Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: VeeAnn A. Cross Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Point shapefile of processed continuous resistivity profiling data below the sediment water interface collected in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, on May 14, 2009, on U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2009-021-FA (Geographic, WGS84) Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7DR2TSX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2TSX Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: John F. Bratton Originator: VeeAnn A. Cross Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Continuous Resistivity Profiling Data and Associated Data from Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island collected in 2009, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2009-021-FA Edition: 1.0 Series_Information: Series_Name: data release Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/F7DR2TSX Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: Suggested citation: Bratton, J.F., and Cross, V.A., 2018, Continuous resistivity profiling data and associated data from Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island collected in 2009, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2009-021-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2TSX. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2TSX Online_Linkage: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2009-021-FA/ Description: Abstract: As part of a larger investigation to understand groundwater-surface water interactions in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island, a geophysical survey was conducted from a small research boat on 14-15 May 2009. The specific research objective was to gain an improved understanding of the role of direct groundwater discharge in delivery of excess nitrogen to the bay, which may have contributed to the development of low-oxygen conditions in waters of the bay and associated fish kills. Data collected in this survey included digital navigation information, continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) data, and point salinity measurements. The CRP method is a survey and data processing approach that is sensitive to differences in electrical properties of surface water and underlying porewater in sediments that have contrasting salinities. During the survey, Greenwich Bay salinity was approximately 27 ppm, so surface water would be expected to have low electrical resistivity (high conductivity), and any areas of active groundwater discharge from less salty aquifer sources would yield relatively higher resistivity values. This survey is identified as field activity 09021 (also referenced as 2009-021-FA) by the U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and additional information is available from: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2009-021-FA. Purpose: The purpose of this shapefile is to release all the processed continuous resistivity profile data that occurs at the sediment water interface or below collected in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island on May 14, 2009. These data were processed with a single water resistivity value. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20090514 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.452099 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.391345 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.696261 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.651200 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey Theme_Keyword: USGS Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program Theme_Keyword: CMGP Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC Theme_Keyword: Field Activity Number 2009-021-FA Theme_Keyword: Info Bank ID B-21-09-RI Theme_Keyword: navigation Theme_Keyword: bathymetry Theme_Keyword: Continuous Resistivity Profiling Theme_Keyword: CRP Theme_Keyword: Lowrance GPS Theme_Keyword: AGI SuperSting Theme_Keyword: processed data Theme_Keyword: groundwater Theme_Keyword: submarine groundwater Theme_Keyword: point shapefile Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme_Keyword: location Theme_Keyword: oceans Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus Theme_Keyword: continuous resistivity profiling Theme_Keyword: marine geophysics Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: North America Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Rhode Island Place_Keyword: Greenwich Bay Place_Keyword: Narragansett Bay Place_Keyword: Warwick, RI Access_Constraints: None. Use_Constraints: The public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2009-021-FA/data/geophysics/shapefile/2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Browse graphic of the CRP point shapefile data for May 14, 2009. Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4095 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Each file was looked at individually, but the files as a collection were handled in the same manner. All files on May 14, 2009 were collected with a 50-m resistivity streamer. The command file (*.cmd) used for data acquisition has a 1 meter electrode spacing. To adjust to the actual 5 meter spacing between electrodes of the 50-m streamer, a scaling factor of 5 was applied during data acquisition. Completeness_Report: All of the processed CRP data acquired May 14, 2009 are incorporated into this shapefile. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The navigation system used was a Lowrance 480M with an LGC-2000 Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna. The antenna was located 1.5 meters forward of the resistivity streamer tow point and directly above the fathometer transducer. The GPS is assumed to be accurate to within 10 meters. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: All bathymetry values were acquired by the 200 kHz Lowrance fathometer. The fathometer was mounted on the starboard side of the University of Rhode Island pontoon boat, directly below the GPS antenna. The Lowrance manufacturer indicates the speed of sound used by the system to calculate depth is 4800 feet/second. The depth values are not corrected for the approximately 0.2 m transducer draft. All depth values are assumed to be accurate to within 1 meter. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: John F. Bratton Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Raw CRP data Type_of_Source_Media: disk Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20090514 Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CRP data Source_Contribution: The continuous resistivity profile (CRP) system used on this cruise was an AGI SuperSting marine system described at the website: www.agiusa.com/marinesystem.shtml. Two streamer systems were used during this field activity - a 50-m streamer and a 100-m streamer. The 50-m streamer has an 11 electrode array with electrodes spaced 5 meters apart. The 100-m streamer has an 11 electrode array with electrodes spaced 10 meters apart. In both cases the source electrodes are graphite, while the receiver electrodes are stainless steel. A dipole-dipole configuration was used for the data collection in which two fixed current electrodes are assigned with the measurement of voltage potential between electrode pairs in the remaining electrodes. The maximum depth below the water surface the streamer can reach is approximately 1/4 the streamer length. So for the 50-m streamer, maximum depth is about 12.5 meters while the 100-m streamer maximum depth is about 25 meters. Each line of data acquisition records several files. The two files necessary for processing are the *.stg and the *.gps file. The STG file contains the resistivity data, while the GPS file contains the navigation information. The navigation system used in concert with the CRP system is a Lowrance LMS-480M with an LGC-2000 GPS antenna and a 200 kHz fathometer transducer. The antenna and fathometer transducer were mounted on the starboard side of the boat. The streamer tow point was on the port side aft. The layback offset between the navigation antenna and the first electrode was 16.5 meters. This layback offset was not accounted for during data acquisition, so was entered during processing of the data. The approximately 2.5 m lateral offset between the streamer tow point and the navigation antenna is not accounted for. The Lowrance transducer also contains a temperature sensor that records temperature in degrees Celsius. For depth measurements, Lowrance indicates the speed of sound used by the system is 4800 feet/second, but depths are recorded in meters. Both the temperature and depth information are recorded in the logged GPS file. The CRP system images the subsurface electrical properties of an estuarine, riverine or lacustrine environment. Resistivity differences can be attributed to subsurface geology (conductive vs less conductive layers) and hydrogeologic conditions with fresh water exhibiting high resistivity and saline conditions showing low resistivity. Process_Step: Process_Description: One of the resulting files from processing resistivity data with AGI's EarthImager software is an XYZ file. This XYZ file has three columns of information: distance along line (meters), resistivity reading depth (meters), resistivity value (ohm-m). One of the resulting files from linearization of the raw STG resistivity data is a DEP file. The DEP file has four columns of information: distance along line (meters), water depth (meters), latitude, longitude. This DEP file is dependent on the presence of bathymetry data in the originally recorded GPS file. This DEP file is used in the EarthImager processing and is carried over to the processing output. The MATLAB script justbelowsed.m combines these two data files (these files are available from this data release) such that the output is only the resistivity values that fall at or below the sediment water interface. This script was written by the USGS in Woods Hole, MA. In order to have a value at the sediment water interface, the software usually has to interpolate values. The version of MATLAB used for these data was MATLAB 7.5.0.342 (R2007b). An example of the script usage in MATLAB is: justbelowsed('L10F1_lin_AllInvRes.xyz','L10F1_lin_wres.dep'). The output is: L10F1_lin_AllInvRes_jbsed.xyz. This resulting XYZ file has 5 columns of information: distance along line (meters); depth below water surface (meters); depth below sediment/water interface (meters); resistivity value (ohm-m); log(10) resistivity value. This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person - VeeAnn A. Cross. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: *.dep Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: *.xyz Process_Date: 2009 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: *jbsed.xyz Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Process_Step: Process_Description: Using ArcMap 9.2 and VACExtras v 2.05 (extension developed by the USGS in Woods Hole) these XYZ files are converted to shapefiles. The tool in VACExtras to do this is "convert resistivity to shapefile". This tool requires the data frame be in a UTM projection, the active layer in the data frame needs to be a polyline shapefile with one record selected (the polyline navigation file) and the user is prompted for the file from justbelowsed.m. The program uses the distance along value to find an actual latitude and longitude. The software assumes the datum of the data layer and the data frame projection are the same. The conversion of the Easting and Northing locations to latitudes and longitudes is done by the tool. The result is a point shapefile with 11 columns of information. The Id attribute is automatically generated upon creation of a shapefile, the "line" attribute is the line name as indicated within the polyline shapefile that the program prompts the user for, "dist" is the distance along attribute carried over from the MATLAB file, the attributes of location information (latitude, longitude, utmx, utmy) are calculated by the tool, the attributes depth, dep_b_sed, resvalue, and reslogval are carried over from the MATLAB file. The Entity and Attribute section further describes these attributes and their units. An individual point shapefile is generated for each CRP polyline. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: may14_09_gps_spl_lns.shp Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: *jbsed.xyz files from this day Process_Date: 2009 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: *jbsed.shp Process_Step: Process_Description: With all the individual point shapefiles from May 14, 2009 in ArcMap 9.2, ArcToolbox - Data management Tools - General - Merge was used to combine the individual files into a single shapefile. The input was all the individual point shapefiles, with the output being mrgmay14_resbsed.shp. The field mapping was left at the defaults as all the input shapefiles have the same attributes. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: *jbsed.shp Process_Date: 2009 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: mrgmay14_resbsed.shp Process_Step: Process_Description: Filename was changed to include the field activity number for publication purposes. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: mrgmay14_resbsed.shp Process_Date: 2015 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.shp Process_Step: Process_Description: The point shapefile was exported to a CSV file. This was done in ArcGIS 10.3.1 using XToolsPro v. 12.0. Within XTools - Table operations - Export Table to File. Filename was set to 2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.csv, all fields except FID were selected for export, and the option of comma separated values was chosen. This process was performed in order to provide the data in an open data format. Process_Date: 20180412 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Entity point Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 603503 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Local surface Depth_Resolution: 0.1 Depth_Distance_Units: meters Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: mrgmay14_resbsed Entity_Type_Definition: Esri point shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: Esri Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Id Attribute_Definition: An automatically generated numeric value. Attribute_Definition_Source: VACExtras v. 2.05 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0 Attribute: Attribute_Label: line Attribute_Definition: The alphanumeric name corresponding to the prefix of the GPS filename. This name reflects the name assigned to the line of data acquisition and incorporates modifiers (part1, part2) to reflect modification of the GPS file if the GPS file was split into more than one part. Attribute_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Character set. Attribute: Attribute_Label: dist Attribute_Definition: Distance along line in meters. Originally calculated by the AGI processing software and assumed to be based on the UTM projection appropriate for the area (UTM, Zone 19). Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated. Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4204.5 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: longitude Attribute_Definition: Longitude position of the point (decimal degrees, WGS84) Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (VACExtras - convert resistivity to shapefile). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -71.452099 Range_Domain_Maximum: -71.391345 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: latitude Attribute_Definition: Latitude position of the point (decimal degrees, WGS84) Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (VACExtras - convert resistivity to shapefile). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 41.6512 Range_Domain_Maximum: 41.696261 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees Attribute: Attribute_Label: utmx Attribute_Definition: Easting position of the point in meters (UTM, Zone 19, WGS84) Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (VACExtras - convert resistivity to shapefile). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 295813.8 Range_Domain_Maximum: 300966.8 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: utmy Attribute_Definition: Northing position of the point in meters (UTM, Zone 19, WGS84) Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (VACExtras - convert resistivity to shapefile). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 4613950.2 Range_Domain_Maximum: 4618958.3 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: depth Attribute_Definition: Depth (meters) of the resistivity value below the water surface. This value is not corrected for tides or transducer draft. Attribute_Definition_Source: Acquisition software derived. Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -12.32 Range_Domain_Maximum: -0.4 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: dep_b_sed Attribute_Definition: Depth (meters) of the resistivity value below the sediment/water interface. Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software derived (MATLAB - justbelowsed.m). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -11.92 Range_Domain_Maximum: 0 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters Attribute: Attribute_Label: resvalue Attribute_Definition: Resistivity value of the data point in ohm-m. Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (AGI EarthImager). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 99.1678 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: ohm-m Attribute: Attribute_Label: reslogval Attribute_Definition: Log(10) of the resistivity value. Attribute_Definition_Source: Processing software calculated (MATLAB justbelowsed.m). Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: -1 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1.996371 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Log(10) of ohm-m Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The data in the shapefile is also available in a CSV format. The FID and Shape attributes are omitted from the CSV file, but all the other attributes (attribute lables are in the first row of the CSV file) and data are included in the CSV file. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Resource_Description: The FA-2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.zip file contains the FA-2009-021_mrgmay14_resbsed shapefile and its components, the data in CSV format (2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.csv), a browse graphic (2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.jpg), and the FGDC CSDGM metadata in the following formats: XML, HTML, and text. Distribution_Liability: Neither the U.S. government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: Shapefile Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.2 Format_Information_Content: The zip file contains all the point shapefile of the processed CRP resistivity values below the sediment water interace collected on May 14, 2009 from U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2009-021-FA, the data in CSV format, a browse graphic, and the associated metadata files. Transfer_Size: 20 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2009-021-FA/data/geophysics/shapefile/2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2TSX Access_Instructions: The first link downloads the data directly, the second link is to the landing page of the data. Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: CSV Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 10.3.1/XToolsPro 12.0 Format_Specification: comma-separated values Format_Information_Content: The zip file contains all the point shapefile of the processed CRP resistivity values below the sediment water interace collected on May 14, 2009 from U.S. Geological Survey field activity 2009-021-FA, the data in CSV format, a browse graphic, and the associated metadata files. Transfer_Size: 20 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2009-021-FA/data/geophysics/shapefile/2009-021-FA_mrgmay14_resbsed.zip Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DR2TSX Access_Instructions: The first link downloads the data directly, the second link is to the landing page of the data. Fees: None Technical_Prerequisites: The user must be capable of extracting the data from a zip file and reading the shapefile format. This shapefile filename starts with a number and has dashes in it. This filename may not work with some geoprocessing or ArcPy scripts and may need to be renamed. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20180412 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: VeeAnn A. Cross Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Marine Geologist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd. City: Woods Hole State_or_Province: MA Postal_Code: 02543-1598 Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700 x2251 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: vatnipp@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time