Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: Stephen R. Hartwell
        Originator: Dana K. Wingfield
        Originator: Alan O. Allwardt
        Originator: Frances L. Lightsom
        Originator: Florence L. Wong
        Publication_Date: 2018
        Title: Polygons of global undersea features for geographic searches
        Edition: version 1.1
        Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data, linked data
        Publication_Information:
          Publication_Place: Reston, VA
          Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
        Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141040
        Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/
    Description:
      Abstract:
        A shapefile of 311 undersea features from all major oceans and seas has been created as an aid for retrieving georeferenced information resources. Version 1.1 of the data set also includes a linked data representation of 299 of these features and their spatial extents. The geographic extent of the data set is 0 degrees E to 0 degrees W longitude and 75 degrees S to 90 degrees N latitude.

        Many of the undersea features (UF) in the shapefile were selected from a list assembled by Weatherall and Cramer (2008) in a report from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) to the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN). Annex II of the Weatherall and Cramer report (p. 20-22) lists 183 undersea features that "may need additional points to define their shape" and includes online links to additional BODC documents providing coordinate pairs sufficient to define detailed linestrings for these features. For the first phase of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project, Wingfield created polygons for 87 of the undersea features on the BODC list, using the linestrings as guides; the selected features were primarily ridges, rises, trenches, fracture zones, basins, and seamount chains. In the second phase of the USGS project, Wingfield and Hartwell created polygons for an additional 224 undersea features, mostly basins, abyssal plains, and fracture zones.

        Because USGS is a Federal agency, the attribute tables follow the conventions of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) GEOnet Names Server (http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/).
      Purpose:
        These polygons are provided as criteria for selecting georeferenced data from other databases. The precision of geographic searches in any system that employs these polygons will depend on the nature of the search algorithm.

        This information is not intended for navigational purposes.

        These data are intended for science researchers, students, policymakers, and the general public. The shapefile can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) software to display geologic and oceanographic information. The linked data representation can be incorporated in a triple store that supports GeoSPARQL queries.
      Supplemental_Information:
        U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spatial Extents for Marine Gazetteers project.

        Project Leaders:

        Frances L. Lightsom, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (flightsom@usgs.gov)

        Alan O. Allwardt, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP), Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (aallwardt@usgs.gov)

        Project background:

        Gazetteers of terrestrial and marine regions, including the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), GEOnet Names Server (GNS), GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, and VLIZ Marine Gazetteer (VLIMAR), generally provide single-point locations or rectangular bounding boxes for named features, because the primary function of these gazetteers is to standardize geographic name usage. Many geospatial information services, however, would be improved if the authoritative place names from these gazetteers were associated with polygons representing the actual spatial extents of the features in question.

        The USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) has created and compiled polygons to facilitate the retrieval of georeferenced information resources related to named oceans and seas, undersea features, coastal features and waterways, and relevant administrative areas including the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) counties. Geospatial information systems with the capability for searching user-defined, polygonal geographic areas will be able to utilize these shapefiles or secondary products derived from them, such as linked data based on well-known text (WKT) representations of the individual polygons within the shapefiles.

        Several USGS information systems could benefit from these CMGP products:

        1. USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov>

        2. USGS Science Data Catalog <https://data.usgs.gov/datacatalog/>

        3. USGS Publications Warehouse <https://pubs.er.usgs.gov>

        4. ScienceBase <https://www.sciencebase.gov/>

        In this context, the primary purpose of including spatial extents for the place names in a gazetteer is to assist information retrieval rather than to establish precise boundaries.

        Planned project products, compiled for incorporation into gazetteers:

        1. Major ocean and sea boundaries (as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization and VLIMAR), incorporated into USGS gazetteers.

        2. Defined spatial extents for high-priority undersea features, incorporated into the GEBCO Gazetteer (in collaboration with Lisa A. Taylor and John C. Cartwright, NOAA).

        3. Spatial extents of named high-priority U.S. coastal features and waterways, incorporated into an authoritative gazetteer.

        4. Spatial extents of relevant U.S. administrative areas, such as Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) counties (Hartwell and others, 2013).

        Project results:

        The project will improve communication about coastal and marine activities and enhance usability and interoperability of geospatial data services. The project will lay a foundation for future improvements by demonstrating formats and systems that can be used for incorporating additional spatial extents into marine gazetteers.

        Project outcome:

        People will be more successful in using familiar place names when they are looking for USGS projects and information, and other federally funded geospatial information, about coastal and offshore features.

        Project objective:

        To generate a set of databases, in a standard format, that use polygons to define the spatial extents of named oceans and seas, undersea features, coastal features and waterways, and relevant administrative areas.

        Glossary of terms, acronyms, and abbreviations:

        >       ACUF           - U.S. BGN Advisory Committee on Undersea Features
        >                            <http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/acuf.html>
        >       BGN            - U.S. Board on Geographic Names
        >                            <https://geonames.usgs.gov/>
        >       BODC           - British Oceanographic Data Centre
        >                            <https://www.bodc.ac.uk/>
        >       CMGDS          - USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System
        >                            <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/>
        >       CMGP           - USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
        >                            <https://marine.usgs.gov/>
        >       GAZ            - gazetteer
        >       GEBCO          - General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (IHO-IOC)
        >                            <https://www.gebco.net/>
        >       GIS            - geographic information system
        >       GMIS           - USGS Geospatial Management Information System (USGS Intranet)
        >       GNIS           - Geographic Names Information System
        >                            <https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/>
        >       GNS            - GEOnet Names Server
        >                            <http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/>
        >       IHO            - International Hydrographic Organization
        >                            <http://www.iho.int/>
        >       IOC            - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO)
        >                            <http://ioc-unesco.org/>
        >       Linestring       - (aka polyline) an open graphic element composed of straight-line segments connected at the vertices.
        >       NGA            - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
        >                            <https://www.nga.mil/>
        >       NOAA           - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
        >                            <https://www.noaa.gov/>
        >       Polygon        - a closed graphic element composed of straight-line segments connected at the vertices.
        >       SCUFN          - GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names
        >                            <https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/undersea_feature_names/>
        >       Shapefile      - geospatial vector data format that describes geometries as points, linestrings, and polygons (see above). A single shapefile may contain multiple features of the same geometry (several individual polygons, for instance).
        >       UF             - undersea feature
        >       UNESCO         - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
        >                            <https://en.unesco.org/>
        >       USGS           - U.S. Geological Survey
        >                            <https://www.usgs.gov/>
        >       VLIMAR         - VLIZ Marine Gazetteer (now incorporated in the Marine Regions website)
        >                            <http://www.marineregions.org/>
        >       VLIZ           - Flanders Marine Institute
        >                            <http://www.vliz.be/en>
        >       WKT            - well-known text, a markup language for vector geometry objects
        >                            <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text>

        References:

        Aguirre-Bielschowsky, I., Ledesma-Vazquez, J., Daessle, L.W., and Rendon-Marquez, G., 2007, Insights into the formation of San Clemente Basin, off Baja California, Mexico -- Lithological observations and geochemistry of marine minerals: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 25, p. 119-128.

        Allison, E., and Ledbetter, M.T., 1982, Timing of bottom-water scour recorded by sedimentological parameters in the South Australian Basin: Marine Geology, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 131-147.

        Altis, S., 1999, Origin and tectonic evolution of the Caroline Ridge and the Sorol Trough, western tropical Pacific, from admittance and a tectonic modeling analysis: Tectonophysics, v. 313, no. 3, p. 271-292.

        Anderson, J.B., Wright, R., and Andrews, B., 1986, Weddell Fan and associated abyssal plain, Antarctica -- Morphology, sediment processes, and factors influencing sediment supply: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 6, no. 3, p. 121-129.

        Barton, E.D., and Hill, A.E., 1989, Abyssal flow through the Amirante Trench (western Indian Ocean): Deep-Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1121-1126.

        Baum, S.K., 2004, Glossary of physical oceanography and related disciplines: College Station, Tex., Texas A&M University, 539 p., available online at <http://pong.tamu.edu/~baum/paleo/ocean/ocean.html> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Bergantino, R.N., 1971, Submarine regional geomorphology of the Gulf of Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 3, p. 741-752.

        Bohannon, R.G., and Gardner, J.V., 2004, Submarine landslides of San Pedro Escarpment, southwest of Long Beach, California: Marine Geology, v. 203, no. 3-4, p. 261-268.

        Bouma, A., Stelting, C., and Coleman, J., 1984, Mississippi Fan -- Internal structure and depositional processes: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 147-153.

        Bracey, D.R., and Andrews, J.E., 1974, Western Caroline Ridge -- Relic island arc?: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 2, no. 2, p. 111-125.

        Butman, B., Middleton, T.J., Thieler, E.R., and Schwab, W.C., 2003, Topography, shaded relief, and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Shelf Valley, offshore of New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-372, 13 p.

        Butman, B., Twichell, D.C., Rona, P.A., Tucholke, B.E., Middleton, T.J., and Robb, J.M., 2006, Sea floor topography and backscatter intensity of the Hudson Canyon region offshore of New York and New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1441, 2 sheets, scales differ.

        Byrne, J.V., 1962, Geomorphology of the continental terrace off the central coast of Oregon: The Ore Bin, v. 24, no. 5, p. 65-74.

        Cherkis, N.Z., 1970, A glossary of world bathymetric terms and their English language equivalents [NRL Report 7094]: Washington, D.C., Naval Research Laboratory, 30 p.

        Cherkis, N.Z., and Palmer, T.C., 2008, ACUF and SCUFN -- Procedural similarities and differences, in International Symposium on Application of Marine Geophysical Data and Undersea Feature Names, 3rd, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, 2008, Proceedings: Seoul, Korean Cartographic Association, 14 p.

        Christeson, G.L., and McNutt, M.K., 1992, Geophysical constraints on the shear stress along the Marquesas Fracture Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, no. B4, p. 4425-4437.

        Clark, J.G., and Dymond, J., 1977, Geochronology and petrochemistry of Easter and Sala y Gomez islands -- Implications for the origin of the Sala y Gomez Ridge: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 2, no. 1, p. 29-48.

        Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1968, Bathymetric map -- Oregon, Umpqua River to Cape Ferrelo [C. & G. S. 1308N-17]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, Coast and Geodetic Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        Codispoti, L.A., Flagg, C.N., and Swift, J.H., 2009, Hydrographic conditions during the 2004 SBI process experiments: Deep-Sea Research Part II. Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 56, no. 17, p. 1144-1163.

        Cross, V.A., Twichell, D.C., Halley, R.B., Ciembronowicz, K.T., Jarrett, B.D., Hammar-Klose, E.S., Hine, A.C., Locker, S.D., and Naar, D.F., 2006, GIS compilation of data collected from the Pulley Ridge deep coral reef region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1089, DVD-ROM.

        Cunningham, A.P., Barker, P.F., and Tomlinson, J.S., 1998, Tectonics and sedimentary environment of the North Scotia Ridge region revealed by side-scan sonar: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 155, no. 6, p. 941-956.

        Dalrymple, R.W., LeGresley, E.M., Fader, G.B.J., and Petrie, B.D., 1992, The western Grand Banks of Newfoundland -- Transgressive Holocene sedimentation under the combined influence of waves and currents: Marine Geology, v. 105, no. 1-4, p. 95-118.

        Damuth, J.E., and Flood, R.D., 1984, Morphology, sedimentation processes, and growth pattern of the Amazon Deep-Sea Fan: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 109-117.

        Dartnell, P., and Gardner, J.V., 2009, Seafloor terrain analysis and geomorphology of the greater Los Angeles margin and San Pedro Basin, southern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 454, p. 9-28.

        Dengler, M., Quadfasel, D., Schott, F., and Fischer, J., 2002, Abyssal circulation in the Somali Basin: Deep-Sea Research Part II. Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 49, no. 7-8, p. 1297-1322.

        Drake, D.E., Cacchione, D.A., Gardner, J.V., McCulloch, D.S., and Masson, D., 1989, Morphology and growth history of Delgada Fan -- Implications for the Neogene evolution of Point Arena Basin and the Mendocino Triple Junction: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, no. B3, p. 3139-3158.

        Driscoll, N.W., Weissel, J.K., and Goff, J.A., 2000, Potential for large-scale submarine slope failure and tsunami generation along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast: Geology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 407-410.

        Dziak, R.P., Fox, C.G., Bobbitt, A.M., and Goldfinger, C., 2001, Bathymetric map of the Gorda plate -- Structural and geomorphological processes inferred from multibeam surveys: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 22, p. 235-250.

        Emmel, F.J., and Curray, J.R., 1984, The Bengal Submarine Fan, northeastern Indian Ocean: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 119-124.

        Ericson, D.B., Ewing, W.M., and Heezen, B.C., 1951, Deep-sea sands and submarine canyons: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 8, p. 961-965.

        Ewing, W.M., Heezen, B.C., Ericson, D.B., Northrop, J., and Dorman, J., 1953, Exploration of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Canyon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 64, no. 7, p. 865-868.

        Fairbridge, R.W., ed., 1966, The encyclopedia of oceanography: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1021 p.

        Fieux, M., and Swallow, J.C., 1988, Flow of deep water into the Somali Basin: Deep-Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 35, no. 2, p. 303-309.

        Fildani, A., and Normark, W.R., 2004, Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan: Marine Geology, v. 206, no. 1-4, p. 199-223.

        Fine, R.A., 1993, Circulation of Antarctic intermediate water in the South Indian Ocean: Deep-Sea Research Part I. Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 40, no. 10, p. 2021-2042.

        Fisher, R.L., and Norris, R.M., 1960, Bathymetry and geology of Sala y Gomez, southeast Pacific: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 4, p. 497-502.

        Fisk, M.R., Duncan, R.A., Fox, C.G., and Witter, J.B., 1993, Emergence and petrology of the Mendocino Ridge: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 15, no. 4, p. 283-296.

        Flood, R.D., and Giosan, L., 2002, Migration history of a fine-grained abyssal sediment wave on the Bahama Outer Ridge: Marine Geology, v. 192, no. 1-3, p. 259-273.

        Fretzdorff, S., Livermore, R.A., Devey, C.W., Leat, P.T., and Stoffers, P., 2002, Petrogenesis of the back-arc East Scotia Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, no. 8, p. 1435-1467.

        Gardner, J.V., 2010, The West Mariana Ridge, western Pacific Ocean -- Geomorphology and processes from new multibeam data: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, no. 9-10, p. 1378-1388.

        Gardner, J.V., Field, M.E., and Twichell, D.C., eds., 1996, Geology of the United States' seafloor -- The view from GLORIA: New York, Cambridge University Press, 364 p.

        Gardner, J.V., Hughes Clarke, J.E., Mayer, L.A., and Dartnell, P., 2003, Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the mid and outer continental shelf, head of De Soto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico -- Data, images, and GIS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-7, data set.

        Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., Johnson, J.E., and Shipboard Scientific Party, 2003, Deep-water turbidites as Holocene earthquake proxies -- The Cascadia subduction zone and northern San Andreas fault systems, Annals of Geophysics, v. 46, no. 5, p. 1169-1194.

        Goodwin, R.H., and Prior, D.B., 1989, Geometry and depositional sequences of the Mississippi Canyon, Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 318-329.

        Greene, H.G., Maher, N.M., and Paull, C.K., 2002, Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 55-82.

        Hamilton, E.L., 1967, Marine geology of abyssal plains in the Gulf of Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 72, no. 16, p. 4189-4213.

        Hamilton, E.L., 1973, Marine geology of the Aleutian Abyssal Plain: Marine Geology, v. 14, no. 5, p. 295-325.

        Harris, P.M., 2010, Delineating and quantifying depositional facies patterns in carbonate reservoirs -- Insight from modern analogs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 94, no. 1, p. 61-86.

        Harrison, C.G.A., and Sclater, J.G., 1972, Origin of the disturbed magnetic zone between the Murray and Molokai fracture zones: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 14, no. 3, p. 419-427.

        Hartwell, S.R., Wingfield, D.K., Allwardt, A.O., Wong, F.L., and Lightsom, F.L., 2013, Shapefile for Coastal Zone Management Program counties of the United States and its territories, 2009 (CZMP_counties_2009.shp): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1284, 9 p.

        Heacock, J.G., Jr., and Worzel, J.L., 1955, Submarine topography west of Mexico and Central America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 773-776.

        Heezen, B.C., Johnson, G.L., and Hollister, C.D., 1969, The Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Canyon: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, no. 6, p. 1441-1453.

        Heezen, B.C., Tharp, M., and Ewing, W.M., 1959, The floors of the oceans. I. The North Atlantic: Geological Society of America Special Paper 65, 122 p.

        Holcombe, T.L., 1977, Ocean bottom features -- Terminology and nomenclature: GeoJournal, v. 1, no. 6, p. 25-48.

        Horn, D.R., Ewing, W.M., Horn, B.M., and Delach, M.N., 1971, Turbidites of the Hatteras and Sohm abyssal plains, western North Atlantic: Marine Geology, v. 11, no. 5, p. 287-323.

        Hoyt, J.H., and Henry, V.J., 1971, Origin of capes and shoals along the southeastern coast of the United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 1, p. 59-66.

        International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 2013, Standardization of undersea feature names -- Guidelines, proposal form, terminology [IHO-IOC publication B-6, ed. 4.1.0]: Monaco, International Hydrographic Bureau, 38 p., available online at <http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/IHO_Download.htm> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 2012, Gazetteer of geographical names of undersea features [IHO-IOC publication B-8, October 2012 ed.]: Monaco, International Hydrographic Bureau, available online at <http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/IHO_Download.htm> (last accessed January 2, 2014).

        International Hydrographic Organization and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 2013, General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) world ocean bathymetry: Monaco, International Hydrographic Bureau, scale 1:35,000,000, available online at <https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gebco_world_map/> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Jakobsson, M., Macnab, R., Cherkis, N., and Schenke, H.-W., 2004, The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) [Research Publication RP-2]: Boulder, Colo., NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, scale 1:6,000,000, available online at <https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/04mgg03.html> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Josenhans, H.W., Zevenhuizen, J., and Klassen, R.A., 1986, The Quaternary geology of the Labrador Shelf: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1190-1213.

        Kandilarov, A., Mjelde, R., Okino, K., and Murai, Y., 2008, Crustal structure of the ultra-slow spreading Knipovich Ridge, North Atlantic, along a presumed amagmatic portion of oceanic crustal formation: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 29, no. 2, p. 109-134.

        Klenke, M., and Schenke, H.W., 2002, A new bathymetric model for the central Fram Strait: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 23, no. 4, p. 367-378.

        Kodaira, S., Mjelde, R., Gunnarsson, K., Shiobara, H., and Shimamura, H., 1998, Evolution of oceanic crust on the Kolbeinsey Ridge, north of Iceland, over the past 22 Myr: Terra Nova, v. 10, no. 1, p. 27-31.

        Kolla, V., and Coumes, F., 1984, Morpho-acoustic and sedimentologic characteristics of the Indus Fan: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 133-139.

        Krissek, L.A., Scheidegger, K.F., and Kulm, L.D., 1980, Surface sediments of the Peru-Chile continental margin and the Nazca plate: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 91, no. 6, p. 321-331.

        Lanier, A., Romsos, C., and Goldfinger, C., 2007, Seafloor habitat mapping on the Oregon continental margin -- A spatially nested GIS approach to mapping scale, mapping methods, and accuracy quantification: Marine Geodesy, v. 30, no. 1-2, p. 51-76.

        Larson, R.L., Menard, H.W., and Smith, S.M., 1968, Gulf of California -- A result of ocean-floor spreading and transform faulting: Science, v. 161, no. 3843, p. 781-784.

        le Roex, A., Class, C., O'Connor, J., and Jokat, W., 2010, Shona and Discovery aseismic ridge systems, South Atlantic -- Trace element evidence for enriched mantle sources: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, no. 10, p. 2089-2120.

        Liu, C.-S., Curray, J.R., and McDonald, J.M., 1983, New constraints on the tectonic evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 65, no. 2, p. 331-342.

        Lupton, J.E., 1990, Water column hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B8, p. 12829-12842.

        Lopez Garcia, M.J., Millot, C., Font, J., and Garcia-Ladona, E., 1994, Surface circulation variability in the Balearic Basin: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. C2, p. 3285-3296.

        Malahoff, A., Strange, W.E., and Woollard, G.P., 1966, Molokai Fracture Zone -- Continuation west of the Hawaiian Ridge: Science, v. 153, no. 3735, p. 521-522.

        Mammerickx, J., 1980, A deep-sea channel in the Northwest Pacific Basin: Marine Geology, v. 34, no. 3-4, p. 207-218.

        Mammerickx, J., 1981, Depth anomalies in the Pacific -- Active, fossil and precursor: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 53, no. 2, p. 147-157.

        Mammerickx, J., 1992, The Foundation Seamounts -- Tectonic setting of a newly discovered seamount chain in the South Pacific: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, no. 3, p. 293-306.

        Mammerickx, J., Anderson, R.N., Menard, H.W., and Smith, S.M., 1975, Morphology and tectonic evolution of the east-central Pacific: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, no. 1, p. 111-118.

        Mann, R., Swift, D., and Perry, R., 1981, Size classes of flow-transverse bedforms in a subtidal environment, Nantucket Shoals, North American Atlantic shelf: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 1, p. 39-43.

        Mauffret, A., Frizon de Lamotte, D., Lallemant, S., Gorini, C., and Maillard, A., 2004, E-W opening of the Algerian Basin (western Mediterranean): Terra Nova, v. 16, no. 5, p. 257-264.

        Maxwell, A.E., ed., 1970, The sea, volume 4, part I: New York, Wiley-Interscience, 791 p.

        McCarthy, M.C., Kruse, S.E., Brudzinski, M.R., and Ranieri, M.E., 1996, Changes in plate motions and the shape of Pacific fracture zones: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B6, p. 13715-13730.

        McGregor, B.A., 1985, Role of submarine canyons in shaping the rise between Lydonia and Oceanographer canyons, Georges Bank: Marine Geology, v. 62, no. 3-4, p. 277-293.

        McManus, D.A., 1964, Major bathymetric features near the coast of Oregon, Washington, and Vancouver Island: Northwest Science, v. 38, no. 3, p. 65-82.

        McManus, D.A., 1965, Blanco fracture zone, northeast Pacific Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 3, no. 6, p. 429-455.

        McNeill, L.C., Goldfinger, C., Kulm, L.D., and Yeats, R.S., 2000, Tectonics of the Neogene Cascadia forearc basin -- Investigations of a deformed late Miocene unconformity: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 8, p. 1209-1224.

        McNinch, J.E., and Wells, J.T., 1999, Sedimentary processes and depositional history of a cape-associated shoal, Cape Lookout, North Carolina: Marine Geology, v. 158, no. 1-4, p. 233-252.

        Menard, H.W., 1960, Possible pre-Pleistocene deep-sea fans off central California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 8, p. 1271-1278.

        Menard, H.W., 1964, Marine geology of the Pacific: New York, McGraw-Hill, 271 p.

        Menard, H.W., 1967, Extension of northeastern-Pacific fracture zones: Science, v. 155, no. 3758, p. 72-74.

        Menard, H.W., and Chase, T.E., 1970, Fracture zones, in Maxwell, A.E., ed., The sea, volume 4, part 1: New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 421-443.

        Moore, D.G., 1969, Reflection profiling studies of the California Continental Borderland -- Structure and Quaternary turbidite basins: Geological Society of America Special Paper 107, 142 p., 18 plates.

        Mullenbach, B.L., Nittrouer, C.A., Puig, P., and Orange, D.L., 2004, Sediment deposition in a modern submarine canyon -- Eel Canyon, northern California: Marine Geology, v. 211, no. 1-2, p. 101-119.

        National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2013, NGA GEOnet names server (GNS): NGA database, available online at <http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        National Ocean Service, 1983a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Bear Seamount [NOS NJ 19-3]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1983b, Bathymetric map -- Oregon Coast, Newport [NOS NL 10-10]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1983c, Bathymetric map -- Pacific Ocean, Noyo Canyon [NOS NJ 10-1]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1983d, Bathymetric map -- Santa Cruz [NOS NJ 10-11]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1984a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Jordan Basin [NOS NK 19-3]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1984b, Multibeam surveys -- Vizcaino Canyon [LM133]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:100,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1985, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, northeastern United States [BR-1]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:1,000,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1986a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, southeastern United States [BR-3]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:1,000,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1986b, Bathymetric map -- Eastern Gulf of Mexico [BR-6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:1,000,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1988a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Andros [NOS NG 17-12]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1988b, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Bahamas [NOS NG 17-6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1989, Bathymetric map -- California coast, Monterey Canyon [LM137]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:100,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1990a, Bathymetric fishing map -- California coast, Farallon Islands [F98]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:100,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1990b, Bathymetric map -- California coast, Davidson Seamount [LM156]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:100,000.

        National Ocean Service, 1990c, Bathymetric map -- California coast, Shepard Meander  [LM139]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, scale 1:100,000.

        National Ocean Service, Coast Survey, 2011, Nautical chart -- Gulf coast, Mermentau River to Freeport [11330]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Coast Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1974, Bathymetric map -- North Pacific Ocean [NOS SEAMAP Series, NOS 12042-12B]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:1,000,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1975a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Canyon [NOS NJ 18-3]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1975b, Bathymetric map -- Garden Banks -- Gulf of Mexico [NOS NG 15-2]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250:000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1977, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Wilmington Canyon [NOS NJ 18-6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1978a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Cashes Ledge [NOS NK 19-5]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1978b, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Hydrographer Canyon [NOS NK 19-11]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1978c, Bathymetric map -- Gulf of Mexico, Ewing Bank [NOS NH 15-12]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1979, Bathymetric map -- Gulf of Mexico, Pulley Ridge [NOS NG 17-7]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250:000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1980a, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Browns Bank [NOS NK 19-6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1980b, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Corsair Canyon [NOS NK 19-9]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1980c, Bathymetric map -- Atlantic Ocean, Veatch Canyon [NOS NJ 19-2]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1981a, Bathymetric map -- Caribbean region [BR-2]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:2,500,000.

        National Ocean Survey, 1981b, Bathymetric map -- Pioneer Canyon, San Francisco [NOS NJ 10-8]: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Survey, scale 1:250,000.

        Nelson, C., 1984, The Astoria Fan -- An elongate type fan: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 65-70.

        NOAA National Geophysical Data Center [now National Centers for Environmental Information], 2003-2011, NOAA tsunami inundation digital elevation models (DEMs): NGDC database, formerly available online at <http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/inundation/tsunami/inundation.html> (last accessed January 2, 2014).

        NOAA National Geophysical Data Center [now National Centers for Environmental Information], 2009, ETOPO1 global relief model: NGDC database, available online at <https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        NOAA National Geophysical Data Center [now National Centers for Environmental Information], n.d., U.S. coastal relief model: NGDC database, available online at <https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/crm.html> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Normark, W.R., and Gutmacher, C.E., 1984, Delgada Fan -- Preliminary interpretation of channel development: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 79-83.

        Normark, W.R., Gutmacher, C.E., Chase, T.E., and Wilde, P., 1984, Monterey Fan -- Growth pattern control by basin morphology and changing sea levels: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 93-99.

        Normark, W.R., Piper, D.J.W., and Hiscott, R.N., 1998, Sea level controls on the textural characteristics and depositional architecture of the Hueneme and associated submarine fan systems, Santa Monica Basin, California: Sedimentology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 53-70.

        Normark, W.R., Piper, D.J.W., Romans, B.W., Covault, J.A., Dartnell, P., and Sliter, R.W., 2009, Submarine canyon and fan systems of the California Continental Borderland: Geological Society of America Special Paper 454, p. 141-168.

        Normark, W.R., Piper, D.J.W., and Stow, D.A.V., 1983, Quaternary development of channels, levees, and lobes on middle Laurentian Fan: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 67, no. 9, p. 1400-1409.

        Normark, W.R., and Reid, J.A., 2003, Extensive deposits on the Pacific plate from late Pleistocene North American glacial lake outbursts: Journal of Geology, v. 111, no. 6, p. 617-637.

        O'Connor, J.M., and Duncan, R.A., 1990, Evolution of the Walvis Ridge-Rio Grande Rise hot spot system -- Implications for African and South American plate motions over plumes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B11, p. 17475-17502.

        O'Connor, J.M., and le Roex, A.P., 1992, South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems -- 1. Distribution of volcanism in time and space: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, no. 3, p. 342-364.

        Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 2012, GeoSPARQL -- a geographic query language for RDF data, available online at <http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/geosparql> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Peterson, C.P., Kulm, L.D., and Gray, J.J., 1986, Geologic map of the ocean floor off Oregon and the adjacent continental margin [GMS-42]: State of Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, scale 1:500,000.

        Piper, D.J.W., Stow, D.A.V., and Normark, W.R., 1984, The Laurentian Fan -- Sohm Abyssal Plain: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 3, no. 2-4, p. 141-146.

        Pratt, R.M., 1967, The seaward extension of submarine canyons off the northeast coast of the United States: Deep-Sea Research, v. 14, no. 4, p. 409-420.

        Pratt, R.M., and Heezen, B.C., 1964, Topography of the Blake Plateau: Deep-Sea Research, v. 11, no. 5, p. 721-728.

        Pushcharovsky, Y., 2010, Tectonic structure and geodynamics of the divide between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans: Geotectonics, v. 44, no. 3, p. 228-236.

        Rabinowitz, P.D., 1974, Seismic profiling between Bowers Ridge and Shirshov Ridge in the Bering Sea: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 79, no. 32, p. 4977-4979.

        Reid, J.A., and Normark, W.R., 2003, Tufts Submarine Fan -- Turbidity-current gateway to Escanaba Trough: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2216, 23 p.

        Robinson, D.P., Henry, C., Das, S., and Woodhouse, J.H., 2001, Simultaneous rupture along two conjugate planes of the Wharton Basin earthquake: Science, v. 292, no. 5519, p. 1145-1148.

        Rodriguez, A.B., Anderson, J.B., Siringan, F.P., and Taviani, M., 2004, Holocene evolution of the east Texas coast and inner continental shelf -- Along-strike variability in coastal retreat rates: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 74, no. 3, p. 405-421.

        Rosencrantz, E., 1990, Structure and tectonics of the Yucatan Basin, Caribbean Sea, as determined from seismic reflection studies: Tectonics, v. 9, no. 5, p. 1037-1059.

        Ross, S.L., and Zierenberg, R.A., 2009, Sidescan sonar imagery of the Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge, offshore northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2907, 1 sheet, scales differ.

        Roworth, E., and Signell, R.P., 1998, Construction of digital bathymetry for the Gulf of Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-801.

        Sandwell, D.T., and Schubert, G., 1982, Geoid height-age relation from SEASAT altimeter profiles across the Mendocino Fracture Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, no. B5, p. 3949-3958.

        Sclater, J.G., von der Borch, C., and others, 1974, Regional synthesis of the Deep Sea Drilling results from Leg 22 in the eastern Indian Ocean, in von der Borch, C.C., Sclater, J.G., and others, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume XXII: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 815-831.

        Shepard, F.P., and Emery, K.O., 1941, Submarine topography off the California coast -- Canyons and tectonic interpretation: Geological Society of America Special Paper 31, 171 p., 4 charts.

        Shepard, F.P., and Marshall, N.F., 1975, Dives into outer Coronado Canyon system: Marine Geology, v. 18, no. 5, p. 313-323.

        Shepard, F.P., Marshall, N.F., McLoughlin, P.A., and Sullivan, G.G., 1979, Currents in submarine canyons and other seavalleys: Tulsa, Okla., American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 173 p.

        Skogseid, J., and Eldholm, O., 1987, Early Cenozoic crust at the Norwegian continental margin and the conjugate Jan Mayen Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11471-11491.

        Smith, S.M., and Menard, H.W., 1965, The Molokai Fracture Zone: Progress in Oceanography, v. 3, p. 333-345.

        Stevenson, A.J., and Embley, R., 1987, Deep-sea fan bodies, terrigenous turbidite sedimentation, and petroleum geology, Gulf of Alaska, in Scholl, D.W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J.G., eds., Geology and resource potential of the continental margin of western North America and adjacent ocean basins -- Beaufort Sea to Baja California [Earth Science Series, volume 6]: Houston, Tex., Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, p. 503-522.

        Stokke, P.R., Carson, B., and Baker, E.T., 1977, Comparison of the bottom nepheloid layer and late Holocene deposition on Nitinat Fan -- Implications for lutite dispersal and deposition: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, no. 11, p. 1586-1592.

        Stuart, C.J., and Caughey, C.A., 1976, Form and composition of the Mississippi Fan: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 333-343.

        ten Brink, U.S., Coleman, D.F., and Dillon, W.P., 2002, The nature of the crust under Cayman Trough from gravity: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 19, no. 8, p. 971-987.

        Thiede, J., Pfirman, S., Schenke, H.-W., and Reil, W., 1990, Bathymetry of Molloy Deep -- Fram Strait between Svalbard and Greenland: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 12, no. 3, p. 197-214.

        Torres, M.E., Embley, R.W., Merle, S.G., Trehu, A.M., Collier, R.W., Suess, E., and Heeschen, K.U., 2009, Methane sources feeding cold seeps on the shelf and upper continental slope off central Oregon, USA: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 10, no. 11, Q11003, 21 p.

        Tucholke, B.E., 1980, Acoustic environment of the Hatteras and Nares abyssal plains, western North Atlantic Ocean, determined from velocities and physical properties of sediment cores: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, v. 68, no. 5, p. 1376-1390.

        Twichell, D.C., Parson, L.M., and Paull, C.K., 1990, Variations in the styles of erosion along the Florida Escarpment, eastern Gulf of Mexico: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 253-266.

        Uenzelmann-Neben, G., and Gohl, K., 2004, The Agulhas Ridge, South Atlantic -- The peculiar structure of a fracture zone: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 25, no. 3-4, p. 305-319.

        United States Board on Geographic Names, 1971, Undersea features -- Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names (2d ed.): Washington, D.C., Geographic Names Division, U.S. Army Topographic Command, 182 p.

        United States Board on Geographic Names, 2005, Policies and guidelines for the standardization of undersea feature names: Reston, Va., United States Board on Geographic Names, 6 p., available online at <http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Docs/GUIDELINES05.doc> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Vallier, T.L., Harold, P.J., and Girdley, W.A., 1973, Provenances and dispersal patterns of turbidite sand in Escanaba Trough, northeastern Pacific Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 15, no. 2, p. 67-87.

        von Huene, R., 1972, Structure of continental margin and tectonism at the eastern Aleutian Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3613-3626.

        Watts, A.B., Weissel, J.K., Duncan, R.A., and Larson, R.L., 1988, Origin of the Louisville Ridge and its relationship to the Eltanin Fracture Zone system: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B4, p. 3051-3077.

        Weatherall, P., and Cramer, R., 2008, Report to the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names on the work carried out at the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) with the GEBCO gazetteer of undersea feature names: GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names Meeting, 21st, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, 2008, document no. SCUFN21-09.1A, 22 p., available online at <http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/SCUFN/SCUFN21/SCUFN21Docs.htm> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Williams, S.J., Jaffe, B.E., Wertz, R.R., Jr., Holland, K.T., and Sallenger, A.H., Jr., 1989, Map showing precision bathymetry of the south-central Louisiana nearshore, Isles Dernieres and Ship Shoal region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-150.

        Winterer, E.L., and Metzler, C.V., 1984, Origin and subsidence of guyots in Mid-Pacific Mountains: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B12, p. 9969-9979.

        World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2014, RDF 1.1 Turtle, Terse RDF Triple Language—W3C Recommendation 25 February 2014, available online at <https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2015, Linked Data Platform 1.0—W3C Recommendation 26 February 2015, available online at <https://www.w3.org/TR/ldp/> (last accessed April 2, 2018).

        Worzel, J.L., Bryant, W., and others, 1973, Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, volume X: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 748 p.
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Single_Date/Time:
          Calendar_Date: 2018
      Currentness_Reference: publication date
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 89
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: -74
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
        Theme_Keyword: USGS:839a9460-8969-499f-b84f-24744b5c9cfc
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
        Theme_Keyword: environment
        Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
        Theme_Keyword: oceans
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
        Theme_Keyword: gazetteer
        Theme_Keyword: undersea feature
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
        Theme_Keyword: gazetteers
        Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets
        Theme_Keyword: sea-floor characteristics
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords v. 6.0.0.0.0
        Theme_Keyword: oceans
        Theme_Keyword: bathymetry
        Theme_Keyword: abyssal hills
        Theme_Keyword: continental margins
        Theme_Keyword: fracture zones
        Theme_Keyword: ocean plateaus
        Theme_Keyword: seamounts
        Theme_Keyword: submarine canyons
        Theme_Keyword: trenches
        Theme_Keyword: water depth
        Theme_Keyword: coral reefs
        Theme_Keyword: shoals
        Theme_Keyword: marine volcanism
        Theme_Keyword: mid-ocean ridges
        Theme_Keyword: seafloor topography
        Theme_Keyword: abyssal plains
        Theme_Keyword: ocean ridges
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
        Theme_Keyword: ridge
        Theme_Keyword: trench
        Theme_Keyword: bank
        Theme_Keyword: banks
        Theme_Keyword: basin
        Theme_Keyword: canyon
        Theme_Keyword: escarpment
        Theme_Keyword: scarp
        Theme_Keyword: fan
        Theme_Keyword: fracture zone
        Theme_Keyword: knoll
        Theme_Keyword: plain
        Theme_Keyword: plateau
        Theme_Keyword: ridges
        Theme_Keyword: reef
        Theme_Keyword: reefs
        Theme_Keyword: rise
        Theme_Keyword: seachannel
        Theme_Keyword: shelf
        Theme_Keyword: shoal
        Theme_Keyword: shoals
        Theme_Keyword: shelf valley
        Theme_Keyword: slope
        Theme_Keyword: seamount
        Theme_Keyword: spur
        Theme_Keyword: terrace
        Theme_Keyword: tablemount
        Theme_Keyword: guyot
        Theme_Keyword: trough
        Theme_Keyword: valley
        Theme_Keyword: cordillera
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: GEBCO
        Theme_Keyword: abyssal plain
        Theme_Keyword: channel
        Theme_Keyword: seamount chain
        Theme_Keyword: geographic names
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alexandria Digital Library Feature Type Thesaurus
        Theme_Keyword: seafloor features
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: GEOnet Names Server (GNS)
        Place_Keyword: Arabian Sea
        Place_Keyword: Arctic Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Beaufort Sea
        Place_Keyword: Bering Sea
        Place_Keyword: Black Sea
        Place_Keyword: Caribbean Sea
        Place_Keyword: Coral Sea
        Place_Keyword: Greenland Sea
        Place_Keyword: Gulf of Mexico
        Place_Keyword: Indian Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Labrador Sea
        Place_Keyword: Mediterranean Sea
        Place_Keyword: North Atlantic Ocean
        Place_Keyword: North Pacific Ocean
        Place_Keyword: North Sea
        Place_Keyword: Norwegian Sea
        Place_Keyword: Philippine Sea
        Place_Keyword: South Atlantic Ocean
        Place_Keyword: South Pacific Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Southern Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Tasman Sea
        Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints:
      Feature polygons are defined for general reference and are not to be construed as legal boundaries.

      This information is not intended for navigational purposes.

      Read and fully comprehend the metadata prior to data use. Uses of these data should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Where these data are used in combination with other data of different resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lowest resolution of all the data.

      Acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in products derived from these data. Share data products developed using these data with the U.S. Geological Survey.

      This data set has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this data set has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.

      Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document these data in nonproprietary form, as well as in ESRI shapefile format, this metadata file may include some ESRI-specific terminology.
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP)
          Contact_Person: Frances L. Lightsom
        Contact_Position: Supervisory Oceanographer
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: USGS, 384 Woods Hole Road
          City: Woods Hole
          State_or_Province: MA
          Postal_Code: 02543-1598
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2242
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: flightsom@usgs.gov
    Browse_Graphic:
      Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/data/undersea_features.gif
      Browse_Graphic_File_Description: browse graphic of undersea features shapefile
      Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF
    Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Attribute_Accuracy:
      Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Attributes or characteristics of each polygon were newly composed for this project and checked against cited maps and other publications.
    Logical_Consistency_Report: All polygons are closed. Polygons intersecting 180 degrees longitude are composed of two or more merged polygons. Polygons representing features occupying multiple discrete locations are defined by multiple merged polygons.  All nodes defining polygons are represented by a single coordinate pair.
    Completeness_Report: Features contained in this report were selected based on previous research interest within the USGS.  Officially recognized features that have not been the focus of substantial USGS research are not covered in this report. Twelve features included in the shapefile are excluded from the linked data representation: eleven features that are not listed in GNS; and one polar feature for which WKT could not be created.
    Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
        Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Polygons were digitized at scales between 1:40,000 and 1:10,000,000 with vertices spaced between 2 and 1,500 kilometers.
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description:
          Many of the undersea features in the shapefile were selected from a list assembled by Weatherall and Cramer (2008) in a report from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) to the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN). Annex II of the Weatherall and Cramer report (p. 20-22) lists 183 undersea features that "may need additional points to define their shape" and includes online links to additional BODC documents providing coordinate pairs sufficient to define detailed linestrings for these features.

          For the first phase of the USGS project, Wingfield created polygons for 87 of the undersea features on the BODC list, using the linestrings as guides; the selected features were primarily ridges, rises, trenches, fracture zones, basins, and seamount chains. In the second phase of the USGS project, Wingfield and Hartwell created polygons for an additional 224 undersea features, mostly basins, abyssal plains, and fracture zones.  Polygons were created and compiled in a single shapefile, using ArcGIS version 9.3.1, with the aid of historical bathymetric maps and bathymetric raster data -- the ETOPO1 global relief model (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, 2009) was used unless noted otherwise in the COMMENTS attribute field. Primary scientific literature was used to resolve ambiguous feature extents and is cited in the COMMENTS attribute field. Maps from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) were also consulted as needed but are not cited in the COMMENTS attribute field. Adjacent polygons were snapped together, except for clearly overlapping and nested features.

          The UFI and DSG attributes follow the GEOnet Names Server geographic information system (GIS) compatible format (http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/gis_countryfiles.html). UFI and DSG values are taken from the GNS database. The federally approved name in GNS is given in the UF_NAME attribute field (except as noted in the COMMENTS attribute field). Variant names used by GEBCO or USGS are listed in the VAR_NAME attribute field if applicable. Polygon centroids (CENT_LAT and CENT_LONG attribute fields) were determined using ArcGIS Calculate Geometry, in the WGS 84 geographical coordinate system. (CENT_LONG values for features crossing the 180th meridian were estimated by inspection in ArcMap.) The centroid of a highly irregular or non-convex feature may fall outside the perimeter of the polygon, as this calculated value represents the average center.

          Depth ranges included in the COMMENTS attribute field for some features represent the approximate depth in meters below sea level.  These values were obtained by examining bathymetric maps and bathymetric raster data to determine the minimum and maximum depths that define the feature and its spatial extent.  Depth ranges typically apply to features such as basins, plains, and seamounts, which are reasonably defined by closed isobaths, but do not apply to features such as canyons, fans, and escarpments. AREA_SQKM values were determined using ArcGIS Calculate Geometry, with datum WGS 84 and sinusoidal (equal area) projection.  The sinusoidal projection preserves area but distorts perimeter values for high-latitude features.

          Processing date 2009 to 2014.
        Process_Date: 2014
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description:
          To create the linked data, Hartwell first extracted the vertices of the polygons from the shapefile along with the values of five selected attributes: UFI, DSG, UF_NAME, VAR_NAME, and COMMENTS. Allwardt then converted the coordinate pairs (vertices) to WKT notation for polygons and added three new attributes to the five extracted from the shapefile: GNS feature notes (from GNS advanced search); use constraints (condensed from the shapefile metadata); and a link to the source shapefile in Open-File Report 2014-1040 (undersea_features.zip). The WKT and attribute values for each feature were assembled in a spreadsheet and then converted to linked data in Turtle format (Terse RDF Triple Language) following the recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C; 2014, 2015) and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC; 2012). This conversion required relabeling and merging some of the attributes to fit the classes and properties typically employed in linked data. In addition, the undersea feature designations, codes, and definitions employed in GNS (see United States Board on Geographic Names, 2005) were also converted to linked data.

          Processing date 2015-2018.
        Process_Date: 2018
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: Fixed the process date format. Added the ADLFTT theme thesaurus keyword. Added a keyword to the USGS Thesaurus. The metadata date (but not the metadata creator) was edited to reflect the date of these changes. The metadata available from a harvester may supersede metadata bundled within a download file. Compare the metadata dates to determine which metadata file is most recent.
        Process_Date: 20180910
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Organization_Primary:
              Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
              Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
            Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
              Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
              City: Woods Hole
              State_or_Province: MA
              Postal_Code: 02543-1598
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
            Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: Crossref DOI link was added as the first link in the metadata.
        Process_Date: 20191118
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Organization_Primary:
              Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
              Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
            Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
              Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
              City: Woods Hole
              State_or_Province: MA
              Postal_Code: 02543-1598
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
            Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword.
        Process_Date: 20200908
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Organization_Primary:
              Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
              Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross
            Contact_Position: Marine Geologist
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: Mailing and Physical
              Address: 384 Woods Hole Road
              City: Woods Hole
              State_or_Province: MA
              Postal_Code: 02543-1598
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2251
            Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov
  Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
    Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
    Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
      SDTS_Terms_Description:
        SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon
        Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 311
  Spatial_Reference_Information:
    Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Geographic:
        Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001
        Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001
        Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees
      Geodetic_Model:
        Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
        Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
        Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
        Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Detailed_Description:
      Entity_Type:
        Entity_Type_Label: undersea_features.shp
        Entity_Type_Definition: Shapefile for selected undersea features.
        Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: FID
        Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: Shape
        Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: UFI
        Attribute_Definition: Unique Feature Identifier. A number that uniquely identifies an undersea feature (UF) in GNS. A null value indicates that the feature is not listed in GNS (as noted in the COMMENTS attribute field).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: GNS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Unique catalog number from GNS.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: CENT_LAT
        Attribute_Definition: Centroid Latitude. Latitude of the UF centroid in decimal degrees: north latitudes are positive; south latitudes are negative.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: -90
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 90
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: CENT_LONG
        Attribute_Definition: Centroid Longitute. Longitude of the UF centroid in decimal degrees: east longitudes are positive; west longitudes are negative.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Range_Domain:
            Range_Domain_Minimum: -180
            Range_Domain_Maximum: 180
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: DSG
        Attribute_Definition: Feature Designation Code. A three- or four-character code that indicates the type of undersea feature represented. A null value indicates that the feature is not listed in GNS (as noted in the COMMENTS attribute field).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: GNS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: 3-4 character code from GNS catalog.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: UF_NAME
        Attribute_Definition: Name of the undersea feature, without diacritics. The BGN standard name is used (unless feature is not listed in GNS, as noted in the COMMENTS attribute field).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Catalog name from GNS.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: VAR_NAME
        Attribute_Definition: Variant name used by GEBCO or USGS (if applicable).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Name used by GEBCO or USGS.
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: COMMENTS
        Attribute_Definition: Notes and abbreviated citations recorded by USGS project team.
        Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Notes from this report
      Attribute:
        Attribute_Label: AREA_SQKM
        Attribute_Definition: Area of polygon in square kilometers (as calculated in sinusoidal projection).
        Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
        Attribute_Domain_Values:
          Unrepresentable_Domain: Area calculated using ArcMap.
    Overview_Description:
      Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The primary linked data file, undersea_features.ttl, provides selected information from the source shapefile, undersea_features.shp. The shapefile attributes, UFI, DSG, UF_NAME, VAR_NAME, and COMMENTS, have been relabeled and merged as necessary to fit the classes and properties typically employed in linked data. Three new attributes have been added to the five extracted from the shapefile: GEOnet Names Server (GNS) feature notes (from GNS advanced search); use constraints (condensed from the shapefile metadata); and a link to the source shapefile in USGS Open-File Report 2014-1040 (Hartwell and others, 2014). The vertices extracted from the shapefile for each feature have been converted to Well-known text (WKT) notation for polygons. The supplemental linked data file, undersea_feature_designations.ttl, provides the undersea feature designations, codes, and definitions employed in GNS (U.S. Board on Geographic Names, 2005). Both linked data files are expressed in Turtle format (Terse RDF Triple Language) following the recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C; 2008, 2014, 2015) and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC; 2012).
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: GEOnet Names Server (GNS): http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Hartwell, S.R., and others, 2014, Polygons of global undersea features for geographic searches (undersea_features.shp), U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1040: https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141040
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 2012, GeoSPARQL -- a geographic query language for RDF data: http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/geosparql
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Board on Geographic Names, 2005, Policies and guidelines for the standardization of undersea feature names: http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Docs/GUIDELINES05.doc
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2008, Best practice recipes for publishing RDF vocabularies: https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-vocab-pub/
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2014, RDF 1.1 Turtle, Terse RDF Triple Language: https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2015, Linked Data Platform 1.0: https://www.w3.org/TR/ldp/
  Distribution_Information:
    Distributor:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP)
          Contact_Person: Frances L. Lightsom
        Contact_Position: Supervisory Oceanographer
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: USGS, 384 Woods Hole Road
          City: Woods Hole
          State_or_Province: MA
          Postal_Code: 02543-1598
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2242
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: flightsom@usgs.gov
    Resource_Description: USGS OFR 2014-1040
    Distribution_Liability:
      This information is not intended for navigational purposes.

      This data set has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although this data set has been subjected to rigorous review and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. Furthermore, it is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its authorized or unauthorized use.

      Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    Standard_Order_Process:
      Digital_Form:
        Digital_Transfer_Information:
          Format_Name: ArcGIS 9.3.1 shapefile.
          Format_Version_Number: 9.3.1
          Transfer_Size: 0.35
        Digital_Transfer_Option:
          Online_Option:
            Computer_Contact_Information:
              Network_Address:
                Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/data/undersea_features.zip
      Digital_Form:
        Digital_Transfer_Information:
          Format_Name: RDF 1.1 Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
          Format_Version_Number: 1.1
          Transfer_Size: 0.35
        Digital_Transfer_Option:
          Online_Option:
            Computer_Contact_Information:
              Network_Address:
                Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/data/undersea_features.zip
                Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/data/undersea_features.ttl
                Network_Resource_Name: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1040/data/undersea_feature_designations.ttl
      Fees: None
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 20240318
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP)
          Contact_Person: Frances L. Lightsom
        Contact_Position: Supervisory Oceanographer
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: USGS, 384 Woods Hole Road
          City: Woods Hole
          State_or_Province: MA
          Postal_Code: 02543-1598
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-457-2242
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
        Contact_Instructions: The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240318)
    Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998