Compressibility and permeability data for kaolin: a comparison between 1-dimensional oedometers and a high-stress permeameter [Data set]

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Title:
Compressibility and permeability data for kaolin: a comparison between 1-dimensional oedometers and a high-stress permeameter [Data set]
Abstract:
To validate measurement results obtained using a custom-built, high-stress permeameter (HSP), consolidation experiments were carried out on kaolin ("Peerless 2" from Vanderbilt Minerals) using both the HSP and industry standard fixed-ring oedometers. From these consolidation tests, the compression index, Cc, and recompression index, Cr, were obtained. Additionally, permeability measurements were made during the consolidation tests to obtain the porosity-dependent permeability for kaolin. In the HSP, permeability was measured by directly flowing water through the kaolin while measuring the flow rate and pressure gradient. In the oedometers, Terzaghi’s log-time theory was used to estimate permeability. Along with consolidation and permeability data, this data release includes data and calculations used to establish the specimen height in the HSP, and example calculations are provided for the HSP- and oedometer-based permeability calculations. These calculations include the permeability corrections required to account for permeability contributions from the porous stones that cap each sample in each device.
Supplemental_Information:
This Microsoft Excel workbook contains seven tabs:
Tab 1. Overview: Summarizes and provides links to each tab and contains links to references in support of this data discussion (does not contain data). Tab 2. Consolidation: Summarizes the test methods and provides data from the consolidation tests run in the HSP and the oedometer systems (contains graphic plots and data). Tab 3. Permeability: Summarizes the test methods and provides data from the permeability tests run in the HSP and the oedometer systems (contains graphic plots and data). Tab 4. Grain Size: Provides grain size distribution data and statistics from the laser grain size analyses run on the kaolinite used in this study (contains graphic plots and data). Tab 5. HSP Specimen Height Example: Provides data from the specimen-free loading tests run in the HSP to establish a link between a specimen’s length and externally-measurable parameters (contains graphic plots and data). Tab 6. Direct Permeability Example: Provides data from the specimen-free permeability tests run in the HSP to establish the permeability of the porous stones that would ordinarily cap a specimen and factor into the overall measured permeability (contains graphic plots and data). Tab 7. Log Time Permeability Example: Provides an example of how permeability is calculated in the oedometers using the log-time method (does not contain data other than what is presented and defined in Tab 3, Permeability).
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Garcia, Adrian V., and Waite, William F., 20251001, Compressibility and permeability data for kaolin: a comparison between 1-dimensional oedometers and a high-stress permeameter [Data set]: data release DOI:10.5281/15021308, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Garcia, A.V., and Waite, W.F., 2025, Compressibility and permeability data for kaolin — A comparison between 1-dimensional oedometers and a high-stress permeameter [Data set]: Zenodo dataset, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15021308.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: -90
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2023
    Ending_Date: 2025
    Currentness_Reference:
    These data are collected from laboratory measurements of kaolin that was purchased rather than collected. The relevant reference for currentness is based on two things - the measurements (2023-2024) and the publication date (2025).
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Consolidation
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted data from consolidation tests in four devices. There are five tables of data on this tab and three figures. The data tables are: High Stress Permeameter (HSP) [This table presents results measured in the High Stress Permeameter (HSP).]; GeoTac Automated Load Frame [This table presents results measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames.]; ELE International Dead-Weight Frame [This table presents results measured using the ELE 1-dimensional oedometer, for which the load is applied by a hanging weight.]; Compression Index, Cc (blue data) [These are the compression index (Cc) data, along with support data covering the range of stresses and void ratios to calculate Cc (which is the slope of the Log10(Stress) versus Void Ratio data). Data used in these calculations are given in blue text in the tables of test data.]; and Recompression Index, Cr (orange data) [these are the recompression index (Cr) data, along with support data covering the range of stresses and void ratios to calculate Cr (which is the slope of the Log10(Stress) versus Void Ratio data after the specimen has been loaded, briefly unloaded and is now being reloaded or recompressed) in the associated data tables, data for this include the data shaded in orange.]. (Source: producer defined)
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of kaolin test 1 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.47
    Maximum:1.09
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 1 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.34
    Maximum:10.00
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 1 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.47
    Maximum:1.00
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of kaolin test 2 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.50
    Maximum:1.35
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 2 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.20
    Maximum:10.18
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 2 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.71
    Maximum:1.01
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of kaolin test 3 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.79
    Maximum:1.55
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 3 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.11
    Maximum:2.03
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of kaolin test 3 in the HSP measured in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.95
    Maximum:0.31
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of this test using Frame 1 of the two GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.58
    Maximum:1.57
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using Frame 1 of the two GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:6.00
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using Frame 1 of the two GeoTac load frames. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-1.56
    Maximum:0.78
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of this test using Frame 2 of the two GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.58
    Maximum:1.65
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using Frame 2 of the two GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:6.00
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using Frame 2 of the two GeoTac load frames. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-1.85
    Maximum:0.78
    ELE International Dead-Weight Frame: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of this test using the ELE 1-dimensional oedometer. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.56
    Maximum:1.42
    ELE International Dead-Weight Frame: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using the ELE 1-dimensional oedometer, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:6.00
    ELE International Dead-Weight Frame: Log10(Stress) [-]
    The log (base 10) of the vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of this test using the ELE 1-dimensional oedometer. Mathematically, these data are unitless, but the input stress must be in megapascals (MPa). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-1.47
    Maximum:0.78
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Test
    This label indicates the device and test number associated with the compression index data. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) user defined
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Compression Index, Cc [-]
    The slope of the linear portion of the stress-void ratio curve on a semi-log plot during virgin compression. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.39
    Maximum:0.44
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Standard Deviation, ± [-]
    The standard deviation formula in excel is a means of assessing the "the closeness of agreement between test results obtained under prescribed conditions." (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:0.04
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Lower Stress Bound [MPa]
    The lowest stress (in megapascals, MPa) used when calculating Cc. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.03
    Maximum:0.43
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Upper Stress Bound [MPa]
    The highest stress (in megapascals, MPa) used when calculating Cc. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.03
    Maximum:10.18
    Compression Index, Cc (blue data): Aspect Ratio (Diam/Hgt) [-]
    The aspect ratio, given as the specimen diameter divided by the specimen height at the start of a test (unitless). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.8
    Maximum:3.3
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Test
    This label indicates the device and test number associated with the compression index data. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) user defined
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Recompression Index, Cr [-]
    The slope of the linear portion of the stress-void ratio curve on a semi-log plot during recompression. (Source: Santamarina, J.C., Dai, S., Terzariol, M., Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Winters, W.J., Nagao, J., Yoneda, J., Konno, Y., Fujii, T., and Suzuki, K., 2015, Hydro-bio-geomechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments from Nankai Trough: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 66, p. 434-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.033.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.09
    Maximum:0.10
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Standard Deviation, ± [-]
    The standard deviation formula in excel is a means of assessing the "the closeness of agreement between test results obtained under prescribed conditions." (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.05
    Maximum:0.05
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Lower Stress Bound [MPa]
    The lowest stress (in megapascals, MPa) used when calculating Cr. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.34
    Maximum:3.41
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Upper Stress Bound [MPa]
    The highest stress (in megapascals, MPa) used when calculating Cr. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.02
    Maximum:6.00
    Recompression Index, Cr (orange data): Aspect Ratio (Diam/Hgt) [-]
    The aspect ratio, given as the specimen diameter divided by the specimen height at the start of a test (unitless). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.8
    Maximum:3.3
    Example Cc Calculation (HSP 2)
    This gives an example of the slope (Cc) and standard deviation (Uncertainty) calculation formulae, applied to the HSP 2 test. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) user defined
    Permeability
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted permeability data from consolidation tests in three devices. There are two tables of data on this tab and two figures. The data tables are: High Stress Permeameter (HSP) [This table presents results measured in the High Stress Permeameter (HSP).]; and GeoTac Automated Load Frame [This table presents permeability results derived from the consolidation data in a 1-Dimensional oedometer run using one of the two automated GeoTac load frames. Permeability is estimated using the Log-Time method described in the "Log Time Permeability Example" tab of this workbook. Because the permeability calculation is based on flow during the entire consolidation step, results are plotted relative to the average applied stress and void ratio.]. (Source: producer defined)
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of the first kaolin test in the HSP. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.47
    Maximum:1.09
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of the first kaolin test in the HSP, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.34
    Maximum:10.00
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 1: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the kaolin specimen at the given stress and void ratio. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.006
    Maximum:0.046
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of the second kaolin test in the HSP. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.50
    Maximum:1.35
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of the second kaolin test in the HSP, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.20
    Maximum:10.18
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 2: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the kaolin specimen at the given stress and void ratio. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.007
    Maximum:0.040
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of the third kaolin test in the HSP. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.79
    Maximum:1.55
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of the third kaolin test in the HSP, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.11
    Maximum:2.03
    High Stress Permeameter (HSP) Test 3: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the kaolin specimen at the given stress and void ratio. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.025
    Maximum:0.035
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of the kaolin test using Frame 1 of the two GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.58
    Maximum:1.63
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of the kaolin test using Frame 1 of the two GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:6.00
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Mid-Step Void Ratio [-]
    The average unitless void ratio for the consolidation step (average of previous step’s final void ratio and the current step’s final void ratio). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.63
    Maximum:1.60
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Mid-Step Stress [MPa]
    The average vertical effective stress for the consolidation step (average of previous step’s vertical effective stress and the current step’s vertical effective stress). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.02
    Maximum:4.71
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 1: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the kaolin specimen at the average stress and average void ratio for that consolidation step. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: Budhu, M., 2011, Soil Mechanics and Foundations (3rd Edition): John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. ISBN: 978-1-118-13604-1.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.013
    Maximum:0.336
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Void Ratio [-]
    These are the unitless void ratios measured at the end of each step of the kaolin test using Frame 2 of the two GeoTac load frames. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.69
    Maximum:1.75
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the specimen at each step of the kaolin test using Frame 2 of the two GeoTac load frames, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.0007
    Maximum:3.41
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Mid-Step Void Ratio [-]
    The average unitless void ratio for the consolidation step (average of previous step’s final void ratio and the current step’s final void ratio). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.79
    Maximum:1.70
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Mid-Step Stress [MPa]
    The average vertical effective stress for the consolidation step (average of previous step’s vertical effective stress and the current step’s vertical effective stress). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:2.22
    GeoTac Automated Load Frame 2: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the kaolin specimen at the average stress and average void ratio for that consolidation step. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: Budhu, M., 2011, Soil Mechanics and Foundations (3rd Edition): John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. ISBN: 978-1-118-13604-1.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.027
    Maximum:0.529
    Grain Size
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted grain size distribution data. There is one table of data on this tab, two figures, a summary of the grain size measurement method, and examples of Method of Moment calculations from GS-005003 (LAB-Kaolin-Standard 1) for the grain size distribution statistics [This section works through the calculations for obtaining the grain size distribution statistical results (Columns I-Q). There is no new data here, just calculations based on the grain size distribution for the first sample (Row 5).]. (Source: producer defined)
    ANALYSIS_ID
    An identifier for the sample which is unique to the database. This identifier begins with the assigned multi-letter code GS-, which corresponds to the type of analysis performed on the sample (grain size analysis), followed by a six-digit number assigned sequentially as samples are registered for analysis. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) Character set
    SAMPLE_ID
    The identification value assigned to the sample at the time of collection. This varies from field activity to field activity and the ID can contain any combination of letters and numbers. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) Character set
    ANALYSIS COMPLETION DATE
    Calendar date indicating when analyses on the sample were completed in the format MM/DD/YY where DD is the day of the month, MM is the numeric month, and YY is the year. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) Character set
    WEIGHT
    Weight of initial sample in grams. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.0439
    Maximum:4.4479
    SAND Percent (> 62.5 µm)
    Sand content in percent dry weight of the sample (particles with nominal diameters less than 2 mm, but greater than or equal to 0.0625 mm). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.26
    Maximum:1.88
    SILT Percent (3.9 < X < 62.5 µm)
    Silt content in percent dry weight of the sample (particles with nominal diameters less than 0.0625 mm, but greater than or equal to 0.0039 mm). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:55.47
    Maximum:68.55
    CLAY Percent (< 3.9 µm)
    Clay content in percent dry weight of the sample (particles with nominal diameters less than 0.0039 mm). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:31.06
    Maximum:44.17
    CLASSIFICATION (Shepard, 1954)
    Sediment classification - Sediment description based on a rigorous definition according to Shepard (1954) as modified by Schlee and Webster (1967), Schlee (1973), and Poppe and others (2005). (Source: Shepard, F.P., 1954, Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 24, p. 151-158, https://www.doi.org/10.1306/D4269774-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D. Schlee, J.S., and Webster, Jacqueline, 1967, A computer program for grain-size data: Sedimentology, v. 8, p. 45-54. Schlee, J.S., 1973, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States—Sediment texture of the northeastern part: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529-L, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp529L. Poppe, L.J., McMullen, K.Y., Williams, S.J., and Paskevich, V.F., eds., 2014, USGS east-coast sediment analysis: Procedures, database, and GIS data (ver. 3.0, November 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1001, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051001.)
    ValueDefinition
    clayey siltSediment whose main phase is silt, but with significant clay.
    MEAN
    Average value in the grain size distribution in microns. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9.1280
    Maximum:13.2145
    STDEV
    Standard deviation (root mean square of the deviations) of the grain size distribution in microns (sorting). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:10.9477
    Maximum:15.6312
    SKEWNESS
    Skewness (unitless deviation from symmetrical form) of the grain size distribution in microns. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.4472
    Maximum:2.1292
    KURTOSIS
    Kurtosis (unitless degree of curvature near the mode) of the grain size distribution in microns. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.4425
    Maximum:9.0866
    D10
    Diameter at which 10% of the sample mass is comprised of sediment particles with a diameter less than this value. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.2258
    Maximum:0.2933
    D25
    Diameter at which 25% of the sample mass is comprised of sediment particles with a diameter less than this value. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.3187
    Maximum:0.4417
    MEDIAN (D50)
    Diameter at which 50% of the sample mass is comprised of sediment particles with a diameter less than this value and 50% is larger; middle point in the grain size distribution in microns. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:6.1195
    Maximum:9.6609
    D75
    Diameter at which 75% of the sample mass is comprised of sediment particles with a diameter less than this value. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:14.2934
    Maximum:18.1334
    D90
    Diameter at which 90% of the sample mass is comprised of sediment particles with a diameter less than this value. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:23.2638
    Maximum:32.7258
    0.011
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.011 and 0.013 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.013
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.013 and 0.015 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.015
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.015 and 0.017 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.017
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.017 and 0.020 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.020
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.020 and 0.023 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.023
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.023 and 0.026 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.026
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.026 and 0.030 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.030
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.030 and 0.034 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.034
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.034 and 0.039 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.039
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.039 and 0.044 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.044
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.044 and 0.051 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.051
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.051 and 0.058 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.058
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.058 and 0.067 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.067
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.067 and 0.076 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.076
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.076 and 0.087 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0
    0.087
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.087 and 0.100 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.180
    0.100
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.100 and 0.115 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.114
    Maximum:0.370
    0.115
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.115 and 0.131 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.226
    Maximum:0.668
    0.131
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.131 and 0.150 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.387
    Maximum:1.081
    0.150
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.150 and 0.172 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.644
    Maximum:1.687
    0.172
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.172 and 0.197 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.049
    Maximum:2.514
    0.197
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.197 and 0.226 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.656
    Maximum:3.576
    0.226
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.226 and 0.259 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.524
    Maximum:5.080
    0.259
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.259 and 0.296 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.678
    Maximum:6.598
    0.296
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.296 and 0.339 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.987
    Maximum:7.436
    0.339
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.339 and 0.389 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.531
    Maximum:6.159
    0.389
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.389 and 0.445 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.517
    Maximum:4.190
    0.445
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.445 and 0.510 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.101
    Maximum:2.104
    0.510
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.510 and 0.584 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.421
    Maximum:0.841
    0.584
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.584 and 0.669 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.165
    Maximum:0.314
    0.669
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.669 and 0.766 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.124
    0.766
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.766 and 0.877 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    0.877
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 0.877 and 1.005 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    1.005
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.005 and 1.151 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    1.151
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.151 and 1.318 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    1.318
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.318 and 1.510 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    1.510
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.510 and 1.729 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.122
    1.729
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.729 and 1.981 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.111
    Maximum:0.186
    1.981
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 1.981 and 2.269 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.175
    Maximum:0.277
    2.269
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 2.269 and 2.599 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.277
    Maximum:0.406
    2.599
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 2.599 and 2.976 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.433
    Maximum:0.583
    2.976
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 2.976 and 3.409 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.652
    Maximum:0.810
    3.409
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 3.409 and 3.905 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.940
    Maximum:1.085
    3.905
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 3.905 and 4.472 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.286
    Maximum:1.460
    4.472
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 4.472 and 5.122 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.646
    Maximum:1.895
    5.122
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 5.122 and 5.867 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.068
    Maximum:2.385
    5.867
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 5.867 and 6.720 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.553
    Maximum:2.922
    6.720
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 6.720 and 7.697 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.091
    Maximum:3.487
    7.697
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 7.697 and 8.816 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.603
    Maximum:4.168
    8.816
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 8.816 and 10.097 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.046
    Maximum:4.812
    10.097
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 10.097 and 11.565 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.421
    Maximum:5.405
    11.565
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 11.565 and 13.246 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.590
    Maximum:5.804
    13.246
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 13.246 and 15.172 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.474
    Maximum:5.898
    15.172
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 15.172 and 17.377 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.168
    Maximum:5.684
    17.377
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 17.377 and 19.904 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.741
    Maximum:5.212
    19.904
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 19.904 and 22.797 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.266
    Maximum:4.587
    22.797
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 22.797 and 26.111 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.805
    Maximum:3.913
    26.111
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 26.111 and 29.907 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.300
    Maximum:3.262
    29.907
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 29.907 and 34.255 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.745
    Maximum:2.787
    34.255
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 34.255 and 39.234 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.268
    Maximum:2.418
    39.234
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 39.234 and 44.938 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.878
    Maximum:1.911
    44.938
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 44.938 and 51.471 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.580
    Maximum:1.551
    51.471
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 51.471 and 58.953 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.369
    Maximum:1.193
    58.953
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 58.953 and 67.523 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.226
    Maximum:0.866
    67.523
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 67.523 and 77.340 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.133
    Maximum:0.596
    77.340
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 77.340 and 88.583 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.389
    88.583
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 88.583 and 101.460 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.244
    101.460
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 101.460 and 116.210 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    116.210
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 116.210 and 133.103 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    133.103
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 133.103 and 152.453 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    152.453
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 152.453 and 174.616 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    174.616
    Percentage of the specimen that has a measured diameter in the range between 174.616 and 200.00 µm in diameter. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.000
    Maximum:0.000
    Average
    All of the measured specimens for grain size in this report come from a single purchased batch of kaolin. This row provides the average result for each of the grain size columns in the spreadsheet. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) user defined
    HSP Specimen Height Example
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted data used for calculating the specimen height. There are four tables of data on this tab, three figures, and two tables of calculations using the data in the tab. The data tables are: Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure [This table presents the change in the height of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones as a function of effective pressure for the first loading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 3 MPa.]; Unloading at 3 MPa chamber pressure [This table presents the change in the height of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones as a function of effective pressure for the first unloading loading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 3 MPa.]; Reloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure [This table presents the change in the height of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones as a function of effective pressure during a reload of the system while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 10 MPa.]; and Unloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure [This table presents the change in the height of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones as a function of effective pressure for the second unloading loading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber. For this unloading, the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 10 MPa.]. (Source: producer defined)
    Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of the first loading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 3 MPa, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:16.04
    Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: LVDT [mm]
    The output of the Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer, LVDT, converted to millimeters. The initial value is arbitrary. The significance of the LVDT is really in the change in LVDT (deformation) with stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.75
    Maximum:6.19
    Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: Deformation [mm]
    The difference between the LDVT reading at the given stress, and the original LVDT reading at 0.01 MPa. This is the initial change in length of the piston and thickness of the porous stones with increasing stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.44
    Maximum:0.00
    Unloading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of the first unloading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 3 MPa, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.19
    Maximum:16.04
    Unloading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: LVDT [mm]
    The output of the Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer, LVDT, converted to millimeters. The initial value is arbitrary. The significance of the LVDT is really in the change in LVDT (deformation) with stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.75
    Maximum:6.06
    Unloading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: Deformation [mm]
    The difference between the LDVT reading at the given stress, and the original LVDT reading at 0.01 MPa (from the Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure table). This measures a change in length of the piston and thickness of the porous stones with decreasing stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.44
    Maximum:-0.14
    Unloading at 3 MPa chamber pressure: Elastic Deformation, delta d [mm]
    This is the difference in the length of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones between loading and unloading, after correcting for the unrecoverable (permanent) deformation of the porous stones. It represents the elastic (recoverable) deformation in the system as a function of effective stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.36
    Maximum:-0.06
    Reloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of a reload of the system while the fluid pressure inside the chamber is 10 MPa, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.21
    Maximum:13.71
    Reloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: LVDT [mm]
    The output of the Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer, LVDT, converted to millimeters. The initial value is arbitrary. The significance of the LVDT is really in the change in LVDT (deformation) with stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.68
    Maximum:5.99
    Reloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: Deformation [mm]
    The difference between the LDVT reading at the given stress, and the original LVDT reading at 0.01 MPa (from the Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure table). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.51
    Maximum:-0.21
    Unloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of the second unloading loading cycle experienced by the porous stones inside the HSP chamber, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.39
    Maximum:13.71
    Unloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: LVDT [mm]
    The output of the Linear Voltage Displacement Transducer, LVDT, converted to millimeters. The initial value is arbitrary. The significance of the LVDT is really in the change in LVDT (deformation) with stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.68
    Maximum:5.95
    Unloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: Deformation [mm]
    The difference between the LDVT reading at the given stress, and the original LVDT reading at 0.01 MPa (from the Initial Loading at 3 MPa chamber pressure table). This measures a change in length of the piston and thickness of the porous stones with decreasing stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.51
    Maximum:-0.24
    Unloading at 10 MPa chamber pressure: Elastic Deformation, delta d [mm]
    This is the difference in the length of the piston and the thickness of the porous stones between loading and unloading, after correcting for the unrecoverable (permanent) deformation of the porous stones. It represents the elastic (recoverable) deformation in the system as a function of effective stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.35
    Maximum:-0.09
    Direct Permeability Example
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted data demonstrating how permeability is calculated in the High Stress Permeameter (HSP), which measures the flow rate associated with an imposed pressure gradient driving flow through a specimen. There are three tables of data on this tab, two figures, and two tables of calculations using the data in the tab. The data tables are: Initial Loading [This section presents the stress and permeability data measured for the porous stones during their first compression.]; Unloading [This section presents the stress and permeability data measured for the porous stones during their unloading, which gives the porous stone’s permeability due to the elastic deformations with changing effective stress.]; and Measured data [This section presents the applied pressure gradient and measured induced flow rate data for HSP Test 3, at 2.03 MPa vertical effective stress (See Tab "Permeability").]. Step 1. Porous Stone Permeability presents the data used to determine the porous metal "stone" permeability as a function of effective stress. When the stones are first compressed, they deform, reducing their permeability. Subsequent loading and unloading cycles elastically deform the porous stones, shifting the stone’s permeability within a measured range. Step 2. Apparent Permeability = Permeability of the specimen and porous stones presents the data used to determine the apparent permeability, which is the permeability of both the kaolin specimen, and the porous stones, since water flows through both the stones and the specimen during the experiment. Apparent permeability is derived from the relationship between the applied pressure gradient and the measured water flow induced by that pressure gradient, as shown in Figure 13. This example data is for HSP Test 3, at 2.03 MPa vertical effective stress (See Tab "Permeability"). (Source: producer defined)
    Initial Loading: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of the first compression, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.010
    Maximum:16.037
    Initial Loading: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the porous stones at the given effective stress. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1439.1
    Maximum:1677.6
    Unloading: Effective Stress [MPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of the first unloading, in megapascals (MPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.585
    Maximum:16.037
    Unloading: Permeability [mD]
    The intrinsic permeability of the porous stones at the given effective stress. The units are millidarcy, where 1 mD = 9.869e-16 m^2. (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1439.1
    Maximum:1452.4
    Measured data: Differential Pressure, delta P [kPa]
    The fluid pressure difference measured between the base of the specimen (the high-pressure fluid injection port), and the top of the specimen (the low-pressure fluid collection port). This measurement is in kilopascals, kPa. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.4
    Maximum:266.8
    Measured data: Flow Rate, Q [µl/min]
    The flow rate induced by the imposed pressure gradient, as measured at the low-pressure fluid collection port. This measurement is in microliters per minute, µl/min. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.1
    Maximum:23.4
    Log Time Permeability Example
    One tab in the Microsoft Excel workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx that contains tabulated and plotted data demonstrating how permeability is calculated in the oedometers, using the log time method for estimating permeability from the consolidation curve during a given consolidation step. This example uses the measured data that went into calculating permeability for the GeoTac Automated Load Frame, Frame 1, 0.05 MPa stress step (Permeability tab, cell R9). There is one table of data on this tab, one figure, and five tables of calculations using the data in the tab. Calculation steps 1 through 5, calculating specimen permeability presents the log time calculation for obtaining the measured permeability (steps 1-4) and for isolating the specimen permeability from the porous stones using the series model for flow through the porous stones and specimen (step 5). This result is the result shown in cell R9 of the Permeability tab [Budhu, M., 2011, Soil Mechanics and Foundations (3rd Edition): John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. ISBN: 978-1-118-13604-1.]. (Source: producer defined)
    Time [s]
    The time, in seconds. The initial time is generally arbitrary, starting when the data logging begins, but in this example the time has been trimmed down and started at the moment the oedometer system is commanded to step from 27.82 kilopascals to 48.07 kilopascals of stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:18810
    Stress [kPa]
    The vertical effective stress applied to the porous stones (there is no specimen in place) at each step of this test, in kilopascals (kPa). (Source: ASTM, 2022, D653-22 - Standard terminology relating to soil, rock and contained fluids: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/D0653-22.)
    Range of values
    Minimum:27.82
    Maximum:48.94
    Height of Specimen [mm]
    The height of the specimen, not including the porous stones, in millimeters (mm). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:23.72
    Maximum:24.71
    Step Time [s]
    The time, in seconds, starting from the moment the oedometer system is commanded to step from 27.82 kilopascals to 48.07 kilopascals of stress. In general, this will not be the first row, but for this example, we’ve simplified things and trimmed the data from before resetting the stress. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:18810
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    The workbook HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers.xlsx contains seven tabs of tabulated and plotted data from consolidation tests in four devices, along with examples for calculating permeability and parameters needed for permeability: Overview - Contains links to the other workbook tabs and online links to resources and references relevant to this study. Contains no data; Consolidation – Contains tabulated and plotted consolidation data from the four devices; Permeability – Contains tabulated and plotted permeability data from the four devices; Grain Size – Contains tabulated and plotted grain size distribution data, along with example calculations for determining the grain size distribution statistics; HSP Specimen Height Example – Contains tabulated and plotted data along with the calculations used to obtain the corrections needed to calculate the actual specimen height during a consolidation and permeability test when using the High Stress Permeameter (HSP); Direct Permeability Example – Contains tabulated and plotted data along with the calculations used to obtain the permeability of a specimen in the HSP using the direct flow permeability method; Log Time Permeability Example – Contains tabulated and plotted data along with the equations used for calculating permeability from the consolidation curve measured in an oedometer.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
    Garcia, A.V., and Waite, W.F., 2025, Compressibility and permeability data for kaolin — A comparison between 1-dimensional oedometers and a high-stress permeameter [Data set]: Zenodo dataset, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15021308.

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Garcia, Adrian V.
    • Waite, William F.
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    William F. Waite
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Research Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2346 (voice)
    wwaite@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

The data in this release are used to illustrate the equivalence of the custom-built, high-stress permeameter (HSP) with industry-standard testing equipment (oedometers). This data release also supports the Quality Management System (QMS) by providing templates for calculations associated with sediment testing in both the HSP and oedometer systems.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2024 (process 1 of 10)
    Samples analyzed and the data presented are associated with kaolinite purchased from a retailer and the data resulting from their analysis do not have site-specific implications. The geographic extent for the data in this data release is thus described as global.
    Date: 2024 (process 2 of 10)
    High-Stress Permeameter – Correction Factors: The custom-designed high stress permeameter (HSP) requires two correction factors: 1) a correction factor for deriving the true specimen height, and 2) a correction factor for the permeability of the porous stones that sit above and below a specimen and factor into the overall measured permeability.
    Date: 2024 (process 3 of 10)
    Correction #1) The specimen height is calculated from the height of the piston protruding above the chamber (see figure 9 in the HSP Specimen Height Example tab). To connect that measurable length to the specimen height, the system was set up with no specimen (specimen height = 0), and the system was cycled through the range of applied vertical stresses (0 to 16 MPa) at two different chamber pressures. This yields an offset we can subtract from the piston protrusion that, for a given applied stress and chamber pressure, yields the specimen height. An example of this calculation is given in the HSP Specimen Height Example tab.
    Date: 2024 (process 4 of 10)
    Correction #2) Permeability of the porous stones was measured during the specimen height calibration tests while there was no specimen. Based on the linear relationship between the differential pressure and the fluid flow rate, the permeability of the porous stones could be calculated for the range of applied stresses in a standard test (0 to 16 MPa). Results of this measurement, and an example of how the porous stone permeability can be accounted for when trying to measure permeability in a sediment specimen, are presented in the Direct Permeability Example tab.
    Date: 2024 (process 5 of 10)
    Consolidation: In this study, kaolin taken from a single batch ("Peerless2" air-floated kaolin from Vanderbilt Minerals) was used for 1-dimensional consolidation testing. Specifically, the tests were run to obtain the compression index, Cc, and the recompression index, Cr, for kaolin across three types of devices: The custom designed high-stress permeameter (HSP), two identical industry-standard oedometers with a servo-controlled load (GeoTac) and an industry-standard oedometer with a dead-weight load (ELE International). These compression index data are measured on kaolin in deionized water. For the HSP, the procedure followed the methods described for the Effective Stress Cell (ESC) in Santamarina and others (2015) and Jang and others (2019). For the oedometers, the consolidation procedures were based on the methods described in Jang and others (2018) and the American Society for Testing and Materials standard D2435 (ASTM, 2011). The specific process steps used for this study are detailed in Garcia and Waite (2026).
    References:
    ASTM, D2435/D2435M-11-Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading, 2011, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, https://www/doi.org/10.1520/D2435_D2435M-11.
    Garcia, A.V., and Waite, W.F., 2026, Establishing the equivalence of compressibility and permeability data from a High-Stress Permeameter (HSP) with standard oedometer consolidation results: Geotechnical Testing Journal, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20250043.
    Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Impact of pore fluid chemistry on fine-grained sediment fabric and compressibility: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, v. 123, p. 5495-514, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015872.
    Jang, J., Dai, S., Yoneda, J., Waite, W.F., Stern, L.A., Boze, L.-G., Collett, T.S., and Kumar, P., 2019, Pressure core analysis of geomechanical and fluid flow properties of seals associated with gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 108, p. 537-550, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.015.
    Santamarina, J.C., Dai, S., Terzariol, M., Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Winters, W.J., Nagao, J., Yoneda, J., Konno, Y., Fujii, T., and Suzuki, K., 2015, Hydro-bio-geomechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments from Nankai Trough: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 66, p. 434-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.033.
    Date: 2024 (process 6 of 10)
    Permeability - Direct Flow Method: During the 1-dimensional consolidation testing on kaolin, the custom designed high-stress permeameter (HSP) was used at the end of certain consolidation steps to measure permeability by directly flowing water through the specimen while measuring the relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient. This method follows the description for the Effective Stress Cell (ESC) in Santamarina and others (2015) and Jang and others (2019). The specific process steps used for this study are detailed in Garcia and Waite (2026), and the "Direct Permeability Example" tab contains a template for deriving permeability estimates from flow and pressure gradient data.
    References:
    Garcia, A.V. and Waite, W.F., 2026, Establishing the equivalence of compressibility and permeability data from a High-Stress Permeameter (HSP) with standard oedometer consolidation results: Geotechnical Testing Journal, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20250043.
    Jang, J., Dai, S., Yoneda, J., Waite, W.F., Stern, L.A., Boze, L.-G., Collett, T.S., and Kumar, P., 2019, Pressure core analysis of geomechanical and fluid flow properties of seals associated with gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 108, p. 537-550, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.015.
    Santamarina, J.C., Dai,S., Terzariol, M., Jang, J., Waite, W.F., Winters, W.J., Nagao, J., Yoneda, J., Konno, Y., Fujii, T., and Suzuki, K., 2015, Hydro-bio-geomechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments from Nankai Trough: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 66, p. 434-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.033.
    Date: 2024 (process 7 of 10)
    Permeability - Log-time Method: During the 1-dimensional consolidation testing on kaolin, the three oedometers yielded consolidation versus time curves that can be analyzed via Terzaghi’s Log-Time method to estimate permeability. Following the method in Budhu (2011), these calculations were used in this study and contrasted with the direct-flow results from the HSP. The specific process steps used for this study are detailed in Garcia and Waite (2026), and the "Log Time Permeability Example" tab contains a template for deriving permeability estimates from consolidation data.
    References:
    Budhu, M., 2011, Soil Mechanics and Foundations (3rd Edition): John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
    Garcia, A.V. and Waite, W.F., 2026, Establishing the equivalence of compressibility and permeability data from a High-Stress Permeameter (HSP) with standard oedometer consolidation results: Geotechnical Testing Journal, https://www.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20250043.
    Date: 2024 (process 8 of 10)
    Note: The number of significant figures displayed in a given cell depends on the source of the information. Imported values are given as measured in the example tabs. Results data for compressibility and permeability are limited to three significant figures for consolidation and permeability data (or to the nearest 0.01 MPa for stresses). Person who carried out this activity:
    William F. Waite
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Research Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2346 (voice)
    wwaite@usgs.gov
    Date: 2024 (process 9 of 10)
    Grain Size: Samples submitted to the Sediment Laboratory for grain size analysis using the Horiba laser diffraction unit (LA-960) and divided into batches of no more than 30 samples. Each batch is entered into a Microsoft Excel data entry spreadsheet (e.g., LD Worksheet Template_####.xlsx, where #### is the identifier assigned to the sample submission) to record the initial and dried sample weights. Each batch is also is entered into macro-enabled Microsoft Excel data entry spreadsheets (####_GrainSizeWorksheet_LD1-30.xlsm or ####_GrainSizeWorksheet_LD31-60.xlsm, where #### is the identifier assigned to the sample submission, "LD1-30" and "LD31-60" refer to the pre-labeled and weighed glass laser diffraction vials the samples will be run in) to record the measurement data coming from the laser diffraction unit and incorporate the initial sample weights.
    Date: 2024 (process 10 of 10)
    Fine fractions ready for analysis by the Horiba laser diffraction unit are rehydrated with distilled water. Fifteen (15) ml of pre-mixed 40 g/l sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO3)6] are added to each sample. If the height of the fluid in the laser diffraction vial is less than 5 cm, more distilled water is added to raise the level to no more than 8 cm in the vial. The samples are gently stirred, covered, and allowed to soak for at least 1 hour (for samples that were not dried) up to 24 hours (for samples that were dried). Soaked vials are placed into an ultrasonic bath and run for 10 minutes at a frequency of 37 Hz with a power level of 100. If the samples appear to be fully disaggregated, they are placed into pre-determined autosampler locations and are run using the Horiba LA-960 for Windows software to get the fine fraction grain size distributions. The fine fraction distribution data are added to the appropriate data entry spreadsheets. The spreadsheet is used to calculate a continuous phi class distribution from the original fractions. Data from this submission were processed using version 2.1 of the data entry spreadsheet. Grain size distribution statistics are calculated according to the methods of Collias and others (1963).
    Reference:
    Collias, E. E., Rona, M. R., McMannus, D. A., and Creager, J. S., 1963, Machine processing of technical data: University of Washington, Technical report #87, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0423746.pdf. Person who carried out this activity:
    William F. Waite
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Research Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2346 (voice)
    wwaite@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    These are laboratory measurements made on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant horizontal position data for this work.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    These are laboratory measurements made on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant vertical position data for this work.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This Microsoft Excel workbook represents the complete collected and calculated data collected as part of a device validation study that utilized a single batch of kaolin purchased from a bulk sediment vendor.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Inputs for this data release were taken from four separate devices, all essentially working as 1-dimensional oedometers, and all operating on a single specimen type (kaolin, with all specimens taken from the same batch). This dataset functions as a consistency check across all devices, showing consistent results between devices and techniques for obtaining sediment compressibility and permeability values.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints Public domain (CC0-1.0) data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the sources of this information.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Zenodo
    European Organization for Nuclear Research: IT Department, Digital Repositories Section
    Meyrin, Geneva
    Switzerland

    +41 22 76 77777 (voice)
    info@zenodo.org
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Zenodo makes research results citable, and through OpenAIRE, integrates them into existing reporting lines to funding agencies. Citation information is also passed to DataCite and onto the scholarly aggregators. The resource itself is an Excel spreadsheet of data: HighStressPermeameter_HSP_ComparisonWithOedometers. The Zenodo site does not have the complete XML metadata.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 23-Jan-2026
Metadata author:
Brian J. Buczkowski
U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Supervisory Physical Scientist
U.S. Geological Survey
Woods Hole, MA

508-548-8700 x2361 (voice)
whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
Contact_Instructions:
The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. Bill Waite (data contact) provided the information that Brian Buczkowski used to write a CSDGM compliant metadata file.
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/zenodo/ZEN_15021308/HSP-Consolidation-Permeability-Kaolin_meta.faq.html>
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