Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Christine J. Kranenburg Originator: Jenna A. Brown Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Jin-Si R. Over Originator: Christopher R. Sherwood Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Publication_Date: 20231006 Title: Precision Airborne Camera (PAC) System - Field data from periodic and event-response surveys of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Series_Information: Series_Name: data service Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Publication_Information: Publication_Place: St. Petersburg, Florida Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Other_Citation_Details: Suggested Citation: Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Ritchie, A.C., Over, J.R., Sherwood, C.R., and Warrick, J.A., 2023, Precision Airborne Camera (PAC) System - Field data from periodic and event-response surveys of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, in Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service: U.S. Geological Survey data service, accessed [MMMM d, YYYY], at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI. [Data directly accessible at https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-services/rscc/PrecisionAirborneCameraSystem/] Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Peter J. Triezenberg Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Gerald A. Hatcher Originator: Daniel D. Buscombe Publication_Date: 20230221 Title: Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: application/service Series_Information: Series_Name: data service Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Santa Cruz, California Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey - Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Description: Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Remote Sensing Coastal Change (RSCC) project collects aerial imagery along coastal swaths with optimized endlap/sidelap and precise position information to create high-resolution orthomosaics, three-dimensional (3D) point clouds, and digital elevation/surface models (DEMs/DSMs) using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry methods. These products are valuable for measuring topographic and landscape change, and for understanding coastal vulnerability and response to disturbance events. This is an ongoing collection of nadir (vertical) aerial imagery surveys of coastal environments. Low-altitude digital aerial imagery is acquired with a manned, fixed-wing aircraft using the "Precision Airborne Camera (PAC)" system. The system is operated by C.W. Wright and consists of a mounted digital camera fitted with a prime lens, along with a custom integrated survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. Purpose: These data are provided to record ground conditions at a high temporal and spatial resolution, and after high-magnitude disturbance events, to improve our understanding of earth surface processes (natural hazards) affecting coastal resources. Supplemental_Information: The USGS RSCC Simple Data Distribution Service is designed to release data using a standardized workflow in support of timely best science while maintaining USGS Fundamental Science Practices (FSP) and meeting the high-quality data standards of the USGS. The data service includes big data (up to hundreds of thousands of digital images) and related derivative data products, and serves as a digital data repository for manual, semi-automated, and fully automated retrieval of published data. The data service is structured in a folder (directory) hierarchy with subfolders corresponding to individual data collection platforms (DCPs) or groups of DCPs, which in turn contain folders with products grouped by collection effort. For more information on the RSCC Simple Data Distribution Service, refer to Ritchie and others (2023), https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20171130 Ending_Date: Present Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: In work Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180 East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90 South_Bounding_Coordinate: -90 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning Theme_Keyword: Distributions Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry and Elevation Theme_Keyword: Sand Resources Theme_Keyword: Habitat Theme_Keyword: Infrastructure Theme_Keyword: Structures Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: structure from motion Theme_Keyword: remote sensing Theme_Keyword: aerial photography Theme_Keyword: image collections Theme_Keyword: image analysis Theme_Keyword: visible light imaging Theme_Keyword: time series datasets Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Theme_Keyword: earth sciences Theme_Keyword: geomorphology Theme_Keyword: geography Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: ecology Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: geologic processes Theme_Keyword: slope processes Theme_Keyword: coastal ecosystems Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography Theme_Keyword: geography Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: ecology Theme_Keyword: beach Theme_Keyword: coastal processes Theme_Keyword: agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: anthropogenic agents of coastal change Theme_Keyword: coastal development Theme_Keyword: coastal erosion Theme_Keyword: coastal landslides Theme_Keyword: Global Positioning System (GPS) observations Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program Theme_Keyword: CMHRP Theme_Keyword: St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: SPCMSC Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: PCMSC Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: United States and Territories Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Position: SPCMSC Data Management Group Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Data_Set_Credit: Data collection was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey. The authors would like to thank pilot Wayne Wright of C.W. Wright Consulting (https://lidar.net) for data acquisition and systems expertise. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Precision Airborne Camera (PAC) system; IrfanView software; Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw; NovAtel's GrafNav software; Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition; Phil Harvey's ExifTool. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Matthew J. Westoby Originator: James Brasington Originator: Neil F. Glasser Originator: Michael J. Hambrey Originator: John M. Reynolds Publication_Date: 20121215 Title: 'Structure-from-Motion' photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications Series_Information: Series_Name: Geomorphology Issue_Identification: vol. 179 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Amsterdam, Netherlands Publisher: Elsevier Other_Citation_Details: pages 300-314 Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.021 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Jin-Si R. Over Originator: Andrew C. Ritchie Originator: Christine J. Kranenburg Originator: Jenna A. Brown Originator: Daniel D. Buscombe Originator: Tom Noble Originator: Christopher R. Sherwood Originator: Jonathan A. Warrick Originator: Phillipe A. Wernette Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6 - Structure from motion workflow documentation Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: publication Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Issue_Identification: 2021-1039 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The accuracy of the position data is based on the accuracy and precision of the GNSS equipment, camera timing, number and length of baselines, and atmospheric conditions, and is listed in the collection-level metadata. Note that the positions in the imagery headers are aircraft GNSS antenna positions and are limited to six decimal places. Whereas the positions in the external navigation file are accurate to ten decimal places and are therefore highly recommended for use in SfM photogrammetric processing to produce the highest quality derived products. No effort is made to optimize exposure through post-processing. These data represent raw aerial imagery, as collected, and subsequently used in SfM photogrammetric processing workflows. Logical_Consistency_Report: RGB (red, green, blue) values are 8-bits per band, generally not saturated or underexposed. In a few cases of high or low light conditions, some imagery may be over or underexposed. GNSS values are checked for consistency and outliers. Bad data are discarded, and missing data are interpolated based on GNSS timestamps. Completeness_Report: This is an ongoing collection of nadir (vertical) aerial imagery surveys of coastal environments. Some images may lack position information in their imagery header metadata resulting from a momentary disruption in GNSS signals but in most cases, interpolated positions were applied to these images. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal positions are provided in the aircraft positions files (.txt) and generally have an estimated 2-sigma horizontal accuracy of 10 centimeters (cm). The accuracy of the positions in the imagery headers are reduced due to field size limitations for storing latitude/longitude. Any variations in positional accuracy are described in the collection-level metadata record. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Vertical positions are provided in the aircraft positions files (.txt) and generally have an estimated 2-sigma vertical accuracy of 15 cm. Any variations in positional accuracy are described in the collection-level metadata record. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: IMAGE & POSITION ACQUISITION -- C. W. Wright Consulting operates the Precision Airborne Camera (PAC) system to conduct nadir (vertical) aerial imagery surveys along coastal swaths in shore-parallel lines with optimized endlap/overlap to facilitate SfM processing (Westoby and others, 2012). The PAC system is comprised of a high-resolution digital camera fitted with a prime lens, along with a custom integrated survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver aboard a Piper P28A aircraft. The camera is triggered by a microcontroller that is synchronized to the pulse-per-second (PPS) signal from the survey-grade GNSS. An event mark is then captured from the flash shoe, timestamped by the GNSS and recorded by the microcontroller. The dataset received from the vendor is comprised of the raw imagery, raw dual-frequency carrier phase GNSS data and photo flash event time data. GNSS positions record the phase center of the GNSS antenna at the moment an image is captured (see Positional_Accuracy metadata element for uncertainty discussion). Lever arm distances are used to translate the position from the nodal point of the camera lens to the GNSS antenna reference point (for more details see Over and others, 2021); these are recorded relative to the camera coordinate system, where the camera is 0,0, and the axes run as follows: X axis runs from left (negative) to right (positive) Y axis runs from bottom (negative) to top (positive) Z axis runs from front of lens (negative) to back of camera (positive) The PAC system hardware is updated as new technological advances are available, which may include a new camera and/or new GNSS system, which may also change the lever arm distances; estimated uncertainties in the lever arm distances are 5 cm in each direction. Below are the specifications of the different PAC system versions and the dates they were in use: VERSION 1.1 Survey Dates Valid: 20171130 - 20180807 Camera Model: Ricoh GRII GNSS Survey Equipment: GPS-only system Lever Arm Distances: 0.44 m, -0.31 m, and 1.25 m (x, y, z) VERSION 1.2 Survey Dates Valid: 20180808 - 20180907 Camera Model: Sony A7R 36 Megapixel GNSS Survey Equipment: GPS-only system Lever Arm Distances: 0.44 m, -0.31 m, and 1.25 m (x, y, z) VERSION 2 Survey Dates Valid: 20180908 - Present Camera Model: Sony A7R 36 Megapixel GNSS Survey Equipment: GPS & GLONASS system Lever Arm Distances: 0.1 m, -0.15 m, and 1.25 m (x, y, z) Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: raw imagery Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: raw GNSS Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: event marks Process_Step: Process_Description: IMAGE RENAMING -- Images received from the vendor (in raw image file format, ARW) are renamed using IrfanView software to conform to the following naming convention: yyyy-mmdd-hhmmss-DSCnnnnn-N7251F.ARW, where yyyy_mmdd represents the year (yyyy), month (mm) and day (dd) of capture; hhmmss is the time of capture as hours (hh), minutes (mm), seconds(ss) in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC); DSCnnnnn represents a sequential image identifier (ID) generated by the camera; and N7251F is the tail number of the aircraft used for acquisition. The following pattern string is used in the batch renaming tool to rename the images from their raw name format (DSCnnnnn) to the naming convention defined above: $E36868(%Y-%m%d-%H%M%S)-$N-N7251F Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: raw imagery Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: renamed imagery Process_Step: Process_Description: IMAGE CONVERSION -- Renamed images are batch-converted to a format compatible with photogrammetry processing software using Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw and applying the Camera Neutral Profile (Joint Photographic Experts Group format, JPEG) and saving at quality 12 (max) using sRGB color space at 8 bits/channel. Software versions, conversion date, and other parameters are recorded in individual imagery header metadata. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: renamed imagery Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: jpg imagery Process_Step: Process_Description: IMAGE QA/QC -- Original and converted images are counted, and the beginning and end of the survey are reviewed to cull extraneous images (such as camera testing or inadvertently triggered images). A multi-page contact sheet of images is created to allow quick review ensuring that (a) conversion was successful with no corrupted imagery, and (b) "extra" imagery not capturing the intended view is culled. If corrupted converted images are found, imagery is re-converted until a collection of valid images remains. Note that in some cases, water-only images may be retained if there are visible or potentially visible bathymetric features, aquatic vegetation, and/or objects in the scene that may be useful for future data applications. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: populated imagery Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: publication-ready imagery Process_Step: Process_Description: AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION PROCESSING -- Raw GNSS data received by the antenna mounted atop the aircraft were recorded at 1 hertz (Hz) by a dual-frequency survey-grade GNSS receiver, which is post-processed and differentially corrected with as many continuously operating reference stations (CORS) within 30 kilometers (km) of any part of the trajectory, or locally-established base station(s) if necessary, using NovAtel's GrafNav software to produce 1-Hz aircraft trajectories. Trajectories are produced using precise ephemerides unless the flight level metadata clearly describes the dataset as PROVISIONAL, in which case a lower accuracy ephemeris is used. This is sometimes necessary if the imagery is collected to rapidly assess damage from natural disasters. The aircraft trajectories, in combination with precisely recorded image capture (flash event) times, are used to generate aircraft GNSS antenna positions at the moment of each image capture and is provided for each collection. Images with missing positions are reconciled through direct interpolation based on the image and GNSS time stamps. The positions in the aircraft positions file represent the position of the aircraft GNSS antenna, not the position of the camera or features photographed. To determine actual image positions, photogrammetric software such as Agisoft Metashape can be used to apply the lever arm offsets (in the camera frame of reference) from the GNSS antenna reference point to the camera lens. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: raw GNSS Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: event marks Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: jpg imagery Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: picture positions Process_Step: Process_Description: IMAGERY HEADERS -- Georeferencing, copyright, and other relevant information is added to the imagery headers of each image using Phil Harvey's ExifTool. To extract the information from the image headers using ExifTool, the following command can be used: exiftool -n -csv *.jpg > allheaders.csv The -csv flag writes the information out in a comma-delimited format. The -n option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: jpg imagery Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: picture positions Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: populated imagery Process_Step: Process_Description: KMZ CREATION -- In order to provide a visual map of the survey extent with example images throughout the survey domain, and to aid in completing the geospatial information in the collection-level metadata, a clickable Keyhole Markup Language Zipped file (.kmz) is created for each collection using ExifTool. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: populated imagery Process_Date: Not complete Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: kmz Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This metadata record describes characteristics of the Precision Airborne Camera (PAC) system data collection platform (DCP) and the organization and processing steps for data collected from that platform. The images are downloadable as JPEGs (.jpg) and correspond to a single 3-band, 24-bits per pixel, RGB image with imagery header metadata locating the image in space and time and describing acquisition parameters (including but not limited to: camera model, camera settings, lens information, and image conversion parameters). Datasets are organized by directory with each directory (folder) corresponding to a single collection effort. Product types (raw imagery, derivatives, and any ancillary products) for each collection effort are organized in subfolders with associated metadata and are populated as data are processed. In some cases, multiple versions or formats of a product may be released, including emergency and provisional data subject to change. Process steps in the collection-level metadata for each product describe naming conventions, methods, and disclaimers. Directory structure for each survey uses the following naming convention: {State[-State]}_{Region/Coast}_{YYYYMMDD[-YYYYMMDD]}_{Event}, where {State[-State]} is the two-letter abbreviation for the state[-s] (in alphabetical order) where the survey event occurred, {Region/Coast} is a unique name for the specific survey location (for example, "Atlantic" or "Gulf" for Florida coastal surveys), {YYYYMMDD[-YYYYMMDD]} is the abbreviation for the date[-s] the survey occurred, and {Event} describes a response to a specific event (when applicable) such as "preIan" and "postIan" for pre- and post-Hurricane Ian surveys. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: SPCMSC Data Management Group Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Resource_Description: yyyy-mmdd-hhmmss-DSCnnnnn-N7251F.jpg Distribution_Liability: This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data were processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: JPEG Format_Information_Content: JPEG images can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-services/rscc/PrecisionAirborneCameraSystem/ Access_Instructions: Images and supplementary files can be downloaded by going to the Network_Resource_Name links above and navigating to the subfolder for a particular study area/collection of interest. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: columnar text Format_Information_Content: TXT files can be opened directly with any text-editing software, such as Notepad. Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-services/rscc/PrecisionAirborneCameraSystem/ Access_Instructions: Images and supplementary files can be downloaded by going to the Network_Resource_Name links above and navigating to the subfolder for a particular study area/collection of interest. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: KMZ Format_Information_Content: KMZ files can be opened with software capable of viewing geographic information system (GIS) data, such as the Google Earth web viewer (https://earth.google.com/web/). Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-services/rscc/PrecisionAirborneCameraSystem/ Access_Instructions: Images and supplementary files can be downloaded by going to the Network_Resource_Name links above and navigating to the subfolder for a particular study area/collection of interest. Fees: None Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20231003 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center Contact_Person: SPCMSC Data Management Group Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 600 4th St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727-502-8000 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998