USGS PCMSC

The Great M7.9 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake of November 3, 2002:
Geotechnical Engineering Reconnaissance

Index Back to home page About these web pages Trans-Alaska Pipeline Liquefaction and ground displacement Ice shatter Liquefaction and lateral displacement Introduction
Liquefaction and Lateral Displacement of Native Ground.
Frozen crust of ice on Tanana River. Polygon shapes of ice on Tanana River.
Sand vents on the polygon ice crust. Compression ridge on Tanana River.
Map of liquefaction observations. Measuring compression ridge. Line-drawn maps of polygon-shaped spreads.
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Liquefaction was widespread throughout eastern central-Alaska, and its pattern suggests that during the earthquake directivity of rupture amplified motions towards the eastern region. Liquefaction and related ground deformations, both derivative features of the event, noticeably increased in severity and spatial extent towards the east end of the rupture zone.

On the north side of the Alaska range in the Tanana River valley extensive liquefaction was observed where very young river deposits were capped by a thin (<0.3m) frozen surface layer at source distances of 50 to 120 km. Tanana River valley liquefaction was widespread from Fairbanks to the west, to at least several hundred km eastward. Liquefaction damage became increasingly severe to the east of Delta, even as the distances to the fault increased. In the Tok region nearly every river bar deposit appear to have failed. Further east, for many kilometers around the towns of Northway and Slana, large continuous lowland areas of liquefaction and lateral spread failures were observed. Two measured transects along the Tanana river at Tetlin bridge showed 1.6% to 3.8% of lateral extension (spreading) of sand bars across distances of 200 meters (21 fissures) and 400 meters (48 fissures). Also, compression zones occurred in some places where separate lateral spreads collided.

In some places the lateral spreads were generally parallel with the direction of extension toward the river. However, in most places the fissures in the frozen surface were sub-linear with random orientations forming networks of polygons that in places were continuous across many acres, and in some places kilometers. In total, Tanana River bar failures covered a vast area.

geotech/denaliposter/lateral.html
contact: Robert Kayen
last modified 2018