Adjacent shoreline segments do not overlap and are not necessarily continuous. Shorelines were quality checked for accuracy. Any slight offsets between adjacent segments due to georeferencing and digitizing error are taken into account in the uncertainty calculations included in the corresponding report (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1189). These data contain some short line segments (less than 30 meters) that were part of how the data were originally compiled and are in fact continuous with other segments of a given shoreline.
This shoreline file is complete and contains all shoreline segments used to calculate shoreline change rates along sections of the North Shore B coastal region where shoreline position data were available. These data adequately represented the shoreline position at the time of the survey. Remaining gaps in these data, if applicable, are a consequence of non-existing data or existing data that did not meet quality assurance standards.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Applied Geographics Inc.
Originator: Photo Science, Inc. (renamed EarthData International)
Publication_Date: 19950730
Publication_Time: Unknown
Title: Statistical Analysis of Shoreline Change in Massachusetts
Edition: 1
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: 100 Franklin Street, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02110
Publisher: Applied Geographics Inc.
Online_Linkage: http://www.appgeo.com/homepage/header_source/proj_fr.html
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 19950508
Source_Currentness_Reference: 19950508
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Statistical Analysis of Shoreline Change in Massachusetts
Source_Contribution: Arc coverage of Massachusetts shorelines 1844-1978
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: National Ocean Services
Originator: Photo Science, Inc. (renamed EarthData International)
Publication_Date: 19970508
Publication_Time: unknown
Title: Massachusetts Coastal Orthophotographs
Edition: 1
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: 45 West Watkins Mill Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Publisher: Photo Science, Inc.
Online_Linkage: Not Available
Type_of_Source_Media: CD-ROM
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 19940901
Source_Currentness_Reference: Unknown
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Massachusetts Coastal Orthophotographs
Source_Contribution:
Full-color, digital orthophotographs were provided by MCZM on CD-ROM. The photos have a resolution of 1 meter per pixel. The aerial photography was flown in September/October 94 by the National Ocean Service (NOS photographic missions 94061, 94062, 94063, and 94064) at a nominal scale of 1:48,000. The photographs were scanned and orthorectified by EarthData International (Gaithersburg, MD) using camera station information supplied to EarthData by NOS. The CD-ROMs supplied by MCZM contained mosaicked orthophotos at 1-meter/pixel resolution, with boundaries corresponding to the existing MCZM shoreline change maps, as well as ArcInfo TIF World File (TFW) georeferencing information.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Shoreline data were sought in an effort to compile as many quality shorelines as possible for the region. Digital shorelines were acquired from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Massachusetts office of Coastal Zone Management (MA CZM). Historic shoreline positions obtained from USGS were projected in Esri's ArcToolbox (v.9.3)>Data Management Tools>Projections and Transformations>Feature>Project. Parameters: input projection = Geographic Coordinate System (WGS 1984); output projection = State Plane Massachusetts Mainland FIPS 2001 (NAD83); transformation = NAD_1983_To_WGS_1984_5.
All MA CZM shoreline data were appended to the USGS GreaterBoston_shorelines shapefile in ArcToolbox >Data Management Tools>General>Append and was renamed NorthShoreB_shorelines. The appended shoreline dataset was coded with the following attribute fields: ID, Route ID, Source, Date, Uncertainty (Uncy), Shape Length (Shape_Leng), Year, and Original ID.
This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person - Theresa Smith.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Theresa Smith
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Contract Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: theresasmith@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Redundant shorelines were eliminated from the appended dataset in an ArcMap v9.3 by selecting the area and comparing the year. Edits were checked for overlapping data and unnecessary gaps between adjacent shorelines. No edgematching between adjacent shorelines was attempted.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Vector high water line (HWL) 2008 and 2009 shorelines were digitized from 15 cm (2008) and 30 cm (2008/09) resolution, 4-band (RGB natural and IR) color orthophotographs using the sketch tool in ArcEditor/ArcMap v9.3. The shorelines were digitized at a scale of 1:300 for the 15 cm and 1:500 for the 30 cm orthophotos. The shorelines were delineated using the following indicators as proxies for the high water line, after Thieler and others (2001) and Boak and Turner (2005): 1) the previous high tide line seaward of the storm debris wrack line, as indicated by the tonal changes between wet and dry beach material (i.e., sand, gravel, cobble), a seaweed or debris line or a combination of both; 2) the high-tide wrack line, created when the high tide deposits seaweed and debris on the upper beach; 3) the vegetation change between Spartina patens in the upper marsh and Spartina alterniflora in the lower marsh, or the outer limits of emergent marsh vegetation (when vegetation types were not discernible); 4) the algal line on rocky outcrops, indicated by the tonal change between wet surfaces that host algae and dry surfaces with no algae; 5) the maximum wave runup limit at or near high tide indicated by the interface between the land and water; and 6) the interface between vertical seawalls/bulkheads and open water.
Boak, E.H., and Turner, I.L., 2005, Shoreline definition and detection: a review: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 21, n. 4, p. 688703.
Thieler, E.R., J.F. OConnell, and C.A. Schupp, 2001, The Massachusetts Shoreline Change Project: 1800s to 1994: USGS Administrative Report to the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA, 26 p. + Appendices.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The 2008 shorelines were appended to the NorthShoreB_Shorelines shapefile in ArcToolbox >Data Management Tools>General>Append to produce a single shoreline file for the North Shore B region.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The appended shorelines file was imported into a personal geodatabase in ArcCatalog v9.3 by right-clicking on the geodatabase > Import feature class. A topology was created for the shorelines feature class in ArcCatalog v9.3 by right clicking the feature dataset > new > topology and selecting the rule must not overlap. In ArcMap v9.3, the topology was verified and edited so that there were no overlapping shorelines of the same year using standard editing and topology tools.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The entire geodatabase was upgraded to v.10 by right-clicking on the geodatabase and choosing "Properties" from the pop-up window in ArcCatalog v.10. The "Upgrade Geodatabase" button was clicked at the bottom of the General tab in the Database Properties window, for use with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) v4.3 software to perform rate calculations.
Process_Date: 2012
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The shoreline feature class was exported from the personal geodatabase back to a shapefile in ArcCatalog v.10 by right-clicking on the shoreline file > Export > To Shapefile (single) for publication purposes.
Process_Date: 2012
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The exported shorelines shapefile was projected in Esri's ArcToolbox (v.10) > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Feature > Project. Parameters: input projection - NAD_1983_StatePlane_Massachusetts_Mainland_FIPS_2001; output projection - geographic coordinates (NAD83); transformation - none.
Process_Date: 2012
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Edits to the metadata were made to fix any errors that MP v 2.9.36 flagged. This is necessary to enable the metadata to be successfully harvested for various data catalogs. In some cases, this meant adding text "Information unavailable" or "Information unavailable from original metadata" for those required fields that were left blank. Other minor edits were probably performed (title, publisher, publication place, etc.). Attempted to modify http to https where appropriate. Added a landing page link as the first link in the identification section. Fixed online link to DSAS cross-reference. The distribution format name was modified in an attempt to be more consistent with other metadata files of the same data format. The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent.
Process_Date: 20171012
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description: USGS Thesaurus keywords added to the keyword section.
Process_Date: 20180720
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata.
Process_Date: 20191118
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.
Process_Date: 20200908
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov