Daniel J. Nowacki Shawn R. Harrison Cordell D. Johnson Li H. Erikson Ann E. Gibbs Evan T. Dailey 20260626 1.0 raster image format data service doi:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Andrew C. Ritchie Peter J. Triezenberg Jonathan A. Warrick Gerald A. Hatcher Daniel D. Buscombe 20230221 1.0 application/service data service DOI:10.5066/P9M3NYWI Santa Cruz, California U.S. Geological Survey - Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Suggested Citation: Ritchie, A.C., Triezenberg, P.J., Warrick, J.A., Hatcher, G.A., and Buscombe, D.D., 2023, Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service: U.S. Geological Survey data service, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI Two digital cameras were installed at Unalakleet, Alaska as part of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research project to study the beach and nearshore environment. The cameras were installed on a windmill tower at a height of approximately 12 meters above the ground surface in August 2018, facing westward from the coast near downtown Unalakleet with overlapping fields of view. Image products are captured every half-hour during daylight hours. Image products are derived from 10 minutes of raw video collected at 2 Hz, and include snapshot, time exposure, dark, bright, and variance products. These products can be used to study changes in water level, shoreline, and nearshore bathymetry. This camera station is part of the USGS CoastCam network, supported by the Total Water Level, Alaska Coastal Hazards and Processes, and Remote Sensing Coastal Change Projects, under the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Natural Hazards Mission Area. Image data were obtained to document daily to interannual changes in shoreline position and coastal morphology. These data can be further processed with the EO and IO data to produce orthorectified products that can be viewed in a geographic information system (GIS) or other software to identify topographic and shallow-water bathymetric features to validate real-time total water level forecasts. See the image processing toolbox developed by Bruder and Brodie (2020) for more information. The bounding coordinates below represent the approximate limits of the overlapping images. Location information is provided in the image Exif headers as calculated from Bruder and Brodie (2020). However, to limit the effect of camera movements from changes in temperature, wind, and other factors on data products, we recommend the user calculate their own extrinsic orientation (EO) data based on the dates of the imagery used. Please see coastcam_unalakleet_calibration_metadata for necessary EO information. All camera images are geotagged with the general location of the Unalakleet windmill tower in geographic coordinates NAD83(2011). Images from c1 and c2 have their extrinsic locations in the Exif tag UserComment in NAD83(2011) UTM Zone 4N, NAVD88 GEOID12B, which are used by the imaging toolbox to georectify the images into real world coordinates. Additional information about the field activity from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-662-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-671-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2023-653-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2024-634-FA Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 20180824 Present ground condition, photos were not collected continuously between dates provided due to occasional camera malfunctions. Planned As needed -160.7960 -160.7942 63.8760 63.8754 None U.S. Geological Survey USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program CMHRP Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC CoastCam Remote Sensing Coastal Change USGS Thesaurus image analysis field methods video monitoring optical methods ecosystem monitoring photography remote sensing image collections geomorphology ocean sciences coastal processes ISO 19115 Topic Category geoscientificInformation elevation oceans USGS Metadata Identifier USGS:c3dd8423-fdee-4456-a312-c762a3a53af9 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Alaska Unalakleet Norton Sound None United States of America No access constraints. These data are marked with a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal License. These data are in the public domain and do not have any use constraints. Users are advised to read the dataset's metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes. U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Image products were created in an Ubuntu Linux operating system Brittany L. Bruder Katherine L. Brodie 20200909 publication SoftwareX Volume 12, 100582 online Elsevier This publication describes the steps used to calibrate the CoastCam imagery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100582 The video cameras collected 3.1-megapixel images, with file sizes generally between 0.1 and 0.9 megabytes (MB) on disc. Images may be obscured by water droplets, insects, birds, salt, ice, snow, sand and dirt, poor visibility from adverse weather conditions or sun glare, and thus may not reflect the true state of the beach and ocean. The EO and IO attributes embedded in the image headers (image coordinates and coefficients) were calculated using the Coastal Imaging Research Network (CIRN) Toolbox (Bruder and Brodie, 2020). The camera system installed (FLIR Blackfly BFLY-PGE-31S4C color cameras) was programmed to collect three-band (red-green-blue) images at 2 Hz for 10 minutes every half hour during daylight hours. Each time the camera was activated, five image products were attempted: snap, timex, var, bright, and dark. See the Process Steps for more information about these image types. The imagery represents a fixed location at Unalakleet, Alaska. Image products may not be available every half hour of operation due to camera malfunction and bandwidth issues when transmitting data to storage. Images may be obscured by water droplets, insects, birds, salt, ice, snow, sand and dirt, poor visibility from adverse weather conditions or sun glare, and thus may not reflect the true state of the beach and ocean. The cameras were maintained throughout their deployment; see the USGS Field activity pages listed in the supplemental information section for a list of events for cleaning, lens replacement, and additional maintenance. The location coordinates of the base of the windmill tower are embedded in the GPSLatitude and GPSLongitude Exif tags of the images. The location was measured with a Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment and is accurate to roughly 2 cm. This value is 63.875909 N, -160.7955352 W EPSG:6318 NAD83(2011) and is used to generally locate the camera station. Camera c1 and c2 EO location: The horizontal accuracy of the camera's external orientation, which is embedded in the Exif tag UserComment, was verified using data collected during USGS field activities 2018-662-FA, 2021-671-FA, 2023-653-FA, and 2024-634-FA, and processed with the CIRN Quantitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox (Bruder and Brodie, 2020) which reports horizontal +/- error estimates less than 1 meter. Horizontal coordinates were referenced to NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 4N (Epoch 2010.00), with a resolution of 0.001 meters. These EO horizontal values are used to place the images into real world coordinates when orthorectified. Before mounting the CoastCam at the beach, the intrinsic camera calibration images were collected using the cameras. Please refer to the coastcam_unalakleet_calibration_metadata record included in this data service for more information on the calibration process. The camera station consists of two cameras installed on a windmill tower overlooking the beach near downtown Unalakleet, immediately east of the City of Unalakleet office at 227 Ocean Rd. Camera one (c1) points alongshore to the northwest while camera two (c2) points offshore to the west. Both cameras have 12 mm lenses. The cameras are connected to an Odroid-XU4 controller and are connected to the internet via cellular modem. Field activities related to this step include 2018-662-FA. 20180824 The cameras were programmed in HOTM (v 3.2, https://github.com/Coastal-Imaging-Research-Network/hotm2/blob/master/hotm2.a.pdf) software to collect three-band (red-green-blue) images at 2 Hz for 10 minutes every half hour during daylight hours. Each time the camera was activated, there were five resultant image products attempted: the "snapshot" ("snap") image is the first image of the collect; the time exposure ("timex") image is the average of all frames of the collect; the "variance" ("var") image shows the standard deviation of pixel intensity; the brightest ("bright") image shows the brightest pixel values; and the darkest ("dark") image shows the darkest pixel values. The control computer acquires and stores the images and products produced locally and twice per hour syncs data to the internet. The data is transmitted to the remote storage server via the cellular modem. Date refers to the first day imagery data were collected. 20180824 raw images Raw images were renamed to ensure unique filenames and compliance with the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazard and Resources Program's (CMHRP) best practices for image naming convention. Images were renamed with the image acquisition date and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in computer and human readable format, the camera station name, the camera number, and the image type that distinguishes among the five camera outputs. For example, image name “1614895200.Thu.Mar.04_22_00_00.GMT.2021.unalakleet.c1.snap.jpg”, where “1614895200” is the 10-digit epoch time convention of the date and time, “Thu” is the three-character day of the week, “Mar” is the three-character month, “04” is the two-digit day of the month, “22_00_00” is the GMT time in HH_MM_SS format, “2021” is the year, “unalakleet” is the camera station name, “c1” is the camera number, and “snap” is the image type. 20260422 renamed images The renamed images were geotagged and processed to add additional information required by the USGS to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) and other imagery headers using the exiftool Python library (https://exiftool.org, version: 13.57). Exiftool was used to update each image. The following is an example exiftool command used to update an image: -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="pcmsc_data@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2018-662-FA; https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2021-671-FA; https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2023-653-FA; https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/services/activity.php?fan=2024-634-FA; This image was captured from a stationary camera at Unalakleet, Alaska from USGS field activity number 2018-662-FA, 2021-671-FA, 2023-653-FA, 2024-634-FA" -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="GNSS survey location of camera station" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:6318 (NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011)" -EXIF:DateTimeOriginal="2026-04-23 02:00:05" -EXIF:GPSDateStamp="2021:08:20" -EXIF:GPSLatitude="63.875909" -EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef="N" -EXIF:GPSLongitude="-160.7955352" -EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef="W" -EXIF:Artist="USGS PCMSC" -XMP:ExternalMetadataLink="https://www1.usgs.gov/identifiers/api/resolve/USGS.c3dd8423-fdee-4456-a312-c762a3a53af9\xa0" -XMP:PreservedFilename="1776909605.Thu.Apr.23_02_00_05.GMT.2026.unalakleet.c2.rundark.jpg" -EXIF:Make="FLIR" -EXIF:Model="Blackfly BFLY-PGE-31S4C" -IPTC:Keywords="Unalakleet; Alaska; USGS; PCMSC; CoastCam" -XMP:Contributor="Daniel J. Nowacki, Shawn R. Harrison, Cordell Johnson, Li H. Erikson, Ann E. Gibbs, Evan T. Dailey" -EXIF:UserComment="{\'Note\': \'The following nested dictionary contains the cameras intrinsic and extrinsic calibration parameters. Intrinsic camera parameters use the Brown distortion model (Brown, D.C., 1971). "Close-Range Camera Calibration." Photogrammetric Engineering), using the Camera Calibration Toolbox for Matlab by Jean-Yves Bouguet https://doi.org/10.22002/D1.20164. Extrinsic calibration parameters were computed using the CIRN Quatntitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox (Bruder, B. L. and Brodie, K. L., 2020), "CIRN Quatitative Coastal Imaging Toolbox.", SoftwareX 12 (10052), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2020.100582.\', \'Data\': {\'x\': 411796.348796083, \'y\': 7084427.16119714, \'z\': 17.9557682440976, \'azimuth\': 290.877018655053, \'tilt\': 80.9947680264056, \'roll\': 0.916799629799926, \'NU\': 2048.0, \'NV\': 1536.0, \'c0U\': 1031.7155092419, \'c0V\': 806.785366008966, \'fx\': 3577.25526003199, \'fy\': 3578.43599764953, \'d1\': -0.207422970162181, \'d2\': 0.115792505172267, \'d3\': 0.0, \'t1\': 0.00010745116537, \'t2\': -0.000425105092349, \'name\': \'Unalakleet\', \'serial_number\': 15451360, \'camera_number\': \'c2\', \'calibration_date\': \'2021-08-20\', \'coordinate_system\': \'geo\', \'localAngle\': -165.0}, \'Descriptions\': {\'x_comment\': \'#x - camera Easting (meters, UTM zone 4N)\', \'y_comment\': \'#y - camera Northing (meters, UTM zone 4N)\', \'z_comment\': \'#z - camera elevation (meters, NAVD88)\', \'azimuth_comment\': \'#azimuth - camera azimuth, the horizontal direction (degrees) the camera is pointing. Positive clockwise (CW) from World Y Axis.\', \'tilt_comment\': \'#tilt - camera tilt, rotation around a horizontal axis going through the camera perpendicular to the lens which moves the field of view up and down. 0 is the camera looking nadir, 90 is the camera looking at the horizon right side up, 180 is looking directly up, and so on.\', \'roll_comment\': \'#roll - camera roll, rotation around a horizontal axis going through the length of the lens. 0 degrees is a horizontal flat camera. Looking from behind the camera, counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the camera would result in a positive roll.\', \'NU_comment\': \'#NU - number of pixel columns\', \'NV_comment\': \'#NV - number of pixel rows\', \'c0U_comment\': \'#c0U - U component of the principal point (pixels)\', \'c0V_comment\': \'#c0V - V component of the principal point (pixels)\', \'fx_comment\': \'#fx - x component of the focal length (pixels)\', \'fy_comment\': \'#fy - y component of the focal length (pixels)\', \'d1_comment\': \'#d1 - first radial distortion coefficient (pixels)\', \'d2_comment\': \'#d2 - second radial distortion coefficient (pixels)\', \'d3_comment\': \'#d3 - third radial distortion coefficient (pixels)\', \'t1_comment\': \'#t1 - first tangential distortion coefficient (pixels)\', \'t2_comment\': \'#t2 - second tangential distortion coefficient (pixels)\', \'name_comment\': \'#name - name of the camera station\', \'serial_number_comment\': \'#serial_number - camera serial number\', \'camera_number_comment\': \'#camera_number - camera number for the corresponding station\', \'calibration_date_comment\': \'#calibration_date - date when camera extrinsic survey calibration was performed (date calibration is valid)\', \'coordinate_system_comment\': \'#coordinate_system - coordinate system for extrinsic parameters. Either "geo" or "xyz"\', \'localAngle_comment\': \'#localAngle - relative angle between the local grid x-axis and the UTM (world coordinates) x-axis, positive counter-clockwise from the old (world) X. Units are degrees\'}}" The UserComment EXIF metadata field was used to store the camera intrinsics and extrinsics in the image metadata. The UserComment has a nested dictionary structure. The highest-level dictionary contains two nested dictionaries as well as a note explaining the structure of the UserComment field. One nested dictionary contains the relevant intrinsic (NU, NV, coU, coV, fx, fy, d1, d2, d3, t1, t2) and extrinsic (x, y, z, azimuth, tilt, roll) data variables. See coastcam_unalakleet_calibration_metadata for descriptions of variables. The extrinsic variables include both horizontal and vertical location of the camera in NAD83(2011)/UTM 4N + NAVD88 (GEOID 18). We recommend the user calculate their own EO data based on the dates of the imagery used. The other nested dictionary contains text descriptions for each of the variables in the dictionary of data variables. The calibration date and GPS DateStamp field indicates the date of the EO. 20260422 Raster Grid Cell 1536 2048 0.0000001 0.0000001 decimal degrees North American Datum of 1983 (National Spatial Reference System 2011) GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 There are no additional attributes besides the embedded EXIF tags associated with these images. U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS mailing and physical

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Image products collected and created by Unalakleet CoastCam station. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. JPEG None https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-services/rscc/coastcam/unalakleet/imagery/ https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M3NYWI The first link in the list above is the parent page for the Unalakleet CoastCam station imagery data, where files can be viewed and downloaded individually by browsing subdirectories there. The second link is the landing page for the Remote Sensing Coastal Change Simple Data Distribution Service. None 20260625 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center PCMSC Science Data Coordinator mailing and physical

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Santa Cruz CA 95060 831-427-4747 pcmsc_data@usgs.gov Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998