclusive Economic Zone Place_Keyword: Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll EEZ Place_Keyword: Kingman Reef Place_Keyword: Palmyra Atoll Place_Keyword: Line Islands Place_Keyword: Line Islands Ridge Place_Keyword: Northern Line Islands Place_Keyword: Lee Seamount Place_Keyword: Lee Guyot Place_Keyword: Central Pacific Ocean Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Place Keyword Place_Keyword: Ocean > Pacific Ocean Place_Keyword: Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) Place_Keyword: Line Islands Ecoregion Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) Stratum_Keyword: Substrate Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Florence Wong Contact_Position: Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 345 Middlefield Road MS 999 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650) 329-5327 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650) 329-5198 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fwong@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/kingman_palmyra/composite/browse/kp_250m_lcc_wgs84-thumb.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Thumbnail image showing an overview of the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA composite mosaic. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/kingman_palmyra/composite/browse/kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse image showing an overview of the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA composite mosaic. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Data_Set_Credit: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) must be referenced as the originator of the dataset in any future products or research derived from these data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.0.0.535 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: P.S. Chavez Jr. Publication_Date: 1986 Title: Processing Techniques for Digital Sonar Images from GLORIA Series_Information: Series_Name: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Issue_Identification: Vol. 52, No. 8, August 1986, p. 1133-1145 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Falls Church, VA 22046 Publisher: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: P.S. Chavez Jr. Publication_Date: 1984 Title: U.S. Geological Survey mini image processing system (MIPS) Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 84-880 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr84880 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: There are no attributes associated with a GEOTIFF image. Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable Completeness_Report: All available imagery were used to create this mosaic. Data were acquired during three cruises using the 6.5 kHz GLORIA sidescan-sonar system and a 45 km total swath width. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Primary navigational control for this survey was by Loran-C supplemented by satellite navigation. Accuracy of location of the navigation fixes is estimated to be better than 100 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: unknown Title: Not available from original metadata file Type_of_Source_Media: disc Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 19910224 Ending_Date: 19910325 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA mosaics 1-7 Source_Contribution: The 7 completed 50-meter mosaics were combined to create an Lambert Conic Conformal (LCC) projection, 250-meter composite overview. Process_Step: Process_Description: An empty PCI database for the full extent of the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA was defined. The imagery database was defined with a Lambert Conic Conformal (LCC) projection at a resolution of 250-meters. Standard parallels of 10 and 4 and a central longitude of -161.75 were selected with a WGS84 spheroid/datum. Process_Date: 20071003 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.pix Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Valerie Paskevich Contact_Position: Information Specialist / GIS Coordinator, retired Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Process_Step: Process_Description: Using the PCI Geomatics tool GCPworks, the 7 individual 50-meter mosaics were combined to create a composite overview of the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ GLORIA data at a resolution of 250-meters. The individual full-resolution GLORIA mosaics with the white flood-filled background were mosaicked together to create a single reduced-resolution composite mosaic for the Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll U.S. EEZ. Individual mosaics were "dropped" into the composite database. No rubber sheeting or geometric corrections were applied to the mosaics. However, some mosaics were radiometrically enhanced to reduce the effect of the individual square boundaries and produce a more uniform overview image. The individual 7 mosaics were combined using a bi-linear resampling mode to reduce noise and blockiness. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q01.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q02.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q03.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q04.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q05.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q06.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_q07.tif Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.pix Process_Date: 20071003 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.pix Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Valerie Paskevich Contact_Position: Information Specialist / GIS Coordinator, retired Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Process_Step: Process_Description: The completed reduced 250-meter mosaic was exported from the PCI database as a GeoTIFF image with associated world file. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.pix Process_Date: 20071003 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.tif Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.tfw Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Valerie Paskevich Contact_Position: Information Specialist / GIS Coordinator, retired Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Process_Step: Process_Description: Keywords section of metadata optimized for discovery in USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Data Catalog. Process_Date: 20170105 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alan O. Allwardt Contact_Position: Contractor -- Information Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7551 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aallwardt@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords from Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) to metadata. Process_Date: 20180426 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Alan O. Allwardt Contact_Position: Contractor -- Information Specialist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7551 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: aallwardt@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Edits to the metadata were made to fix any errors that MP v 2.9.46 flagged. This is necessary to enable the metadata to be successfully harvested for various data catalogs. In some cases, this meant adding text "Information unavailable" or "Information unavailable from original metadata" for those required fields that were left blank. Other minor edits were probably performed (title, publisher, publication place, etc.). Added a landing page link as the first link in the identification section. Removed LIDAR bounding coordinates - an artifact of Esri and MP processing. Attempted to modify http to https where appropriate. Added a cross-reference online link. The source information was incomplete and had to be modified to meet the standard. The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent. Process_Date: 20180507 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata. Process_Date: 20191118 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Process_Date: 20200908 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Pixel Row_Count: 2639 Column_Count: 2931 Vertical_Count: 1 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Lambert Conformal Conic Lambert_Conformal_Conic: Standard_Parallel: 4.000000 Standard_Parallel: 10.000000 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -161.750000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 0.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 250.000000 Ordinate_Resolution: 250.000000 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: There are no attributes associated with a GEOTIFF image. Image pixel values contain acoustic reflectivity values normalized to an 8-bit data range (0-255). Low-backscatter is represented by dark tones (low values) and high-backscatter is represented by bright tones (high values). These data have NOT been radiometrically enhanced. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 345 Middlefield Road MS 999 City: Menlo Park State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 94025 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (650) 329-5078 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (650) 329-5190 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Version_Number: Not available from original metadata Format_Specification: GeoTIFF Format_Information_Content: A zip archive containing the GeoTIFF image, world file, browse graphics and metadata files. File_Decompression_Technique: zip archive Transfer_Size: 2.9 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/kingman_palmyra/composite/kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.zip Access_Instructions: Data are available for download on the World Wide Web (WWW). Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Recording_Capacity: Recording_Density: 4.75 Recording_Density_Units: Gbytes Recording_Format: UDF Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: The sidescan-sonar mosaic is available as a GeoTIFF image with accompanying world file and georeference report. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. If the georeferencing information cannot be imported, the user may wish to obtain the georeference information contained in a separate file included in the zip file. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Resource_Description: Downloadable Data Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: TIFF Format_Version_Number: Not available from original metadata Format_Specification: GeoTIFF Format_Information_Content: A zip archive containing the GeoTIFF image, world file, browse graphics and metadata files. File_Decompression_Technique: zip archive Transfer_Size: 2.9 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1332/gloria_data/kingman_palmyra/composite/kp_250m_lcc_wgs84.zip Access_Instructions: Data are available for download on the World Wide Web (WWW). Offline_Option: Offline_Media: DVD-ROM Recording_Capacity: Recording_Density: 4.75 Recording_Density_Units: Gbytes Recording_Format: UDF Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: The composite sidescan-sonar mosaic is available as a GEOTIFF image with accompanying world file and georeference report. To utilize this data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing or GIS software package capable of importing a GEOTIFF image. If the georeferencing information cannot be imported, the user may wish to view the georeference information contained in a separate file included in the zip file. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20211111 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Person: Valerie Paskevich Contact_Position: Information Specialist / GIS Coordinator, retired Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Road City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the metadata contact is no longer with the USGS Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time Metadata_Access_Constraints: None Metadata_Use_Constraints: None