Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Manoocher Shirzaei Originator: Oluwaseyi Dasho Originator: Ashutosh Tiwari Originator: Li Erikson Publication_Date: 20250926 Title: Vertical land motion rates for the years 2015 to 2023 - Norton Sound, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P1RTIKBK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1RTIKBK Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Manoocher Shirzaei Originator: Oluwaseyi Dasho Originator: Ashutosh Tiwari Originator: Li Erikson Publication_Date: 2025 Title: Vertical land motion rates for the years 2015 to 2023 - Coastal Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P1RTIKBK Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Shirzaei, M., Dasho, O., Tiwari, A., and Erikson, L., 2025, Vertical land motion rates for the years 2015 to 2023 - Coastal Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1RTIKBK. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1RTIKBK Description: Abstract: This dataset contains rates of land subsidence and uplift derived from Sentinel-1A/B (2015-2023) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites for the Alaska coastline along Norton Sound. The data consist of vertical land motion (VLM) rates and the 1-sigma error in land motion rates and are available as a csv file. Purpose: These data are intended for policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation. Supplemental_Information: Work was funded by Title VII of Division N in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (Public Law 117–328) to support direct recovery and rebuilding decisions in the wake of declared disasters related to hurricanes and typhoons in 2022. For more information on these efforts, see https://www.usgs.gov/supplemental-appropriations-for-disaster-recovery-activities/typhoon-merbok-coastal-community. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20150101 Ending_Date: 20231231 Currentness_Reference: collection years of SAR data used to determine vertical land motion Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -166.95007 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.69790 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 65.30995 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 62.59433 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier Theme_Keyword: USGS:9bdb53d3-ddbb-41ab-9e37-b59135b318e9 Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: hazards Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Theme_Keyword: coastal Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) Place_Keyword: State of Alaska Place_Keyword: Wales Place_Keyword: Norton Sound Access_Constraints: No access constraints Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Vertical_Land_Motion_NortonSound.png Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Map showing the area for which vertical land motion (VLM) data are available. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Interferograms are generated using GAMMA software (Werner and others, 2000) and multitemporal InSAR processing is performed using Wavelet-Based InSAR algorithm (Blackwell and others, 2020; Lee and Shirzaei, 2023; Ohenhen and others, 2024; Ojha and others, 2018; Shirzaei and Bürgmann, 2012; Shirzaei, 2013). Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: E. Blackwell Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: C. Ojha Originator: S. Werth Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise Other_Citation_Details: Blackwell, E., Shirzaei, M., Ojha, C., and Werth, S., 2020, Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise: Science Advances, vol. 6, p. eaba4551, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4551. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Costantini Publication_Date: 1998 Title: A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming Other_Citation_Details: Costantini, M., 1998, A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming: Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 36, p. 813-821 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Costantini Originator: P.A. Rosen Publication_Date: 1999 Title: A generalized phase unwrapping approach for sparse data Other_Citation_Details: Costantini, M., and Rosen, P.A.,1999, A generalized phase unwrapping approach for sparse data: IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), Hamburg, Germany, 1999, vol.1, p. 267-269 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: R.F. Hanssen Publication_Date: 2001 Title: Radar interferometry, data interpretation and error analysis Other_Citation_Details: Hanssen, R.F., 2001, Radar interferometry, data interpretation and error analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 978-0-7923-6945-5 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: W.C. Hammond Originator: G. Blewitt Originator: C. Kreemer, Originator: R.S. Nerem Publication_Date: 2021 Title: GPS Imaging of Global Vertical Land Motion for Studies of Sea Level Rise Other_Citation_Details: Hammond, W.C., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., & Nerem, R.S., 2021, GPS Imaging of Global Vertical Land Motion for Studies of Sea Level Rise: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 126, e2021JB022355, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022355 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: J.-C. Lee Originator: M. Shirzaei Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Novel algorithms for pair and pixel selection and atmospheric error correction in multitemporal InSAR Other_Citation_Details: Lee, J.-C., and Shirzaei, M., 2023, Novel algorithms for pair and pixel selection and atmospheric error correction in multitemporal InSAR: Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 286, 113447 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: L.O. Ohenhen Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: C. Ojha Originator: S.F. Sherpa Originator: R.J. Nicholls Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Disappearing cities on US coasts Other_Citation_Details: Ohenhen, L.O., Shirzaei, M., Ojha, C., Sherpa, S.F., and Nicholls, R.J., 2024, Disappearing cities on US coasts: Nature, vol. 627, p.108-115 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Ojha Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: S. Werth Originator: D.F. Argus Originator: T.G. Farr Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Sustained groundwater loss in California’s Central Valley exacerbated by intense drought periods Other_Citation_Details: Ojha, C., Shirzaei, M., Werth, S., Argus, D.F., and Farr, T.G., 2018, Sustained groundwater loss in California's Central Valley exacerbated by intense drought periods: Water resources research, vol. 54, p. 4449-4460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022250. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: T.R. Walter Publication_Date: 2011 Title: Estimating the Effect of Satellite Orbital Error Using Wavelet-Based Robust Regression Applied to InSAR Deformation Data Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei, M., and Walter, T.R.,2011, Estimating the Effect of Satellite Orbital Error Using Wavelet-Based Robust Regression Applied to InSAR Deformation Data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, p. 4600-4605 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: R. Bürgmann Publication_Date: 2012 Title: Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei M., and Bürgmann, R., 2012, Topography correlated atmospheric delay correction in radar interferometry using wavelet transforms: Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049971. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Publication_Date: 2013 Title: A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei, M., 2013, A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion, (in English): IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 10, p. 456-460, https://doi.org/10.1109/Lgrs.2012.2208935. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: M. Shirzaei Originator: M. Manga Originator: G. Zhai Publication_Date: 2019 Title: Hydraulic properties of injection formations constrained by surface deformation Other_Citation_Details: Shirzaei, M., Manga, M., and Zhai, G., 2019, Hydraulic properties of injection formations constrained by surface deformation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 515, p. 125-134 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: C. Werner Originator: U. Wegmüller, Originator: T. Strozzi, Originator: A. Wiesmann, Publication_Date: 2000 Title: Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software Other_Citation_Details: Werner, C., Wegmüller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A., 2000: Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software. Proceedings of the ERS—ENVISAT Symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden, 16-20 October, https://www.gamma-rs.ch/uploads/media/2000-1_GAMMA_Software.pdf Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment using an independent set of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) vertical was conducted. Results are within the expected range of 1 millimeter per year (mm/yr) standard deviation. Values exceeding +/- the mean plus 2 times the standard deviation of the VLM rates are deemed outliers and were removed. Logical_Consistency_Report: Data fall within expected/reasonable ranges. Completeness_Report: Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data accuracy is assumed to be close to 1 mm/yr. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: European Space Agency Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Sentinel-1 SAR Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GeoTIFF files Publication_Information: Publication_Place: online Publisher: Copernicus Online_Linkage: https://search.asf.alaska.edu/ Type_of_Source_Media: online database Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20150101 Ending_Date: 20231231 Source_Currentness_Reference: 2021 Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Sentinel-1A/B satellites Source_Contribution: Source was used to build a seamless map of vertical land motion Process_Step: Process_Description: To generate high-resolution maps of surface deformation over the study area, we applied Wavelet-based InSAR (WabInSAR) algorithm (Lee and Shirzaei, 2023; Shirzaei, 2013; Shirzaei and Bürgmann, 2012; Shirzaei and others, 2019), a cutting-edge multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing framework to SAR images acquired in ascending orbit of Sentinel-1 A/B satellites between 2015 and 2023. We first generated a large set of high-quality Interferograms using GAMMA software (Werner and others, 2000). We applied a multi-looking factor of 30 by 5 in the range and azimuth direction to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and obtain an average ground resolution of about 60 m by about 60 m. We discarded distributed scatterers with coherence of less than 0.65 and permanent scatterers with amplitude dispersion of more than 0.3, following the approach detailed in (Lee and Shirzaei, 2023). Next, we employed a minimum cost flow phase unwrapping algorithm (Costantini, 1998) modified to be applied to a sparse set of less noisy pixels (Costantini and Rosen, 1999) to estimate absolute phase changes in each interferogram. We corrected all unwrapped interferograms for the effect of orbital error (Shirzaei and Walter, 2011) and reduced the effects of topographically correlated atmospheric phase delay and spatially uncorrelated digital elevation model (DEM) error (Shirzaei, 2013; Shirzaei and Bürgmann, 2012). We used a reweighted least-squares optimization to estimate each pixel's line-of-sight (LOS) time series and velocity (Shirzaei, 2013). Assuming that the principal deformation is vertical, we used the satellite unit vectors (Hanssen 2001) and projected the LOS in the vertical direction. To transform the InSAR-based vertical land motion (VLM) to the IGS14 global reference frame, we utilized the global VLM model generated by Hammond and others (2021), which mainly includes long-wavelength deformation signals due to glacial isostatic adjustment, tectonics, and total water storage changes in a global reference frame and applied an affine transformation (Blackwell and others, 2020; Ohenhen and Shirzaei, 2022). Values exceeding +/- the mean plus 2 times the standard deviation of the VLM rates are deemed outliers and were removed. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Sentinel-1A/B satellites Process_Date: 20220115 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Manoocher Shirzaei Contact_Organization: Virginia Tech Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical Address: 925 Prices Fork Road City: Blacksburg State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 24060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 510-333-9305 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: shirzaei@vt.edu Process_Step: Process_Description: The metadata was edited to remove a space in the network resource link. No data were changed. (mau@usgs.gov) Process_Date: 20251212 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1013385 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: International GNSS Service 14 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Vertical_Land_Motion_NortonSound_CoastalAlaska.csv Entity_Type_Definition: vertical land motion rates Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined Attribute: Attribute_Label: Longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -166.95007 Range_Domain_Maximum: -159.69790 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Latitude Attribute_Definition: Latitudinal values for the dataset expressed in degrees Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 62.59433 Range_Domain_Maximum: 65.30995 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Decimal Degrees Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.00001 Attribute: Attribute_Label: VLMrate_cm_per_yr Attribute_Definition: Rate of vertical change in land mass, where positive values indicate uplift, negative values indicate subsidenc. Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -5.0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 5.0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: centimeters (cm) per year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: VLMerror_cm_per_yr Attribute_Definition: 1-sigma error of VLM rates Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: cm per year Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Resource_Description: These data are available in csv format accompanied by CSDGM FGDC-compliant metadata. Distribution_Liability: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: comma-delimited text Format_Version_Date: 2025 Format_Information_Content: Zip file (Vertical_Land_Motion_NortonSound_CoastalAlaska.zip) containing csv with VLM data File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip Transfer_Size: 5.7 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1RTIKBK Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name link then scrolling down to the Satellite Data section. Fees: None. Technical_Prerequisites: The csv data can be viewed with any text reading software. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20251212 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 2885 Mission Street City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998